{"id":96650,"date":"2025-02-02T18:53:27","date_gmt":"2025-02-02T16:53:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=96650"},"modified":"2025-02-02T18:53:27","modified_gmt":"2025-02-02T16:53:27","slug":"terifiantii-elefanti-de-razboi-tancurile-vii-in-bataile-din-antichitate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/terifiantii-elefanti-de-razboi-tancurile-vii-in-bataile-din-antichitate\/","title":{"rendered":"Terifian\u0163ii elefan\u0163i de r\u0103zboi, \u201etancurile\u201d vii \u00een b\u0103t\u0103ile din Antichitate"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Vechii indieni au fost cei dint\u00e2i care au dresat elefan\u0163ii<\/strong> spre a deveni uciga\u0219i de oameni. Uria\u0219ul animal a fost, vreme de c\u00e2teva secole, un \u201etanc\u201d de mare performan\u0163\u0103, lupt\u0103tor periculos \u0219i sperietoare \u00een r\u0103zboi, p\u00e2n\u0103 ce adversarii i-au descoperit p\u0103r\u021bile slabe \u0219i l-au anihilat.<\/p>\n

Faima de viteaz \u00een lupt\u0103 \u00eenso\u021bea elefantul \u00eenc\u0103 din legende. Diodor Sicilianul<\/strong> descrie p\u00e2lcurile de elefan\u021bi din oastea cu care un rege indian vroia s-o biruie pe Semiramida<\/strong>, suverana Babilonului. Suit pe spinarea acestui animal uria\u0219, monarhul indian p\u0103rea un sol al zeilor, invincibil \u0219i poruncitor. Suveranii asiatici \u00ee\u0219i alegeau \u00een acest scop elefantul cel mai voinic, c\u0103ruia \u00eei \u00eempodobeau fruntea \u0219i col\u021bii cu fruntare \u0219i coliere din aur, argint \u0219i pietre pre\u021bioase.<\/p>\n

Primul european care a urcat pe spinarea unui elefant de r\u0103zboi, g\u0103tit cu o \u0219a de aur \u0219i valtrap de m\u0103tase ro\u0219ie, a fost Alexandru cel Mare<\/strong>. Regele indian Porus<\/strong> l-a \u00eenfruntat pe c\u00e2mpul de b\u0103taie cu escadroane de elefan\u021bi, care purtau pe spate turnuri \u00eenalte, vopsite \u00een culori vii \u0219i c\u0103ptu\u0219ite cu purpur\u0103. Din turn zburau s\u0103ge\u021bi si l\u0103nci, pe c\u00e2nd colosul \u00eei \u00een\u0219f\u0103ca pe du\u0219mani cu trompa \u0219i \u00eei sugruma \u00een aer. Istoricii acelor campanii povestesc c\u0103, dup\u0103 victoria sa asupra m\u0103re\u021bului rege, Alexandru cel Mare i-a capturat to\u021bi elefan\u021bii. Exemplarul falnic pe care c\u0103l\u0103rea Porus a fost \u201erebotezat\u201d Ajax<\/strong>, dup\u0103 numele celebrului erou din Iliada<\/em><\/strong>, apoi a fost \u00eempodobit cu br\u0103\u021b\u0103ri de aur pe col\u021bi \u0219i cu fruntare purt\u00e2nd inscrip\u021bia: \u201eAlexandru, fiul lui Zeus, ofer\u0103 acest elefant Soarelui\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00cen general, echipamentul de lupt\u0103 al elefantului cuprindea arme ofensive \u0219i defensive. Curele groase \u00eei fixau pe spinare un turn de lemn acoperit cu piei de bou. \u00cen turn, se suiau c\u00e2\u021biva arca\u0219i \u0219i l\u0103ncieri care azv\u00e2rleau la distan\u021b\u0103 s\u0103ge\u021bi \u0219i suli\u021bi, pentru a risipi du\u0219manii \u0219i a ajuta elefantul s\u0103-i \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219eze de moarte cu trompa. La asedierea unei cet\u0103\u021bi, astfel de turnuri \u00eenalte serveau \u0219i ca posturi mobile de observa\u021bie. \u00centre armele de ap\u0103rare, o cuiras\u0103 format\u0103 din pl\u0103cu\u021be de fier prev\u0103zute cu \u021bepu\u0219e lungi \u0219i ascu\u021bite la v\u00e2rf acoperea pieptul \u0219i flancurile animalului, pe o \u00eentindere care varia cu scopul urm\u0103rit: iu\u021beal\u0103 \u00een atac sau \u0219i grija pentru via\u021ba lui. Alteori, elefan\u021bii erau acoperi\u021bi cu huse viu colorate, trompa, col\u021bii \u0219i urechile le erau vopsite felurit, de g\u00e2t li se lega un clopo\u021bel-semnal de lupt\u0103, iar pe frunte li se puneau pana\u0219e din aur \u0219i pene de stru\u021b, uneori \u00een chip de coroan\u0103 pe cap.<\/p>\n

Conduc\u0103torul (cornacul) elefantului \u0219edea c\u0103lare pe ceafa animalului. Romanii l-au numit rector elephantorum<\/em> \u00een limbaj militar. Cu o vergea de fier, cornacul \u00eel stimula la mers ori \u00eei indica direc\u021bia, ating\u00e2ndu-l u\u0219or pe ureche. Fiecare animal purta un nume propriu. C\u00e2nd o\u0219tirea se punea \u00een mi\u0219care, elefan\u021bii mergeau \u00een ariergard\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 la apropierea de inamic ei treceau \u00een frunte, pe o singur\u0103 linie \u0219i la o anumit\u0103 distan\u021b\u0103, spre a l\u0103rgi frontul de atac \u0219i a proteja pe pedestra\u0219i. Pe laturile acestor escadroane de tancuri vii erau or\u00e2nduite deta\u0219amente de l\u0103ncieri \u0219i arca\u0219i, spre a m\u0103ri viteza \u00eenaint\u0103rii. Prezen\u021ba \u00een oaste a elefan\u0163ilor \u00eenfrico\u0219a pe adversari \u0219i le dezorganiza r\u00e2ndurile. Cornacii excitau curajul animalelor d\u00e2ndu-le b\u0103uturi \u00eemb\u0103t\u0103toare, \u00eenainte de a intra \u00een lupt\u0103.<\/p>\n

Atacul elefan\u0163ilor era, la \u00eenceput, teribil \u0219i devastator; Gustave Flaubert<\/strong> descrie b\u0103t\u0103lia cu romanii, condus\u0103 de generalul cartaginez Hasdrubal<\/strong>: \u201eCei 72 de elefan\u021bi mergeau alinia\u021bi pe dou\u0103 \u0219iruri. Trompele lor vopsite cu minium erau ridicate \u00een sus, ca ni\u0219te \u0219erpi ro\u0219ii. La piept aveau un \u021b\u0103poi ascu\u021bit, pe spate o cuiras\u0103 de fier, iar col\u021bii le fuseser\u0103 alungi\u021bi cu lame ascu\u021bite, \u00eencovoiate ca ni\u0219te s\u0103bii. Pentru a-i face mai feroci, cornacii \u00eei \u00eemb\u0103taser\u0103 cu un amestec de vin, piper \u0219i t\u0103m\u00e2ie\u2026 Cu trompele, elefan\u021bii str\u00e2ngeau du\u0219manii p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00een\u0103bu\u0219ire sau \u00eei smulgeau \u0219i \u00eei aruncau peste cap, \u00een turnul de pe spatele lor, \u00een care se aflau osta\u0219i cartaginezi. Cu col\u021bii \u00eei spintecau \u0219i \u00eei aruncau \u00een aer, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t de filde\u0219ii lor at\u00e2rnau lungi buc\u0103\u021bi de intestine\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Strategii antichit\u0103\u021bii au sesizat \u00eens\u0103 \u0219i sl\u0103biciunile elefantului. Era suficient ca un singur elefant s\u0103 fie r\u0103nit grav, pentru ca mugetele lui s\u0103-i \u00eenfrico\u0219eze pe ceilal\u021bi. Se isca astfel o debandad\u0103 greu de st\u0103p\u00e2nit de c\u0103tre cornaci. N\u0103pustirea spre \u00eenapoi a elefan\u021bilor provoca o mare dezordine \u00een pedestrimea proprie, duc\u00e2nd-o la \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere. \u00cen situa\u021bia c\u00eend animalul nu mai asculta de cornac, singura sc\u0103pare era uciderea lui imediat\u0103 de c\u0103tre acesta, cu instrumente dinainte preg\u0103tite. Istoricul roman Titus Livius<\/strong> descrie o lupt\u0103 cu cartaginezii: \u201e\u00cen cur\u00e2nd, strig\u0103tele solda\u021bilor au devenit \u0219i mai furioase, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t era imposibil s\u0103 mai conduci elefan\u021bii. Ei se agitau \u00een spa\u021biul dintre cele dou\u0103 armate, ca \u0219i cum nu ar mai fi \u0219tiut c\u0103reia dintre ele \u00eei apar\u021bineau. Se asemuiau unor cor\u0103bii care r\u0103t\u0103cesc f\u0103r\u0103 c\u00e2rm\u0103. Elefan\u021bii care aveau suli\u021be du\u0219mane \u00eenfipte \u00een corp au luat-o la fug\u0103 \u00eenapoi, t\u00e2r\u00e2nd dup\u0103 ei \u0219i pe cei teferi. \u00cens\u0103 au fost mai numero\u0219i elefan\u021bii uci\u0219i de cornacii lor, dec\u00e2t de osta\u0219ii romani. Cornacii aveau o dalt\u0103 \u0219i un ciocan de lemn. C\u00e2nd elefantul d\u0103dea semne de furie, n\u0103pustindu-se asupra propriilor s\u0103i osta\u0219i, cornacul \u00eei repezea cu dalta o lovitur\u0103 n\u0103praznic\u0103 la \u00eencheietura capului cu g\u00e2tul \u0219i \u00eel dobora la p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Acest mijloc fusese n\u0103scocit de generalul cartaginez Hasdrubal\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 280 \u00ee.Hr., Pyrrhus<\/strong>, regele Epirului, a debarcat pe p\u0103m\u00e2ntul Italiei, la Heracleea, \u00een provincia Lucania, av\u00e2nd \u00een oastea sa \u0219i 20 de elefan\u021bi, animale necunoscute romanilor. Uimi\u021bi \u0219i \u00eenfrico\u0219a\u021bi, legionarii romani \u0219i-au destr\u0103mat r\u00e2ndurile din cauza acestora \u0219i au fost \u00eenfr\u00een\u021bi. Cinci ani mai t\u00e2rziu, surpriza se stinsese \u0219i, \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie, romanii au ob\u021binut biruin\u021ba. \u00cen cortegiul triumfal au figurat \u0219i c\u00e2\u021biva elefan\u021bi, care au f\u0103cut o mare senza\u021bie. Ei au fost apoi plimba\u021bi pe str\u0103zile Romei, pentru ca lumea s\u0103 se deprind\u0103, cu \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lor. \u00cen primul r\u0103zboi cu cartaginezii, elefan\u021bii acestora au fost asalta\u021bi curajos cu o ploaie de s\u0103ge\u021bi, fugind din prima linie, \u00eenv\u0103lm\u0103\u0219ind r\u00e2ndurile de osta\u0219i aranjate \u00een spatele lor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen celebra b\u0103t\u0103lie de la Magnesia, \u00een anul 190 \u00ee.Hr., regele Antioh al IlI-lea<\/strong> a opus legiunilor romane importante escadroane de elefan\u021bi, dar, fiind \u00eenvins, a trebuit s\u0103-i predea pe to\u021bi biruitorului. Un istoric roman consider\u0103 util s\u0103-i descrie: \u201eElefan\u021bii erau \u00eentr-adev\u0103r uria\u0219i. La aspectul lor neasemuit de impun\u0103tor contribuiau \u0219i crestele de pe cap, frontaliile de metal \u0219i turnurile de pe spate, fiecare av\u00e2nd c\u00e2te patru lupt\u0103tori \u00eenarma\u021bi, \u00een afar\u0103 de cornac. Dar nici elefan\u021bii a\u0219eza\u021bi \u00een centrul frontului n-au izbutit s\u0103-i \u00eensp\u0103im\u00eente pe legionarii romani, care erau deprin\u0219i cu elefan\u021bii \u00eenc\u0103 din vremea r\u0103zboaielor cu cartaginezii\u201d<\/em>. Pentru a opri \u00eenaintarea elefan\u021bilor, se a\u0219ezau \u00een fa\u021ba lor pl\u0103ci de fier cu piroane bine ascu\u021bite, \u00eendreptate \u00een sus, ca s\u0103-i \u00een\u021bepe \u00een t\u0103lpi. Pe c\u00e2t posibil, b\u0103t\u0103lia se angaja pe un teren denivelat, ca s\u0103 le fac\u0103 mai anevoios mersul, ori se s\u0103pau gropi mascate de frunzare, pentru a captura animalele ce ar fi c\u0103zut \u00een ele.<\/p>\n

\u00cencep\u00e2nd de prin secolul al Il-lea \u00ee.Hr., romanii au renun\u021bat \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 la folosirea \u00een r\u0103zboaie a elefan\u021bilor, p\u0103str\u00e2ndu-i ca animale de povar\u0103 sau de \u0219a, ori ca trofeu orgolios \u00een ceremoniile triumfale. \u00cen luptele cu partizanii lui Pompeius<\/strong> refugia\u021bi \u00een Africa, lulius Cezar<\/strong> a ob\u021binut victoria datorit\u0103 \u0219i elefan\u021bilor din oastea sa.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Asia \u00eens\u0103, per\u0219ii au continuat \u00eenc\u0103 vreo c\u00e2teva secole s\u0103 dreseze elefan\u021bi pentru r\u0103zboi. \u00cen secolul al VII-lea d.Hr., regele persan Chosroes al II-lea<\/strong> a folosit sute de elefan\u021bi \u00een lupta cu Heraclius<\/strong>, \u00eemp\u0103ratul roman de R\u0103s\u0103rit, dar a fost totu\u0219i \u00eenvins. Biruitorul a reintrat \u00een Constantinopol pe un car tras de patru elefan\u021bi.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1398, indienii au aliniat 120 de elefan\u021bi \u00een fa\u021ba o\u0219tilor lui Tamerlan<\/strong>, \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lia de la Delhi. Animalele purtau plato\u0219e de zale, iar col\u021bii erau prelungi\u021bi cu s\u0103bii otr\u0103vite. \u00cempotriva elefan\u021bilor, Tamerlan a trimis cirezi de bivoli cu f\u0103clii \u00een coarne, fa\u0163\u0103 de care elefan\u021bii au fugit \u00een debandad\u0103, \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nta\u021bi de fl\u0103c\u0103rile acestora. Deprinz\u00eend me\u0219te\u0219ugul r\u0103zboiului cu elefan\u0163ii, Tamerlan a utilizat din nou aceste animale uria\u015fe \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lia de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Ankara \u00eempotriva lui Baiazid Fulgerul<\/strong>, \u00een anul 1402. Prev\u0103z\u0103tor, el poruncise ca elefan\u021bii s\u0103 fie lega\u021bi unul de altul cu lan\u021buri groase, ca s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 fugi \u00eenapoi, \u00een dezordine. Astfel, elefan\u021bii au format o barier\u0103 de netrecut pentru cavaleria otoman\u0103.<\/p>\n

Timpul de glorie al elefantului de r\u0103zboi trecuse \u00eens\u0103, \u00een mod definitiv, \u00een fa\u021ba armelor de foc, iar tancul viu de alt\u0103dat\u0103 devenise inutil. Dar, p\u00e2n\u0103 spre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea, acest uria\u0219 patruped \u00eenc\u0103 mai era utilizat de unele armate la transportul muni\u021biei \u0219i al proviziilor sau la tras tunurile grele. Motorizarea artileriei i-a redat \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it dreptul la pace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vechii indieni au fost cei dint\u00e2i care au dresat elefan\u0163ii spre a deveni uciga\u0219i de oameni. Uria\u0219ul animal a fost, vreme de c\u00e2teva secole, un \u201etanc\u201d de mare performan\u0163\u0103, lupt\u0103tor periculos \u0219i sperietoare \u00een r\u0103zboi, p\u00e2n\u0103 ce adversarii i-au descoperit … <\/p>\n

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