{"id":9796,"date":"2009-12-20T17:35:33","date_gmt":"2009-12-20T15:35:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9796"},"modified":"2009-12-21T19:04:46","modified_gmt":"2009-12-21T17:04:46","slug":"totul-despre-premiul-nobel-secrete-si-informatii-inedite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/totul-despre-premiul-nobel-secrete-si-informatii-inedite\/","title":{"rendered":"Totul despre Premiul Nobel: secrete \u015fi informa\u0163ii inedite"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"premiul<\/a>De ce exist\u0103 doar 5 domenii ale premiului Nobel?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ne-am putea pune \u00eentrebarea fireasc\u0103 de ce Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) s-a oprit doar la cinci obiective pentru premiere? De ce nu a\u00a0\u00a0 crezut necesar s\u0103 onoreze \u00een mod egal \u015fi somit\u0103\u0163ile botanicii, zoologiei sau ale psihologiei? La drept vorbind, sunt \u015fi\u00a0 alte domenii uitate: arhitectura, economia, artele… Ra\u0163iunea acestor omisiuni este simpl\u0103: Nobel dorea s\u0103 recompenseze doar activit\u0103\u0163ile care-l interesau \u00een cel mai \u00eenalt grad! Adic\u0103 doar \u00een: fizic\u0103, chimie, medicin\u0103, literatur\u0103 \u015fi pace.<\/p>\n

Alfred Nobel a scris \u015fi o carte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un testament anterior omitea chiar \u015fi literatura, dar Nobel a acoperit aceast\u0103 lacun\u0103: \u00een ultimii ani ai vie\u0163ii, el a citit beletristic\u0103 \u015fi chiar a scris! E un lucru despre care se \u015ftie mai pu\u0163in. Shelley era unul din autorii s\u0103i prefera\u0163i. Singura carte pe care a publicat-o, o tragedie, ,,Nemesio”<\/em>, era conceput\u0103 pe o tem\u0103 asem\u0103n\u0103toare celei din <\/span>\u201eCenci” <\/em>de Shelley. Dup\u0103 moartea lui Nobel, familia a ars toate exemplarele pe care le-a descoperit, mo\u015ftenitorii g\u0103sind aceast\u0103 oper\u0103 nedemn\u0103 de un donator universal cunoscut. Doar trei exemplare din \u201eNemesio” au fost p\u0103strate.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Alfred<\/a><\/strong>
Alfred Nobel (1833-1896)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nobel \u015fi-a redactat singur un testament controversat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Testamentul lui Nobel a produs, \u00een epoc\u0103, numeroase dificult\u0103\u0163i. Mecena nu avea \u00eencredere \u00een juri\u015fti, astfel c\u0103 a redactat singur un testament de amator. L\u0103sa o avere, dar nu indica pe nimeni care s\u0103 o \u00eempart\u0103. Regele Suediei \u015fi-a asumat aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103. Dar Nobel avea familie, at\u00e2t \u00een Rusia, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een Suedia, iar ramura suedez\u0103, contet\u00e2nd validitatea testamentului, s-a opus timp de cinci ani execut\u0103rii sale. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, totul s-a aranjat \u015fi premiile au fost decernate pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een 1901, la Academia de muzic\u0103, dup\u0103 \u015fase ani de la incinerarea lui Nobel. Important este c\u0103 cele patruzeci \u015fi cinci de milioane de franci l\u0103sate mo\u015ftenire, cu excep\u0163ia unui milion plasat \u00een valori americane de prim ordin, au fost investite \u00een titluri suedeze solide \u015fi c\u0103 veniturile acestei averi, reprezent\u00e2nd \u00eentotdeauna o sum\u0103 considerabil\u0103, sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ite laurea\u0163ilor.<\/p>\n

Cum sunt ale\u015fi candida\u0163ii premiilor Nobel?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Depunerea candidaturilor la Premiul Nobel pentru literatur\u0103 se \u00eenchide \u00een fiecare an la 1 februarie. Candidaturile sunt supuse, \u00een general, prin scris, Academiei suedeze. Laurea\u0163ii anteriori sunt autoriza\u0163i s\u0103 propun\u0103 candida\u0163i. Academiile francez\u0103 \u015fi spaniol\u0103, printre altele, se bucur\u0103 de acest privilegiu, ca \u015fi profesorii de literatur\u0103 ai marilor universit\u0103\u0163i. Bine\u00een\u0163eles c\u0103 \u015fi Academia suedez\u0103 are dreptul s\u0103 \u00eenainteze propuneri.<\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul anului 1950, pentru a da un exemplu, au fost peste o sut\u0103 de propuneri de candida\u0163i sosite din \u00eentreaga lume. Multe din acestea veneau din America, dar nici una nu-l pomenea pe William Faalkner. Atunci, Academia suedez\u0103 l-a propus pe Faulkner \u015fi a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 i se atribuie premiul pe 1949,\u00a0 care nu\u00a0 fusese decernat.<\/p>\n

Academicienii trebuie s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 limbile englez\u0103, francez\u0103, german\u0103 \u015fi spaniol\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Patru membri, din cei optsprezece care fac parte din Academia suedez\u0103, formeaz\u0103 un comitet care procedeaz\u0103 la elimin\u0103ri. Acestora li se ofer\u0103 principalele opere ale candida\u0163ilor oficiali. Multe din lucr\u0103ri exist\u0103 deja traduse \u00een suedez\u0103 \u015fi sunt u\u015for de citit, altele n-au fost \u00eenc\u0103 traduse, iar membrii comitetului trebuie s\u0103 le citeasc\u0103 \u00een original, \u00een afar\u0103 de suedez\u0103, ace\u015fti academicieni citesc curent \u00een englez\u0103, francez\u0103, german\u0103 \u015fi spaniol\u0103. \u00cen cazul unor opere scrise \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 mai rar\u0103, cum ar fi hindusa sau chineza, sunt consulta\u0163i lingvi\u015fti specializa\u0163i.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Rabindranath<\/a><\/strong>
Rabindranath Tagore (1861 - 1941)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Cum a ob\u0163inut poetul hindus Tagore premiul Nobel pentru literatur\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Niciodat\u0103 limba \u00een care sunt scrise operele nu constituie o barier\u0103 \u00een ob\u0163inerea premiului, dac\u0103 acestea reprezint\u0103 o valoare literar\u0103. De exemplu, \u00een 1913, poetul hindus Rabindranath Tagore a fost propus candidat. Nu-i ap\u0103ruse, pe atunci, dec\u00e2t un singur volum, \u00een englez\u0103, iar acesta nu exista tradus \u00een suedez\u0103. Majoritatea produc\u0163iei sale literare era scris\u0103 \u00een bengali, limba sa matern\u0103.<\/p>\n

Comisia celor patru, \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103 cu trierea, a descoperit un profesor suedez, orientalist pasionat, care cuno\u015ftea bengali. Acesta a fost at\u00e2t de \u00eenc\u00e2ntat de Tagore, \u00eenc\u00e2t \u015fi-a b\u0103gat \u00een cap s\u0103-i \u00eenve\u0163e bengali pe membrii Academiei, ca s\u0103 poat\u0103 gusta poemele \u00een original. Bine\u00een\u0163eles c\u0103 ace\u015ftia au g\u0103sit sarcina prea dificil\u0103 \u015fi au a\u015fteptat traducerea profesorului. \u015ei traducerea a fost at\u00e2t de frumos \u015fi de precis f\u0103cut\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t i-a convins pe to\u0163i c\u0103 Tagore merita premiul.<\/p>\n

Cum sunt analiza\u0163i candida\u0163ii la premiu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi nu trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u0163elegem c\u0103 soarta premiilor pentru literatur\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u00een m\u00eeinile celor patru. \u00cen realitate, comitetul celor patru nu face dec\u00e2t o munc\u0103 preg\u0103titoare: cele mai bune opere sunt oferite spre lectur\u0103 membrilor Academiei, ca \u015fi extrase traduse \u00een suedez\u0103 ale altor opere. Cei optsprezece membri ai Academiei citesc f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentrerupere toat\u0103 vara… Are loc o prim\u0103 \u015fedin\u0163\u0103 oficial\u0103 \u00een septembrie, c\u00e2nd se discut\u0103, sunt schimbate opinii, fiecare laud\u0103 operele favorite. \u00cen cursul ultimei \u015fedin\u0163e, din luna noiembrie, care se \u0163ine cu u\u015file \u00eencuiate, pre\u015fedintele comitetului celor patru \u00eenainteaz\u0103 numele unui candidat principal si al unui candidat de rezerv\u0103, apoi cite\u015fte criticile favorabile \u015fi defavorabile ale operelor acestora \u015fi biografiile lor. Urmeaz\u0103 dezbateri \u015fi votul final.<\/p>\n

Nobel dorea s\u0103 ajute „vis\u0103torii”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mul\u0163i cred c\u0103 Alfred Nobel \u015fi-ar fi destinat banii pentru premiu numai ca s\u0103 ajute tinerii autori primi de promisiuni \u015fi nu \u00een\u0163eleg de ce sunt da\u0163i ace\u015fti bani unor autori v\u00e2rstnici, care de obicei au creat\u0103 o situa\u0163ie confortabil\u0103 \u015fi adesea nu mai produc nimic. Nobel a spus odat\u0103: \u201eCa regul\u0103 general\u0103, prefer s\u0103 am grija de stomacul celor vii, dec\u00e2t de gloria defunc\u0163ilor”. \u015ei a ad\u0103ugat: \u201eA\u015f vrea s\u0103 ajut vis\u0103torii, c\u0103ci ei \u00ee\u015fi croiesc cu greutate un drum \u00een via\u0163\u0103”.<\/em> Asta nu a \u00eempiedicat ca primii \u015fapte c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103tori ai premiului Nobel pentru literatur\u0103 s\u0103 aib\u0103 o v\u00e2rst\u0103 medie de \u015faptezeci de ani. Dar s\u0103 nu uit\u0103m c\u0103 Nobel nu a dat niciodat\u0103 o defini\u0163ie a premiului \u015fi nu a fost clarificat acest lucru nici dup\u0103 aceea. Din modestie sau din onestitate, unii laurea\u0163i ai Premiului Nobel pentru literatur\u0103 au declarat c\u0103 se consider\u0103 mai pu\u0163in merituo\u015fi dec\u00e2t anumi\u0163i contemporani de-ai lor. \u00cen 1954, Emest Hemingway a obiectat c\u0103 meritau mai mult dec\u00e2t el premiul Carl Sandburg, Bernard Berenson \u015fi Isak Dinensen.<\/p>\n

Marii marginaliza\u0163i ai premiului Nobel: Zola, Tolstoi, Ibsen \u015fi Strindberg<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Emile<\/a>
Emile Zola (1840-1902)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen ce prive\u015fte omisiunile, unele sunt surprinz\u0103toare. De ce Zola \u015fi Tolstoi nu au ob\u0163inut premiul \u00een cursul primilor ani? De ce nu au fost decernate niciodat\u0103 lui Ibsen \u015fi Strindberg? \u00cen acea epoc\u0103, membrii juriului erau oare incul\u0163i sau m\u0103rgini\u0163i? Sau poate a existat vreo problem\u0103 de orgoliu \u015fi de prejudec\u0103\u0163i? Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 a fost vorba uneori de prejudec\u0103\u0163i, c\u00e2teodat\u0103 de orgoliu, alt\u0103dat\u0103 de politic\u0103 sau de alte sl\u0103biciuni. Emile Zola a tr\u0103it p\u00e2n\u00e2 \u00een 1902; a fost deci eligibili \u00een dou\u0103 r\u00e2nduri. A \u015fi fost propus, \u00een primul an, de c\u0103tre celebrul chimist Pierre Berthetot. Dar s\u0103 nu uit\u0103m c\u0103 Alfred Nobel detesta \u201eNana”<\/em> \u015fi celelalte romane naturaliste ale lui Zola; \u00eel g\u0103sea prea prozaic \u015fi prea realist.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cazul lui Tolstoi, Ibsen \u015fi Strindberg au existat prejudec\u0103\u0163ile unui singur om, care a \u00eempiedicat alegerea celor trei. Este vorba de Carl David af Wirsen, \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de optzeci \u015fi cinci de ani, pe atunci pre\u015fedintele Academiei suedeze. Cum s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat? Nu este simplu de explicat.<\/p>\n

Marele Tolstoi, dezavantajat de un academician bo\u015forog de 85 de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Lev<\/a>
Lev Tolstoi (1828-1910)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen primul an, Academia francez\u0103 propusese candidat un poet relativ pu\u0163in cunoscut pe atunci: Sully Prud’homme. Academia suedez\u0103 s-a l\u0103sat influen\u0163at\u0103 de omologul s\u0103u francez, astfel c\u0103 juriul a decernat premiul lui Sully Prud’homme. Lumea literar\u0103 a fost scandalizat\u0103; \u00een Suedia, vreo cincizeci de scriitori \u015fi arti\u015fti au semnat o cerere \u00een favoarea lui Tolstoi. \u00cen realitate, autorul romanului \u201eR\u0103zboi \u015fi pace”<\/em> nu putea fi ales \u00een primul an, pentru c\u0103 nimeni nu-l propusese oficial candidat. S-a reparat aceast\u0103 omisiune \u00een anul urm\u0103tor \u015fi astfel Tolstoi a fost propus \u00een 1902. Juriul avea de ales \u00eentre Mamimsen, Spencer \u015fi Tolstoi.<\/p>\n

Dar \u00een acel moment a intervenit Wirsen. El a recunoscut c\u0103 \u201eR\u0103zboi \u015fi pace”<\/em> este o capodoper\u0103, dar a repro\u015fat operelor anterioare c\u0103 ar fi c\u0103utat senza\u0163ionalul, l-a acuzat pe marele scriitor c\u0103 ar fi condamnat civiliza\u0163ia \u015fi ar fi ap\u0103rat anarhia, c\u0103 a avut tupeul s\u0103 rescrie Noul Testament \u015fi, \u201ecrim\u0103 \u00eentre crime”, c\u0103 a criticat premiile de acest gen care se acord\u0103 scriitorilor, g\u0103sindu-le nocive. Aceast\u0103 diatrib\u0103 \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103rat\u0103 a lui Wirsen a hot\u0103r\u00e2t votul: Tolstoi a fost respins \u015fi, cu toate c\u0103 a mai tr\u0103it destul ca s\u0103 se \u00eendrepte aceast\u0103 eroare, timp de opt ani, candidatura lui nu a fost luat\u0103 niciodat\u0103 \u00een\u00a0\u00a0 serios.<\/p>\n

„Nu voi accepta dec\u00e2t premiul anti-Nobel”<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"August<\/a>
August Strindberg (1849-1912)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen ceea ce-l prive\u015fte pe Strindberg, opozi\u0163ia manifestat\u0103 \u00eempotriva sa de c\u0103tre membrii Academiei a fost nefast\u0103 \u015fi mult mai amar\u0103. Wirsen a hot\u0103r\u00e2t c\u0103 piesele de teatru ale lui Strindberg sunt demodate. Aceast\u0103 judecat\u0103 a fost hot\u0103r\u00e2toare. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, se pare c\u0103 \u00eensu\u015fi Strindberg ar fi fost propriul s\u0103u inamic. De fapt, nu numai Wirsen, dar jum\u0103tate din Academie \u015fi \u00eensu\u015fi regele Suediei erau \u00eengrozi\u0163i de via\u0163a particular\u0103 a dramaturgului. Strindberg fusese eliminat din \u015fcoal\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din primele clase. Se c\u0103s\u0103torise \u015fi divor\u0163ase de trei ori. Fusese \u00eenchis pentru blasfemie. Era petrec\u0103re\u0163, antisemit, adept al magiei negre. \u015ei dac\u0103 vreodat\u0103 ar fi existat o speran\u0163\u0103 pentru el, a n\u0103ruit-o singur, acoperind Academia suedez\u0103 de ridicol \u00een c\u0103r\u0163ile sale. \u201ePremiul anti-Nobel este singurul pe care l-a\u015f accepta”<\/em>, scrise el. Nim\u0103nui nu-i place s\u0103 onoreze pe cineva care-l insult\u0103 tot timpul. Nici Wirsen, nici Academia n-au \u00eent\u00eempinat nicio greutate ca s\u0103 \u00eempiedice premierea lui Strindberg.<\/p>\n

Membrii premiului Nobel nu sunt nici infailibili, nici orbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen decursul anilor, \u00een lumea \u00eentreag\u0103 sunt citite articole laudative despre laurea\u0163ii Premiului Nobel, pe care mul\u0163i \u00eei cred fiin\u0163e fabuloase. Cititorul acestui site trebuie s\u0103 \u015ftie c\u0103 juriul care distribuie, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 1901, premiile Nobel, este compus din simpli muritori. Sunt oameni instrui\u0163i, vor s\u0103 fie obiectivi \u015fi de o perfect\u0103 integritate, dar ei sunt… muritori. Au prejudec\u0103\u0163i personale, simpatii \u015fi antipatii, uneori \u00ee\u015fi vanit\u0103\u0163i. Ei pot s\u0103 influen\u0163eze \u015fi s\u0103 se lase influen\u0163a\u0163i. Pot s\u0103 fie cosmopoli\u0163i sau \u00eengust na\u0163ionali, pot s\u0103 fie erudi\u0163i \u00eentr-o ramur\u0103 \u015fi ignoran\u0163i \u00een alta. Dar, \u00een afara acestor considera\u0163ii, ei, \u00een ansamblu, se str\u0103duiesc s\u0103 dep\u0103\u015feasc\u0103 limitele subiectivismului \u015fi s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 voin\u0163a lui Alfred Nobel, c\u00e2t pot omene\u015fte mai bine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

De ce exist\u0103 doar 5 domenii ale premiului Nobel? Ne-am putea pune \u00eentrebarea fireasc\u0103 de ce Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) s-a oprit doar la cinci obiective pentru premiere? De ce nu a\u00a0\u00a0 crezut necesar s\u0103 onoreze \u00een mod egal \u015fi somit\u0103\u0163ile … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9797,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[9798,202,2723,2413,309,34,2722,1123,2631,509,1595],"class_list":["post-9796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura","tag-cultura","tag-franta","tag-ibsen","tag-nobel","tag-premiul-nobel","tag-scriitor","tag-strindberg","tag-suedia","tag-tagore","tag-tolstoi","tag-zola","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nTotul despre Premiul Nobel: secrete \u015fi informa\u0163ii inedite - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/totul-despre-premiul-nobel-secrete-si-informatii-inedite\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Totul despre Premiul Nobel: secrete \u015fi informa\u0163ii inedite\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"De ce exist\u0103 doar 5 domenii ale premiului Nobel? 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