{"id":95561,"date":"2024-11-19T08:06:38","date_gmt":"2024-11-19T06:06:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=95561"},"modified":"2024-11-19T08:06:38","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T06:06:38","slug":"chiar-este-posibil-un-perpetuum-mobile-savanti-ca-newton-leibniz-da-vinci-chiar-s-au-gandit-la-asta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/chiar-este-posibil-un-perpetuum-mobile-savanti-ca-newton-leibniz-da-vinci-chiar-s-au-gandit-la-asta\/","title":{"rendered":"Chiar este posibil un perpetuum mobile? Savan\u0163i ca Newton, Leibniz, Da Vinci chiar s-au g\u00e2ndit la asta…"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Dup\u0103 cum observ\u0103 Sadi Carnot<\/strong> \u00een „Reflexii asupra puterii motrice a focului”<\/em><\/strong> (1824), prin „perpetuum mobile”<\/strong>, \u00een sens general \u015fi filozofic, nu trebuie \u00een\u0163eles doar un mecanism care se mi\u015fc\u0103 la nesf\u00e2r\u015fit f\u0103r\u0103 a consuma energie, ci o ma\u015fin\u0103 care func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 produc\u00e2nd lucru mecanic f\u0103r\u0103 a consuma nimic sau consum\u00e2nd mai pu\u0163in dec\u00e2t produce. Acestui iluzoriu Eldorado al g\u00e2ndirii umane i-au fost \u00eenchinate energii \u015fi c\u0103ut\u0103ri tot at\u00e2t de \u00eenver\u015funate pe c\u00e2t de zadarnice.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, p\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103 se ajung\u0103 la concluzia definitiv\u0103 a imposibilit\u0103\u0163ii cre\u0103rii mi\u015fc\u0103rii continue, mul\u0163i savan\u0163i cu renume, ca Newton<\/strong>, Leibniz<\/strong>, Gilbert<\/strong>, Wilkins<\/strong>, Brewster<\/strong>, Chrystal<\/strong>, s-au ocupat de aceasta, iar al\u0163ii au \u00eencercat chiar s\u0103 o realizeze. Printre ace\u015ftia din urm\u0103 pot fi aminti\u0163i Stevinus<\/strong>, Ostwald<\/strong>, Papin<\/strong>, Bernoulli-senior<\/strong>, ba chiar se pare c\u0103 \u015fi marele Leonardo da Vinci<\/strong> ar fi lucrat la o idee similar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Din punct de vedere \u015ftiin\u0163ific, concluzia imposibilit\u0103\u0163ii unui perpetuum mobile a reprezentat totu\u015fi o contribu\u0163ie pozitiv\u0103 la construirea edificiului experimental al primelor dou\u0103 principii ale termodinamicii care, a\u015fa cum se \u015ftie, au un caracter doar axiomatic. Astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, pe drept cuv\u00e2nt, se afirm\u0103 ast\u0103zi c\u0103 aceste dou\u0103 principii sunt \u00eentr-un anumit sens o simpl\u0103 negare a posibilit\u0103\u0163ii de creare a perpetuumului mobile. Iat\u0103 de ce \u00een vremurile noastre orice \u00eencercare de a construi o ma\u015fin\u0103 care contravine celor dou\u0103 legi fundamentale amintite este privit\u0103 ca neserioas\u0103.<\/p>\n

Vorbind de perpetuum mobile, principial ar exista dou\u0103 tipuri. Unele, denumite de spe\u0163a \u00eent\u00e2ia, care \u00eencalc\u0103 primul principiu al termodinamicii, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 creeze energie din nimic, contrar implacabilului „ex nihilo nihil”<\/em>. Altele, mai pu\u0163in r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite, dar mai subtile \u015fi aparent mai ra\u0163ionale, \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 eludeze al doilea principiu al termodinamicii, dorind s\u0103 produc\u0103 lucru mecanic nu din nimic, ci din c\u0103ldur\u0103, dar folosind numai o singur\u0103 surs\u0103 termic\u0103, ele au c\u0103p\u0103tat denumirea de perpetuum mobile de spe\u021ba a doua<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Prima categorie de mecanisme a fr\u0103m\u00e2ntat mintea omeneasc\u0103 at\u00e2ta vreme, \u00eenc\u00e2t au rezultat o sumedenie de scheme care \u00eemping la o clasificare \u00een func\u0163ie de natura solu\u0163iei. Se cunosc astfel perpetuum mobile gravita\u0163ionale, hidraulice \u015fi magnetoelectrice. Cea mai numeroas\u0103 clas\u0103 este cea care urm\u0103re\u015fte folosirea ac\u0163iunii gravita\u0163iei asupra corpurilor solide. Mecanisme dintre cele mai simple au fost imaginate \u015fi chiar realizate, dar toate s-au dovedit, p\u00e2n\u0103 la final, inoperante.<\/p>\n

Orice absolvent de liceu \u015ftie ast\u0103zi c\u0103 o astfel de ma\u015fin\u0103 nu poate func\u0163iona din cauz\u0103 c\u0103, \u00eentr-un ciclu, lucrul mecanic produs \u00eentr-o parte a ma\u015finii este egal cu cel cheltuit \u00een cealalt\u0103, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd neacoperit\u0103 energia consumat\u0103 prin frec\u0103rile dintre piesele mecanismului.<\/em> Iat\u0103 de ce, printre altele, m\u0103rea\u0163a idee de a construi un orologiu care s\u0103 func\u0163ioneze la infinit prin el \u00eensu\u015fi a trebuit s\u0103 fie abandonat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fit.<\/p>\n

Dintre perpetuum mobile hidraulice<\/strong>, cel mai vechi este roata cu cupe<\/strong> care \u00ee\u015fi alimenteaz\u0103 propriul s\u0103u curent de ap\u0103 din amonte. Se poate ca aceast\u0103 idee s\u0103 dateze \u00eenc\u0103 de la primul morar, care s-a izbit de dificult\u0103\u0163ile secetei. Pe acela\u015fi principiu, suferind de caren\u0163ele perpetuum-ului mobile gravita\u0163ional, se bazeaz\u0103 schemele care cuprind ca parte esen\u0163ial\u0103 \u015furubul de ap\u0103 al lui Arhimede.<\/strong> Mai ingenioase sunt perpetuum mobile bazate pe paradoxul hidrostatic<\/strong>, unul dintre acestea fiind propus chiar de Denis Papin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Una dintre cele mai interesante idei de perpetuum mobile a fost propus\u0103 de savantul Bernoulli-senior<\/strong>, care, pe baza ei, a \u00eencercat s\u0103 dea o explica\u0163ie mi\u015fc\u0103rii r\u00e2urilor (vede\u0163i figura de mai jos). Pentru a-\u015fi expune teoria, el a plecat de la observa\u0163ia c\u0103 \u00eentr-un vas dublu (6a<\/em>) se realizeaz\u0103 nivele diferite dac\u0103 cele dou\u0103 ramuri con\u0163in lichide cu densit\u0103\u0163i diferite. Dac\u0103 se presupune c\u0103 vasul A con\u0163ine un fluid mai dens, atunci nivelul \u00een B va fi mai mare. Dac\u0103 se stabile\u015fte o comunicare C \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 vase, plasat\u0103 sub nivelul lichidului din vasul B, atunci se va produce o scurgere din B c\u0103tre A. Bernoulli presupune existen\u021ba a dou\u0103 lichide perfect mi\u015fcibile \u015fi plaseaz\u0103 \u00een canalul inferior de leg\u0103tur\u0103 o membran\u0103 semipermeabil\u0103 M. Aceasta permite curgerea fluidului u\u015for de la st\u00e2nga la dreapta. Devine limpede acum c\u0103 \u00een acest fel se creeaz\u0103 o mi\u015fcare continu\u0103 a lichidului u\u015for prin cele dou\u0103 vase. Bernoulli a \u00eencercat s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 aceast\u0103 demonstra\u0163ie pentru a explica mi\u015fcarea r\u00e2urilor. \u00cen acest scop, Bernoulli a echivalat sistemul hidrologic al globului cu schema sa: m\u0103rile \u015fi oceanele reprezint\u0103 vasul A, apele freatice – vasul B, r\u00e2urile – canalul C, iar fundul m\u0103rilor – membrana semipermeabil\u0103 (6b<\/em>). Apa s\u0103rat\u0103 este lichidul greu, iar cea dulce lichidul u\u015for. A\u015fadar, conform ideii sale, prin fundul m\u0103rilor se poate infiltra numai apa dulce care, fiind u\u015foar\u0103, \u00een virtutea principiului Pascal, se va ridica \u00een straturile superioare ale solului.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1605, savantul olandez Stevinus<\/strong> a propus un perpetuum mobile format dintr-o succesiune de greut\u0103\u0163i \u00eenl\u0103n\u0163uite \u015fi suspendate pe dou\u0103 planuri \u00eenclinate (vede\u0163i figura de mai jos). \u00centruc\u00e2t pe ramura A se g\u0103seau mai multe greut\u0103\u0163i dec\u00e2t pe ramura B, savantul a conchis c\u0103 lan\u0163ul va \u00eencepe s\u0103 se deplaseze \u00een sens trigonometric. Realizat\u0103, instala\u0163ia n-a func\u0163ionat, evident, dar, pornind de aici, Stevinus a tras concluzii importante, fiind unul dintre cei care au contribuit la fundamentarea axiomei privind imposibilitatea realiz\u0103rii mi\u015fc\u0103rii perpetue.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Denis Papin<\/strong> a expus \u00een 1665 \u00een „Philosophical Transaction”<\/em><\/strong> unul dintre cele mai naive perpetuum mobile. Ideea pe care se baza era c\u0103 apa din pahar fiind mai grea va \u00eempinge apa din tub \u00een sus, silind-o s\u0103 se verse din nou \u00een pahar (vezi figura de mai jos):<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Sir William Congreve<\/strong> (1772-1828) a imaginat un plan \u00eenclinat cu scripe\u0163i \u00een punctele b \u015fi c. Pe acest plan poate rula o band\u0103 spongioas\u0103 peste care este aplicat un lan\u0163 format din segmente grele articulate. Totul este cufundat \u00een ap\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la nivelul ac<\/em>. Din cauza for\u0163elor capilare, apa trebuia s\u0103 se urce \u00een banda spongioas\u0103 numai \u00een ramura ab<\/em>, deoarece capilarele din ramura bc<\/em> sunt ap\u0103sate de lan\u0163. Intruc\u00e2t ab<\/em> devenea astfel mai grea dec\u00e2t bc<\/em>, urma s\u0103 se produc\u0103 o rotire a ansamblului band\u0103-lan\u0163 \u00een sensul s\u0103ge\u0163ii. Vezi imaginea de mai jos:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, a fost propus un dispozitiv cu preten\u021bii de perpetuum mobile; \u00een schema sa intr\u0103 un electromagnet E (figura de mai jos) ale c\u0103rui \u00eenf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103ri sunt legate cu bobinele a doi poli, \u00eentre care se rote\u015fte discul D; leg\u0103turile electrice sunt controlate de un \u00eentrerup\u0103tor imaginat sub forma unui bra\u0163 mobil, care se mi\u015fc\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163a electromagnetului \u015fi a supor\u0163ilor S1 \u015fi S2 (ultimul fiind izolat de bra\u0163ul de sus\u0163inere); \u00een repaus, bra\u0163ul este aplicat de arcul R pe S1. Dup\u0103 o simpl\u0103 rotire cu m\u00e2na a discului, autorul se a\u015ftepta ca electromagnetul s\u0103 devin\u0103 activ, s\u0103 atrag\u0103 bra\u0163ul \u015fi s\u0103 desfac\u0103 circuitul. Dar nu s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat a\u015fa, deoarece au fost ignorate pierderile prin frec\u0103ri \u015fi rezisten\u0163a electric\u0103 a circuitului.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dup\u0103 cum observ\u0103 Sadi Carnot \u00een „Reflexii asupra puterii motrice a focului” (1824), prin „perpetuum mobile”, \u00een sens general \u015fi filozofic, nu trebuie \u00een\u0163eles doar un mecanism care se mi\u015fc\u0103 la nesf\u00e2r\u015fit f\u0103r\u0103 a consuma energie, ci o ma\u015fin\u0103 care … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":95569,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[601,19551,6130,2671,66,1516,225,1605,580,808,19550,6362,3042,19552,9803,11865],"class_list":["post-95561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-apa","tag-bernoulli","tag-bobina","tag-caldura","tag-energie","tag-leibniz","tag-leonardo-da-vinci","tag-mare","tag-masina","tag-newton","tag-papin","tag-perpetuum-mobile","tag-rau","tag-stevinus","tag-stiinta","tag-termodinamica","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nChiar este posibil un perpetuum mobile? 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