{"id":96623,"date":"2025-01-31T09:15:10","date_gmt":"2025-01-31T07:15:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=96623"},"modified":"2025-01-31T09:15:10","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T07:15:10","slug":"descoperiri-stiintifice-din-vechime-uitate-si-reinventate-vaccinul-a-fost-descris-de-indieni-cu-mii-de-ani-in-urma-anestezia-in-sec-xvii-penicilina-in-evul-mediu-oxigenul-acum-2400-de-ani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/descoperiri-stiintifice-din-vechime-uitate-si-reinventate-vaccinul-a-fost-descris-de-indieni-cu-mii-de-ani-in-urma-anestezia-in-sec-xvii-penicilina-in-evul-mediu-oxigenul-acum-2400-de-ani\/","title":{"rendered":"Descoperiri \u015ftiin\u0163ifice din vechime, uitate \u015fi reinventate: vaccinul a fost descris de indieni, cu mii de ani \u00een urm\u0103, anestezia – \u00een sec. XVII, penicilina – \u00een Evul Mediu, oxigenul – acum 2400 de ani, America – \u00een antichitate, \u015fi multe altele…"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>V-a\u0163i \u00eentrebat vreodat\u0103 dac\u0103 descoperirile \u015ftiin\u0163ifice \u015fi medicale nu sunt de fapt dec\u00e2t ni\u015fte redescoperiri din vechime? Iat\u0103 o mul\u0163ime de exemple. De exemplu, vaccinarea o g\u0103sim descris\u0103, cu mult timp \u00een urm\u0103 (mii de ani) \u00eentr-una din „Vede”<\/em><\/strong>, \u015fi anume \u00een „Sachava Grantham”<\/em><\/strong>. Textul respectiv a fost citat de Moreau de Jouet<\/strong>, la 16 octombrie 1826, \u00een a sa „Memoire sur la variolice”, prezentat\u0103 Academiei de \u0218tiin\u021be: „Colecta\u021bi lichid din co\u0219urile purulente pe v\u00e2rful unui bisturiu \u0219i \u00een\u021bepa\u021bi bra\u021bul, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t lichidul s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een s\u00e2nge. Se va produce febr\u0103, dar boala va sl\u0103bi \u0219i nu vor fi motive de alarmare”<\/em>. Urmeaz\u0103 apoi o descriere precis\u0103 a simptomelor ce vor fi observate.<\/p>\n

Referitor la anestezice<\/strong>, putem consulta o lucrare a lui Denis Papin<\/strong>, scris\u0103 \u00een 1681 \u0219i intitulat\u0103 „Opera\u021bia f\u0103r\u0103 durere”<\/em><\/strong>, care, la r\u00e2ndul ei, se bazeaz\u0103 pe vechi experimente chineze cu c\u00e2nepa indian\u0103, ori folosirea terapeutic\u0103 a vinului de m\u0103tr\u0103gun\u0103, binecunoscut \u00een Evul Mediu \u0219i complet uitat din secolul XVII, ale c\u0103rui efecte au fost studiate de un anume doctor Auriol<\/strong> din Toulouse, \u00een 1823. Nimeni nu s-a deranjat s\u0103 verifice rezultatele ob\u021binute. Dar Penicilina<\/strong>? Aici putem men\u021biona, pentru \u00eenceput, un remediu empiric folosit tot \u00een Evul Mediu \u0219i anume, efectele br\u00e2nzei de Roquefort. Dar exist\u0103 ceva \u0219i mai extraordinar: Ernest Duchesne<\/strong>, un student de la \u0218coala Militar\u0103 de S\u0103n\u0103tate din Lyon, a prezentat, la 17 decembrie 1897, o tez\u0103 intitulat\u0103 „Contribu\u021bii asupra influen\u021bei ostile \u00een microorganisme – antagonismul \u00eentre mucegaiuri \u0219i microbi”<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 lucrare descrie experimente ce arat\u0103 ac\u021biunea penicilinei (penicillum glaucum<\/em>), asupra bacteriilor. Nici aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 nu a atras aten\u021bia. Merit\u0103 accentuat acest caz flagrant de descoperire „uitat\u0103”, ea situ\u00e2ndu-se \u00een preajma timpurilor moderne, \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 \u00een care bacteriologie cuno\u0219tea o \u00eenflorire deosebit\u0103.<\/p>\n

S\u0103 vorbim despre oxigen<\/strong>. Particularit\u0103\u021bile sale au fost studiate \u00een secolul XV de un alchimist pe numele s\u0103u Eck de Sulsbach<\/strong>. \u0218i mai \u00eenainte, Teofrast <\/strong>(sec.4 \u00ee.Hr.) statuase deja faptul c\u0103 o flac\u0103r\u0103 este sus\u021binut\u0103 de „un corp aeriform”, opinie \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it\u0103 \u0219i de Clement din Alexandria<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

La Nurnberg, un anume Johann Haute<\/strong> construia, efectiv, \u00een secolul XVII, tr\u0103suri cu suspensie pe arcuri<\/strong>; \u00een 1645, un vehicul de acest tip a fost testat pe domeniile Templului, dar societatea \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 pentru valorificarea acestei inova\u021bii a murit \u00een fa\u0219\u0103. Cristofor Columb<\/strong> s-a inspirat, de dou\u0103 ori, din Corul actului doi al „Medeei”<\/em><\/strong> lui Seneca<\/strong>, \u00een care este vorba despre o lume destinat\u0103 a fi descoperit\u0103 in secolele viitoare; copiile lui Columb pot fi consultate \u0219i azi la biblioteca din Sevilla. \u0218i nu numai de Seneca \u0219i-a amintit Columb, ci \u0219i de Aristotel<\/strong>, de observa\u021biile sale referitoare la sfericitatea P\u0103m\u00eentului, din „De Coelo”<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Istoria minelor de aur din California este la fel de incredibil\u0103, pe c\u00e2t de adev\u0103rat\u0103; \u00een iunie 1848, Marshall<\/strong> a g\u0103sit, pentru prima dat\u0103, pepite \u00eentr-un curs de ap\u0103 concesionat lui pentru construirea unei mori. Dar se \u0219tie c\u0103 Fernando Cortez<\/strong> fusese \u0219i el pe acolo, c\u0103ut\u00e2ndu-i pe acei mexicani despre care i se raportase c\u0103 ar fi fost \u00een posesia unei comori considerabile, de\u0219i a \u00eentors districtul cu susul \u00een jos, de\u0219i, mai apoi, aproape trei secole, bandele de misionari spanioli au tot c\u0103utat El Dorado<\/strong> („ora\u015ful de aur”) \u015fi nimic n-a ie\u0219it la iveal\u0103. \u0218i totu\u0219i, \u00een 1737, cu o sut\u0103 de ani \u00eenaintea lui Marshall, un articol din ziarul „Gazeta Olandei”<\/em><\/strong> comenta faptul c\u0103, la Sonora existau mine de aur \u0219i argint, c\u0103rora, gazeta respectiv\u0103 le d\u0103dea coordonatele precise. Mai mult, \u00een 1767, se vindea la Paris o carte intitulat\u0103 „Istoria natural\u0103 \u0219i civil\u0103 a Californiei”<\/em><\/strong>, \u00een care, autorul – Burieil – descria minele de aur \u00een cauz\u0103 \u0219i d\u0103dea m\u0103rturii ale navigatorilor referitoare la pepitele de aur. Nimeni n-a dat importan\u021b\u0103, nici articolului din ziar, nici c\u0103r\u021bii, de\u0219i, un secol mai t\u00e2rziu, „descoperirea” lui Marshall a dat na\u0219tere acelei celebre „Gold Rush”<\/strong> („goana dup\u0103 aur”).<\/p>\n

Tehnica industrial\u0103 poate fi organizat\u0103, \u00een mare, pe trei repere: experien\u021b\u0103, \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i istorie. A elimina ori a neglija pe ultimul este ori orgoliu, ori naivitate. \u00cenainte de a investi sume uria\u0219e \u00eentr-un anumit domeniu, ar trebui, mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 intr\u0103m \u00een posesia tuturor elementelor aleatorii. Anticii, folosind metode extrem de simple, ob\u021bineau rezultate pe care, noi, le putem imita, dar adesea ele sunt greu de explicat, \u00een pofida resurselor noastre teoretice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V-a\u0163i \u00eentrebat vreodat\u0103 dac\u0103 descoperirile \u015ftiin\u0163ifice \u015fi medicale nu sunt de fapt dec\u00e2t ni\u015fte redescoperiri din vechime? Iat\u0103 o mul\u0163ime de exemple. De exemplu, vaccinarea o g\u0103sim descris\u0103, cu mult timp \u00een urm\u0103 (mii de ani) \u00eentr-una din „Vede”, \u015fi … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":96624,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[559,1126,1001,685,9706,464,1798,1393,1559,1103,1572,1031,3677,124,7075,5408,1191,3207,8854,1692,836,744,1964,2259,5898,9803,19729,19730,8682,6908,543],"class_list":["post-96623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-antichitate","tag-argint","tag-aristotel","tag-aur","tag-bacterii","tag-biblioteca","tag-branza","tag-california","tag-canepa","tag-carte","tag-columb","tag-durere","tag-el-dorado","tag-evul-mediu","tag-lyon","tag-matraguna","tag-microbi","tag-mina","tag-nurnberg","tag-oxigen","tag-paris","tag-penicilina","tag-sange","tag-seneca","tag-sevilla","tag-stiinta","tag-teofrast","tag-trasuri","tag-vaccinare","tag-vede","tag-vin","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nDescoperiri \u015ftiin\u0163ifice din vechime, uitate \u015fi reinventate: vaccinul a fost descris de indieni, cu mii de ani \u00een urm\u0103, anestezia - \u00een sec. XVII, penicilina - \u00een Evul Mediu, oxigenul - acum 2400 de ani, America - \u00een antichitate, \u015fi multe altele... - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/descoperiri-stiintifice-din-vechime-uitate-si-reinventate-vaccinul-a-fost-descris-de-indieni-cu-mii-de-ani-in-urma-anestezia-in-sec-xvii-penicilina-in-evul-mediu-oxigenul-acum-2400-de-ani\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Descoperiri \u015ftiin\u0163ifice din vechime, uitate \u015fi reinventate: vaccinul a fost descris de indieni, cu mii de ani \u00een urm\u0103, anestezia - \u00een sec. 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