{"id":96333,"date":"2025-01-07T23:13:55","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T21:13:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=96333"},"modified":"2025-01-07T23:13:55","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T21:13:55","slug":"imparatul-alexandru-cel-mare-a-folosit-submarinul-in-urma-cu-2300-de-ani-o-istorie-controversata-a-submarinului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/imparatul-alexandru-cel-mare-a-folosit-submarinul-in-urma-cu-2300-de-ani-o-istorie-controversata-a-submarinului\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare a folosit submarinul \u00een urm\u0103 cu 2300 de ani!? O istorie controversat\u0103 a submarinului"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_96334\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-96334\" style=\"width: 335px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/imparat-Alexandru-cel-Mare-submarin.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-96334\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/imparat-Alexandru-cel-Mare-submarin.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/imparat-Alexandru-cel-Mare-submarin.jpeg 543w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/imparat-Alexandru-cel-Mare-submarin-300x266.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-96334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Imagine<\/strong>: generata de AI (<strong>Microsoft Designer<\/strong>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Submarinul are o istorie extrem de veche. Astfel, \u00een istoria greac\u0103 \u00eel g\u0103sim pe faimosul <strong>Seylis<\/strong> care taie de sub ap\u0103 fr\u00e2nghiile ce legau vasele persane. Iar \u00eemp\u0103ratul <strong>Alexandru cel Mare<\/strong> d\u0103r\u00e2ma pe sub ap\u0103 \u00eent\u0103ririle cet\u0103\u0163ii Tirul. \u00cen Egipt se poveste\u015fte c\u0103 <strong>Antoniu<\/strong> \u015fi <strong>Cleopatra<\/strong> st\u0103teau nop\u0163i \u00eentregi pe malul Nilului, la pescuit cu undi\u0163a. Antoniu preg\u0103tise un scufundator care, la fiecare minut, \u00eei ag\u0103\u0163a \u00een undi\u0163\u0103 c\u00e2te un pe\u015fte, spre sup\u0103rarea Cleopatrei care nu prindea nimic. Descoperind \u00eens\u0103 \u015firetlicul, a pl\u0103tit \u015fi ea pe un altul, care puse \u00een undi\u0163a lui Antoniu un pe\u015fte&#8230; gata s\u0103rac.<\/p>\n<p>Istoria ne spune c\u0103 cel dint\u00e2i care a \u00eencercat s\u0103 navigheze cu un vas submarin a fost \u00eemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare. Nu ne-a r\u0103mas \u00eens\u0103 nici documente nici planuri de la el. Abia din secolul XVI-lea \u00eencepem a avea documente de \u00eencerc\u0103ri, construc\u0163ii sau planuri a celor care aveau de g\u00e2nd s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 vase submarine. \u00cen 1580 &#8211; englezul <strong>Bourne<\/strong>, iar \u00een 1624, olandezul <strong>Cornelius van Drebbel<\/strong> f\u0103cu o plimbare la Londra pe sub apele Tamisei, cu 12 pasageri la bord, printre care \u015fi regele Iacob I.<\/p>\n<p>Mai fac \u00eencerc\u0103ri francezii <strong>Fournier<\/strong> \u015fi <strong>Marsennes<\/strong> \u00een 1630, <strong>De Son<\/strong> \u00een 1653, englezii <strong>Symons<\/strong> \u00een 1747 \u015fi <strong>Day<\/strong> \u00een 1773. Cel dint\u00e2i submarin care fu \u00eentrebuin\u0163at \u00een r\u0103zboi, a fost cel al lui <strong>Buschnell<\/strong> \u00een 1773, care mergea cu ajutorul unei elice manevrate cu m\u00e2na, ajungea la inamic, d\u0103dea drumul unei mine ce trebuia s\u0103 explodeze mai t\u00e2rziu, submarinul put\u00e2ndu-se \u00eendep\u0103rta.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1797, <strong>Fulton<\/strong> a inventat un submarin reu\u015fit &#8211;<strong> &#8222;Nautilus&#8221;<\/strong> &#8211; pentru c\u0103 se asem\u0103na cu specia antic\u0103 de molusc\u0103 marin\u0103 pelagic\u0103 cu acela\u015fi nume. Submarinul lui, ca \u015fi nautilus, plutea calm pe mare, m\u00e2nat de rame-tentacule, \u015fi de p\u00e2nze-tentacule late. Dac\u0103 du\u015fmanul era aproape, ramele \u015fi p\u00e2nzele intrau \u00een vas, care apoi se afund\u0103. Vasul lui Fulton era lung de 6 metri \u015fi se putea scufunda la 7-8 metri ad\u00e2ncime. La suprafa\u0163\u0103 mergea cu p\u00e2nze, dar sub ap\u0103 era m\u00e2nat de dou\u0103 elice paralele mi\u015fcate cu m\u00e2na. Experien\u0163ele s-au f\u0103cut la Paris, apoi la Havre \u015fi Brest, Nautilus st\u00e2nd afundat 5 ore la o ad\u00e2ncime de 7 metri, str\u0103b\u0103t\u00e2nd un drum de 450 metri \u015fi re\u00eentorc\u00e2ndu-se la punctul de plecare. Totu\u015fi, o comisie tehnic\u0103 a considerat c\u0103 naviga\u0163ia submarin\u0103 e o imposibilitate, iar Fulton a fost p\u0103r\u0103sit. A \u00eencercat s\u0103 creeze \u00een 1814 un alt submarin de 25 metri lungime, dar a murit \u00eenainte de a-\u015fi vedea visul cu ochii.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Napoleon<\/strong>, care nu avea \u00eencredere \u00een submarine, a dat, prin captivitatea sa, un mare av\u00e2nt construc\u0163iei lor. Un englez &#8211; <strong>Sonson<\/strong> &#8211; se hot\u0103r\u0103\u015fte s\u0103-l fure pe Napoleon din insula Sf. Elena cu ajutorul unui submarin lung de 33 metri, dar n-a putut s\u0103 fac\u0103 asta \u00eenainte de 5 mai 1821, c\u00e2nd se stinse Napoleon.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1855, un inginer rus, <strong>Bauer<\/strong>, construi un submarin, ale c\u0103rui elici erau mi\u015fcate cu m\u00e2na. \u00centr-una din scufund\u0103ri, s-a dat \u015fi un concert submarin, cu prilejul \u00eencoron\u0103rii \u00eemp\u0103ratului Alexandru II; c\u0103l\u0103torii din submarin, au putut admira pe\u015ftii care, atra\u015fi de muzic\u0103, d\u0103deau t\u00e2rcoale submarinului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1863, inginerul francez <strong>Brun<\/strong> prezint\u0103 submarinul <em>&#8222;Plongeur&#8221;<\/em>, care era \u00een lungime de 44 metri. Cu ajutorul a dou\u0103 c\u00e2rme orizontale, se afunda, iar elicele erau puse \u00een mi\u015fcare de o ma\u015fin\u0103 cu aer comprimat. \u00cen caz de pericol, partea de deasupra, transformat\u0103 \u00een barc\u0103 de salvare, se desf\u0103cea \u015fi ie\u015fea la suprafa\u0163\u0103. Nu-\u015fi putea \u00eens\u0103 regla navigabilitatea la ad\u00e2ncime, f\u0103c\u00e2nd prea mari s\u0103rituri.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1864, un american &#8211; <strong>Winau<\/strong> &#8211; \u00eencerc\u0103 un submarin cu aburi, care nu reu\u015fea s\u0103 se scufunde complet. \u00cen 1876, rusul <strong>Drzewieski<\/strong> a construit primul submarin cu acumulatori, lung de 6 metri. Pentru scufundare, se introducea ap\u0103 \u00een interior, iar pentru a-l men\u0163ine orizontal, se plimba dup\u0103 nevoie ni\u015fte greut\u0103\u0163i. <strong>Nordenfeld<\/strong> a \u00eenceput \u00een 1884 o serie de experien\u0163e cu submarinul s\u0103u cu aburi, care putea merge \u015fi sub ap\u0103 tot cu puterea aburilor. Grecia \u015fi Turcia \u00eei cump\u0103rar\u0103 c\u00e2teva unit\u0103\u0163i, dar prototipul nu era prea reu\u015fit &#8211; nu avea stabilitate la scufundare, pentru c\u0103 se cl\u0103tina prea mult.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1885, <strong>Goubet<\/strong> a propus un submarin lung de 5 metri, care se scufunda cu ajutorul unor pompe automate, ce introduceau ori scoteau apa afar\u0103, se men\u0163inea orizontal pomp\u00e2nd apa din\u0103untru \u00eentr-un compartiment sau altul dup\u0103 nevoie; elicea era mi\u015fcat\u0103 de un motor electric cu pile. Avea defectul c\u0103 foarte greu se men\u0163inea la ad\u00e2ncimea dorit\u0103. Dar, se poate spune c\u0103 Goubet a fost premerg\u0103torul submarinelor moderne.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Submarinul are o istorie extrem de veche. Astfel, \u00een istoria greac\u0103 \u00eel g\u0103sim pe faimosul Seylis care taie de sub ap\u0103 fr\u00e2nghiile ce legau vasele persane. Iar \u00eemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare d\u0103r\u00e2ma pe sub ap\u0103 \u00eent\u0103ririle cet\u0103\u0163ii Tirul. \u00cen Egipt &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"\u00cemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare a folosit submarinul \u00een urm\u0103 cu 2300 de ani!? O istorie controversat\u0103 a submarinului\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/imparatul-alexandru-cel-mare-a-folosit-submarinul-in-urma-cu-2300-de-ani-o-istorie-controversata-a-submarinului\/#more-96333\" aria-label=\"Cite\u0219te mai multe despre \u00cemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare a folosit submarinul \u00een urm\u0103 cu 2300 de ani!? O istorie controversat\u0103 a submarinului\">Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":96334,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[3290,18544,904,120,601,1432,386,9224,3430,375,19681,295,11307,1784,16251,1532,173,201,19682,3558,836,1152,73,453,48,5426,269],"class_list":["post-96333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-aburi","tag-alexandru-al-ii-lea","tag-alexandru-cel-mare","tag-anglia","tag-apa","tag-cleopatra","tag-egipt","tag-elice","tag-englezi","tag-grecia","tag-iacob-i","tag-imparat","tag-ingineri","tag-insula","tag-insula-sf-elena","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-londra","tag-napoleon","tag-nautilus","tag-nil","tag-paris","tag-peste","tag-razboi","tag-rege","tag-rusia","tag-tamisa","tag-turcia","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.3 (Yoast SEO v24.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00cemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare a folosit submarinul \u00een urm\u0103 cu 2300 de ani!? 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O istorie controversat\u0103 a submarinului - Secretele lui Lovendal","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/imparatul-alexandru-cel-mare-a-folosit-submarinul-in-urma-cu-2300-de-ani-o-istorie-controversata-a-submarinului\/","og_locale":"ro_RO","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u00cemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare a folosit submarinul \u00een urm\u0103 cu 2300 de ani!? O istorie controversat\u0103 a submarinului","og_description":"Submarinul are o istorie extrem de veche. Astfel, \u00een istoria greac\u0103 \u00eel g\u0103sim pe faimosul Seylis care taie de sub ap\u0103 fr\u00e2nghiile ce legau vasele persane. Iar \u00eemp\u0103ratul Alexandru cel Mare d\u0103r\u00e2ma pe sub ap\u0103 \u00eent\u0103ririle cet\u0103\u0163ii Tirul. \u00cen Egipt ... 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