{"id":9699,"date":"2009-12-16T07:45:02","date_gmt":"2009-12-16T05:45:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9699"},"modified":"2017-04-21T11:23:39","modified_gmt":"2017-04-21T08:23:39","slug":"amazoanele-femeile-luptatoare-care-au-invadat-lumea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/amazoanele-femeile-luptatoare-care-au-invadat-lumea\/","title":{"rendered":"Amazoanele, femeile-lupt\u0103toare care au invadat lumea"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Vreme de 3 000 de ani, ideea unui trib de femei r\u0103zboinice curajoase care locuiesc la marginea lumii cunoscute ne-a incitat imagina\u0163ia. De la scriitorii antici greci \u015fi romani, cu ale lor mituri \u015fi istorii mitice, p\u00e2n\u0103 la programe de televiziune moderne precum Xena: Prin\u0163esa r\u0103zboinic\u0103, aceast\u0103 societate r\u0103zboinic\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 numai din femei a fost constant reinventat\u0103 pentru a se adapta locului \u015fi timpului. Dar oare exist\u0103 ceva palpabil sau istoric \u00een spatele acestor povestiri \u015fi legende?<\/p>\n

Amazoanele apar \u00een „Iliada<\/strong>”<\/p>\n

Am aflat pentru prima oar\u0103 de amazoane, ca trib al unor femei r\u0103zboinice, \u00een Iliada, epopeea lui Homer despre r\u0103zboiul troian, scris\u0103 probabil \u00een secolul al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr. Aici sunt men\u0163ionate \u00een treac\u0103t, cu referire la episodul \u00een care l-au atacat pe Priam din Troia, atunci c\u00e2nd acesta se afla \u00een campanie \u00een centrul Turciei de ast\u0103zi. Homer le descrie pe aceste femei ca pe \u201ecele care se lupt\u0103 precum b\u0103rba\u0163ii”. Dup\u0103 Homer, mul\u0163i scriitori greci au ad\u0103ugat noi elemente acestor personaje \u015fi presupusei lor origini.<\/p>\n

Amazoanele \u00eei jefuiau pe sci\u0163i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Istoricul grec Herodot, care a scris la mijlocul secolului al V-lea \u00ee.Hr., le numea Androktones (\u201euciga\u015fe de b\u0103rba\u0163i”) \u015fi are o povestire interesant\u0103 despre ele (\u00een lumina recentelor descoperiri arheologice). Dup\u0103 ce au fost \u00eenvinse de greci \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lia de la Thermodon, \u00een nordul Turciei, amazoanele, prizoniere de r\u0103zboi, au fost \u00eembarcate pe corabie spre Grecia. \u00cen timpul c\u0103l\u0103toriei, ele \u015fi-au atacat \u015fi ucis paznicii, dar nu au reu\u015fit s\u0103 piloteze corabia, a\u015fa c\u0103 au plutit spre nord, c\u0103tre Marea Neagr\u0103. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, au ajuns pe malurile teritoriului scitic, de unde au furat cai \u015fi au \u00eenceput s\u0103 jefuiasc\u0103 \u0163inutul. Herodot scrie c\u0103 amazoanele au f\u0103cut o \u00een\u0163elegere cu sci\u0163ii, o re\u0163ea de triburi nomade de step\u0103, \u015fi s-au c\u0103s\u0103torit cu ace\u015ftia. Apoi s-au mutat \u00eenspre nord,\u015fi s-au stabilit la est de Don, \u00een zona reprezentat\u0103 ast\u0103zi de sudul Rusiei, unde au dat na\u015ftere culturii sauromate.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 povestire, de aceast\u0103 dat\u0103 relatat\u0103 de scriitorii romani, descrie lupta amazoanelor \u00een r\u0103zboiul troian, ca aliate ale lui Priam \u00eempotriva grecilor. Spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul r\u0103zboiului, dup\u0103 ce au ucis mul\u0163i greci, regina amazoanelor, Pentesileea, a condus b\u0103t\u0103lia \u00eempotriva lui Ahile, dar a fost ucis\u0103 \u00eentr-un duel s\u00e2ngeros. \u015ei al\u0163i eroi greci au dus lupte pe via\u0163\u0103 \u015fi pe moarte cu aceste femei formidabile.<\/p>\n

Hercule \u015fi amazoanele<\/strong><\/p>\n

Una dintre cele 12 sarcini ale lui Hercule era s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 cing\u0103toarea magic\u0103 a reginei amazoanelor, Hippolyta. Pentru a \u00eendeplini aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103, Hercule, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu un alt erou grec, Tezeu, a c\u0103l\u0103torit \u00een capitala amazoanelor, Temiscira, pe r\u00e2ul Thermodon, pe \u0163\u0103rmul sudic al M\u0103rii Negre. Hercule a omor\u00e2t-o pe Hippolyta \u015fi o ob\u0163inut cing\u0103toarea, iar Tezeu a dus-o cu sine pe prin\u0163esa Antiope, una dintre surorile Hippolytei. Pentru a o salva pe Antiope, amazoanele au invadat Grecia \u015fi au atacat Atena, dar au fost \u00eenfr\u00e2nte. \u00een unele versiuni ale povestirii, Antiope este dobor\u00e2t\u0103 \u00een timp ce lupt\u0103 de partea lui Tezeu. B\u0103t\u0103liile mitice dintre greci \u015fi amazoane au fost adesea comemorate \u00eentr-un gen de art\u0103 greceasc\u0103 numit\u0103 amazonomahie; un exemplu este sculptura \u00een marmur\u0103 din Partenonul din Atena.<\/p>\n

Unii biografi ai lui Alexandru cel Mare men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea acestuia cu o regin\u0103 amazoan\u0103 pe nume Thalestris, care a avut un copil de la el, de\u015fi aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 este contrazis\u0103 de istoricul \u015fi biograful grec Plutarh \u00een cartea sa, Via\u0163a lui Alexandru<\/em>, precum \u015fi de al\u0163i scriitori antici.<\/p>\n

„Amazon” \u00een limba greac\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 „f\u0103r\u0103 s\u00e2ni”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Scriitorii greci \u015fi romani din Antichitate au atribuit amazoanelor diverse obiceiuri stranii. \u00eensu\u015fi cuv\u00e2ntul Amazon, despre care se crede acum c\u0103 deriv\u0103 din cuv\u00e2ntul iranian ha-mazan (care \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201er\u0103zboinic”), \u00een versiunea greac\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ef\u0103r\u0103 s\u00e2ni”. Probabil c\u0103 grecii au ata\u015fat acest sens cuv\u00e2ntului pentru a explica o tradi\u0163ie prin care amazoanele \u00ee\u015fi ardeau sau t\u0103iau s\u00e2nul drept, pentru a putea trage mai bine cu arcul. Totu\u015fi, ilustr\u0103rile amazoanelor \u00een arta greac\u0103 le prezint\u0103 cu ambii s\u00e2ni.<\/p>\n

Conform unui alt mit, amazoanele nu le permiteau b\u0103rba\u0163ilor s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 pe teritoriul lor. Totu\u015fi, o dat\u0103 pe an, pentru a-\u015fi perpetua rasa, ele vizitau un trib \u00eenvecinat, alc\u0103tuit numai din b\u0103rba\u0163i, gargarenii. Fetele care se n\u0103\u015fteau erau crescute de amazoane \u015fi \u00eenv\u0103\u0163ate s\u0103 se ocupe de agricultur\u0103, v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u015fi r\u0103zboi, \u00een timp ce b\u0103ie\u0163ii erau fie omor\u00e2\u0163i, fie \u00eenapoia\u0163i ta\u0163ilor.<\/p>\n

Amazoanele nu sunt doar un mit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Amazoanele au fost asociate cu un num\u0103r impresionant de locuri, de la coastele M\u0103rii Negre din Turcia la sudul Rusiei, Libia \u015fi chiar Atlantida. \u00cen lumina unor asemenea idei excentrice, nu e de mirare c\u0103 opinia general\u0103 despre amazoane este c\u0103 ele nu reprezint\u0103 dec\u00e2t un mit. Recent, mul\u0163umit\u0103 arheologiei, opinia \u00eenv\u0103\u0163a\u0163ilor a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se schimbe.<\/p>\n

Potrivit lui Herodot, sauroma\u0163ii din sudul Rusiei au fost descenden\u0163i ai amazoanelor \u015fi ai sci\u0163ilor. De\u015fi arheologii ru\u015fi au descoperit, \u00eenc\u0103 de la mijlocul secolului al XlX-lea, schelete de femei r\u0103zboinice \u00een Stepa Pontic\u0103 (\u0163inuturile de step\u0103 de la nord de Marea Neagr\u0103, care se \u00eentind spre est p\u00e2n\u0103 la Marea Caspic\u0103), cercet\u0103torii \u015fi arheologii occidentali fie nu au \u015ftiut despre aceste descoperiri, fie nu au f\u0103cut leg\u0103tura cu amazoanele din legendele grece\u015fti. S\u0103p\u0103turile efectuate de arheologii ru\u015fi \u015fi americani \u015fi conduse de Jeannine Davis-Kimball (de la Institutul de Cercetare American-Eurasian) au sugerat c\u0103 aceste povestiri grece\u015fti se bazeaz\u0103, \u00een parte, pe fapte reale.<\/p>\n

Descoperirea mormintelor femeilor r\u0103zboinice<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mormintele antice (cunoscute drept kurgan) descoperite l\u00e2ng\u0103 ora\u015ful Pokrovka, l\u00e2ng\u0103 grani\u0163a rus\u0103 cu Kazahstanul, au scos la iveal\u0103 schelete de femei \u00eengropate cu arme. Mormintele includeau s\u0103bii sau pumnale de fier, v\u00e2rfuri de s\u0103geat\u0103 din bronz, arcuri, tolbe cu s\u0103ge\u0163i \u015fi harna\u015fament. Mormintele dateaz\u0103 din secolele al Vl-lea-al IV-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u015fi indic\u0103 o cultur\u0103 care includea femei r\u0103zboinice de rang \u00eenalt.<\/p>\n

Ini\u0163ial, s-a sugerat c\u0103 armele aveau un scop ritualic, dar examinarea scheletelor a demonstrat altceva. Unele cranii prezentau urme de r\u0103ni, iar picioarele curbate ale unei fete de 13-14 ani indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 \u015fi-a petrecut via\u0163a c\u0103l\u0103rind. Un v\u00e2rf de s\u0103geat\u0103 \u00eendoit, \u00eenfipt \u00een genunchiul unei alte femei, sugereaz\u0103 o ran\u0103 primit\u0103 \u00eentr-o b\u0103t\u0103lie. Armele descoperite l\u00e2ng\u0103 femei par s\u0103 fi fost folosite frecvent \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lie \u015fi au m\u00e2nere mai mici dec\u00e2t cele \u00eengropate al\u0103turi de b\u0103rba\u0163i, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 au fost create special pentru ele. Oare acestea s\u0103 fie mormintele legendarelor amazoane? Probabil c\u0103 nu. \u00centr-un sens, Herodot avea dreptate – exist\u0103 cu siguran\u0163\u0103 femei r\u0103zboinice sauromate. Totu\u015fi, nu exist\u0103 nicio dovad\u0103 c\u0103 au rezultat din c\u0103s\u0103toriile amazoanelor cu sci\u0163ii, a\u015fa cum scrie Herodot \u00een ale sale Istorii<\/em>. Un alt factor este c\u0103 femeile r\u0103zboinice sauromate alc\u0103tuiau un procent mic din popula\u0163ia tribului. Dac\u0103 90% dintre b\u0103rba\u0163ii \u00eengropa\u0163i erau r\u0103zboinici, doar 20% dintre femei au fost \u00eengropate cu arme.<\/p>\n

Cultura sauromat\u0103 \u015fi amazoanele<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mai exist\u0103 un motiv pentru care este pu\u0163in probabil ca sauroma\u0163ii s\u0103 fie sursa miturilor despre amazoane. Amazoanele au fost reprezentate \u00een arta \u015fi literatura din Grecia secolului al VIII-lea \u00ee.Hr., cu cel pu\u0163in 200 de ani \u00eenainte de dovezile existen\u0163ei femeilor r\u0103zboinice \u00een stepa euroasiatic\u0103. Primele colonii grece\u015fti de la Marea Neagr\u0103 dateaz\u0103 din secolul al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr., de\u015fi e probabil c\u0103 s-au \u00eentreprins c\u0103l\u0103torii comerciale \u015fi \u00eenainte. A\u015fadar, de\u015fi exist\u0103 mici \u015fanse ca femeile r\u0103zboinice s\u0103 fi existat \u00een step\u0103 \u00eenainte de perioada sugerat\u0103 de dovezile arheologice actuale – \u015fi ca grecii s\u0103 fi avut contact cu ele -, nu exist\u0103 nicio dovad\u0103 a acestui contact. E posibil ca femeile r\u0103zboinice din cultura sauromat\u0103 s\u0103 fi influen\u0163at mitul amazoanelor, dar nu au fost sursa acestuia.<\/p>\n

\u00cen jurul secolului al IV-lea \u00ee.Hr., cultura sauromat\u0103 a evoluat \u00een cultura sarmat\u0103, un alt trib nomad, iar femei r\u0103zboinice au fost, de asemenea, g\u0103site \u00een mormintele sarmate timpurii. Sarma\u0163ii au ajuns mult mai departe \u00een vest dec\u00e2t predecesorii lor \u015fi au intrat \u00een contact direct cu romanii. De fapt, cavaleria sarmat\u0103, aflat\u0103 \u00een serviciul Romei, a fost activ\u0103 \u00een Britania \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al II-lea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al V-lea d.Hr. Nu se \u015ftie \u00eens\u0103 dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 cavalerie romanizat\u0103 includea \u015fi femei r\u0103zboinice.<\/p>\n

Amazoanele din Siberia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 \u015fi alte exemple de triburi din step\u0103 care au inclus femei r\u0103zboinice, unul dintre acestea fiind Pazyryk, o alt\u0103 cultur\u0103 legat\u0103 de scin\u0163i. De\u015fi cei din tribul Pazyryk se aflau la mare distan\u0163\u0103 spre est de sarma\u0163i, \u00een Mun\u0163ii Altai din Rusia siberian\u0103, aveau obiceiuri funerare aproape identice, folosind curgane similare celor descoperite \u00een Ucraina \u015fi sudul Rusiei. Un curgan Pazyryk din secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. descoperit \u00een 1993 de arheologul rus Natalia Polosmak, a devenit cunoscut drept \u201eFecioara de Ghea\u0163\u0103 din Siberia” ; nu era vorba de o r\u0103zboinic\u0103, ci de o prin\u0163es\u0103 de rang \u00eenalt. Polosmak a g\u0103sit totu\u015fi un morm\u00e2nt con\u0163in\u00e2nd scheletul unui b\u0103rbat \u015fi cel al unei femei, fiecare \u00eengropat cu v\u00e2rfuri de s\u0103geat\u0103 \u015fi un topor.<\/p>\n

Mitul amazoanelor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Poate c\u0103 povestirile unor c\u0103l\u0103tori despre \u00eenaltul rang social al femeilor din step\u0103 au ad\u0103ugat o alt\u0103 dimensiune, mai realist\u0103, miturilor grece\u015fti deja existente despre femeile amazoane. Altminteri, amazoanele pot fi percepute ca o ilustra\u0163ie mitic\u0103 a pericolelor – \u015fi poate a barbarismului – necunoscutului cu care s-au confruntat grecii atunci c\u00e2nd s-au aventurat \u00een \u0163inuturi noi, precum coastele M\u0103rii Negre. Este interesant de notat c\u0103, pentru greci, amazoanele au existat \u00eentotdeauna la marginea lumii cunoscute, la limita civiliza\u0163iei. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce lumea elen\u0103 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se extind\u0103, \u0163inutul amazoanelor a fost \u00eempins \u015fi mai departe, motiv pentru care geografia actual\u0103 asociat\u0103 cu acestea se schimb\u0103 at\u00e2t de mult. Primele referin\u0163e \u00eencep cu amazoanele de la estul Greciei, \u00een Asia Mic\u0103 (Turcia), fond\u00e2nd probabil ora\u015fele Efes \u015fi Smyrna, pe coasta estic\u0103. \u00een vremea lui Herodot (secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr.) s-au mutat \u00een sudul Rusiei, iar c\u00e2nd Diodor din Sicilia \u015fi-a scris Biblioteca Istoriei Lumii \u00een primul secol \u00ee.Hr., amazoanele au fost asociate cu vestul Libiei.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 miturile amazoanelor sunt o amintire a culturii matriarhale a femeilor lupt\u0103toare, este important s\u0103 \u0163inem seama de faptul c\u0103 Homer a scris despre ele \u00een secolul al VIII-lea ca \u015fi cum publicul ar fi fost familiarizat cu subiectul. Astfel, trebuie s\u0103 fi existat \u015fi mai devreme, probabil undeva la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul Epocii Bronzului\/\u00eenceputul Epocii Fierului (\u00eentre cea 1600 \u00ee.Hr. \u015fi cea 900 \u00ee.Hr.). Plasarea amazoanelor fie \u00een Anatolia, \u00een stepele Rusiei, fie \u00een Mun\u0163ii Caucaz pare foarte plauzibil\u0103. Dar, cel pu\u0163in pentru moment, nu exist\u0103 nicio dovad\u0103 c\u0103 vreo femeie r\u0103zboinic\u0103 a existat \u00een aceste zone \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 timpurie.<\/p>\n

\u00centr-un fel, mitul amazoanelor poate fi \u00een\u0163eles \u00een parte ca modalitate \u00een care grecii percepeau conceptul de ceilal\u0163i. Caracteristicile conferite acestor femei \u00een literatura \u015fi arta timpului sunt menite s\u0103 demonstreze opusul a tot ceea ce de\u0163inea o societate normal\u0103. \u00een societatea elen\u0103, datoriile femeilor se limitau la c\u0103min \u015fi nu aveau nicio implicare \u00een r\u0103zboi sau politic\u0103. Dimpotriv\u0103, amazoanele luau propriile decizii \u015fi purtau r\u0103zboaie. Asemenea mituri cu roluri inversate au ajutat la men\u0163inerea statu-quoului statului grec, prezent\u00e2nd nefirescul unei societ\u0103\u0163i complet diferite. \u015ei, desigur, atunci c\u00e2nd barbarismul se opune culturii – ca \u00een cazul multor b\u0103t\u0103lii dintre amazoane \u015fi greci -, pierde.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vreme de 3 000 de ani, ideea unui trib de femei r\u0103zboinice curajoase care locuiesc la marginea lumii cunoscute ne-a incitat imagina\u0163ia. De la scriitorii antici greci \u015fi romani, cu ale lor mituri \u015fi istorii mitice, p\u00e2n\u0103 la programe de … <\/p>\n

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