{"id":9528,"date":"2009-12-09T07:48:17","date_gmt":"2009-12-09T05:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9528"},"modified":"2009-12-10T17:16:25","modified_gmt":"2009-12-10T15:16:25","slug":"misterul-reginei-din-saba-adevar-sau-legenda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterul-reginei-din-saba-adevar-sau-legenda\/","title":{"rendered":"Misterul reginei din Saba: adev\u0103r sau legend\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Sheba2\"<\/a>Exotic\u0103 \u015fi misterioas\u0103, regina din Saba este cunoscut\u0103 \u00eendeosebi din relatarea biblic\u0103 a \u00eent\u00e2lnirii cu regele Solomon. Este, de asemenea, s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 \u00een lumea islamic\u0103 drept o regin\u0103 puternic\u0103, sub numele Balkis sau Bilquis, iar \u00een tradi\u0163ia etiopiana apare ca Makeda. \u00cen analele istoriei antice, probabil c\u0103 doar Cleopatra a dob\u00e2ndit mai mult\u0103 faim\u0103 ca regin\u0103 puternic\u0103, de\u015fi at\u00e2t de pu\u0163ine lucruri se cunosc despre enigmatica regin\u0103 din Saba, \u00eenc\u00e2t arheologii \u015fi istoricii nu sunt nici m\u0103car siguri c\u0103 ea a existat cu adev\u0103rat. Totu\u015fi, descoperiri arheologice recente \u00eencep s\u0103 arunce ni\u0163ic\u0103 lumin\u0103 asupra identit\u0103\u0163ii uneia dintre cele mai uluitoare figuri din istorie.<\/p>\n

Regina din Saba, men\u0163ionat\u0103 \u00een Biblie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Regina din Saba este men\u0163ionat\u0103 \u00een Biblie, \u00een Cartea Regilor, drept \u201eRegina R\u0103s\u0103ritului”. Nu sunt oferite alte elemente cu privire la originea acesteia. Textul descrie felul \u00een care regina, afl\u00e2nd despre renumitul Solomon, c\u0103l\u0103tore\u015fte \u00een fruntea unei caravane cu mirodenii, aur \u015fi pietre pre\u0163ioase, pentru a-l vizita pe marele rege al Ierusalimului. Potrivit Bibliei, inten\u0163ia ei este de a testa renumita \u00een\u0163elepciune a lui Solomon prin \u00eentreb\u0103ri dificile. Dup\u0103 ce se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u015fte cu m\u0103re\u0163ul rege, ea r\u0103m\u00e2ne uimit\u0103 de \u00een\u0163elepciunea acestuia \u015fi de grandoarea cur\u0163ii sale regale, astfel c\u0103 \u00eei face daruri scumpe. Solomon, \u00een schimb, \u00eei ofer\u0103 imense comori \u015fi \u201etot ceea ce \u00ee\u015fi dore\u015fte” \u00eenainte de a se \u00eentoarce \u00een regatul ei. Cam aceasta ar fi, \u00een mare, povestea lui Solomon \u015fi a reginei din Saba.<\/p>\n

Coranul are o alt\u0103 versiune despre regin\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

De\u015fi este ultima oar\u0103 c\u00e2nd auzim despre marea regin\u0103 \u00een Biblie, \u00een vremurile post-biblice au fost create legende evreie\u015fti \u015fi musulmane av\u00e2nd la baz\u0103 relatarea lui Solomon \u015fi a reginei din Saba, ad\u0103ug\u00e2ndu-se elemente noi \u015fi adesea fantastice. Potrivit istoricului evreu Josephus Flavius, care a scris \u00een primul secol d.Hr., aceasta a fost regina Egiptului \u015fi a Etiopiei. Folclorul arab \u015fi Coranul ofer\u0103 relat\u0103ri mai degrab\u0103 imaginare despre regina din Saba. Potrivit Coranului, Solomon primea \u015ftiri de la o pup\u0103z\u0103 despre un \u0163inut bogat condus de o regin\u0103 ai c\u0103rei slujitori venerau soarele. Solomon \u00eei trimite o scrisoare reginei prin intermediul p\u0103s\u0103rii, cer\u00e2ndu-i s\u0103 vin\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103-i aduc\u0103 omagiu, amenin\u0163\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u00eei va distruge regatul dac\u0103 va refuza. Saba este de acord s\u0103 \u00eel viziteze \u015fi este convertit\u0103 de Solomon la adorarea unicului Dumnezeu adev\u0103rat.<\/p>\n

Unde s-a situat regatul reginei din Saba?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00centrebarea dac\u0103 exist\u0103 vreo urm\u0103 de adev\u0103r istoric \u00een asemenea legende a uluit cercet\u0103torii vreme de sute de ani. Principala problem\u0103 este c\u0103 se cunosc prea pu\u0163ine despre regina din Saba. \u00cen afara Bibliei, pare s\u0103 nu existe nicio alt\u0103 dovad\u0103 a existen\u0163ei sale, iar scrierile istorice nu fac nicio men\u0163iune cu privire la faimoasa regin\u0103. Totu\u015fi, ea a devenit o imagine marcant\u0103 \u00een multe culturi, astfel c\u0103 este greu s\u0103-\u0163i imaginezi c\u0103 povestea ei este pur\u0103 fantezie. Arheologii moderni au afirmat c\u0103, dac\u0103 regina din Saba a existat ca figur\u0103 istoric\u0103, atunci teritoriul str\u0103vechi Saba, pe care l-a guvernat, trebuie s\u0103 fi fost situat fie \u00eentre regatul Axum din Abisinia (Etiopia de ast\u0103zi), fie pe teritoriul Saba (\u00een Yemen). Poate c\u0103 am\u00e2ndou\u0103, de vreme ce exist\u0103 doar o str\u00e2mtoare de 24 km a M\u0103rii Ro\u015fii \u00eentre ele. La baza acestei presupuneri st\u0103 faptul c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd l-a vizitat pe Solomon, printre daruri i-a dus \u015fi t\u0103m\u00e2ie, care se g\u0103se\u015fte doar \u00een aceste dou\u0103 zone \u015fi \u00een Oman, aflat \u00een vecin\u0103tate.<\/p>\n

\u00cen general, se crede c\u0103 a domnit \u00een jurul anului 950 \u00ee.Hr. Dar mai exist\u0103 vreo dovad\u0103 c\u0103 Saba \u015fi Axum ar fi fost bogatele regate conduse de o regin\u0103 exotic\u0103 a\u015fa cum e descris\u0103 \u00een Biblie? Exist\u0103 dovada unei pie\u0163e de parfumuri \u015fi t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u00een Orientul Apropiat \u015fi \u00een Egipt, cel pu\u0163in din anul 3000 \u00ee.Hr. Regatul Saba era o na\u0163iune de comercian\u0163i prosperi, care de\u0163ineau controlul asupra rutelor caravanelor care transportau t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u015fi ierburi aromate prin de\u015fert pentru templele mediteraneene \u015fi nu numai. Capitala Sabei era Ma’rib, ora\u015f construit la marginea sudic\u0103 a De\u015fertului Arabiei, \u00een delta secat\u0103 Wadi Adana. \u00cen aceast\u0103 zon\u0103 arid\u0103, sabeenii aveau nevoie de resurse de ap\u0103. \u00een consecin\u0163\u0103, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 600-750 \u00ee.Hr., au construit un baraj pentru a colecta apa de ploaie a musonului care venea periodic \u00een mun\u0163ii apropia\u0163i. Au irigat p\u0103m\u00e2ntul din jurul ora\u015fului \u015fi, astfel, au putut s\u0103-l cultive.<\/p>\n

\"Sheba1\"<\/a>Pe regina din Saba o chema Bilkis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 2002, un regizor de film, fotograf \u015fi arheolog amator din Los Angeles, Nicholas Clapp, a publicat Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen<\/em>. Clapp a sugerat c\u0103 regina din Saba a fost renumita regin\u0103 yemenit\u0103 Bilkis, care guverna regatul Saba, poate cel mai influent \u015fi prosper dintre cele cinci state antice din sudul Arabiei. De asemenea, Clapp a sugerat c\u0103 Saba, spre deosebire de descrierea biblic\u0103, a fost o regin\u0103 mult mai puternic\u0103 dec\u00e2t Solomon, pe care \u00eel consider\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 o c\u0103petenie local\u0103 dec\u00e2t un rege m\u0103re\u0163. Potrivit lui Clapp, motivul c\u0103l\u0103toriei lui Bilkis la Ierusalim, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu suita, a fost s\u0103 ia parte la o important\u0103 discu\u0163ie legat\u0103 de comer\u0163. Aceste discu\u0163ii s-au centrat \u00een principal pe negocierea unei rute prin \u0163inuturile controlate de Solomon, pentru a facilita comer\u0163ul de mirodenii \u015fi t\u0103m\u00e2ie la mare distan\u0163\u0103. De fapt, ambasada Sabei la Israel (a\u015fa cum este descris\u0103 \u00een Biblie) ar putea fi o amintire distorsionat\u0103 a uneia dintre cele mai mari misiuni comerciale din lume.<\/p>\n

Uria\u015ful templu ovoid \u015fi regina din Saba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilqis este, de asemenea, numele dat unui templu recent descoperit, aflat la aproximativ 15 km de ruinele capitalei Ma’rib. Mahram Bilqis sau Templul Zeului Lunii a fost, potrivit directorului de proiect, arheolog de la Universitatea din Calgary, prof. dr. Bill Glanzman, un loc sacru pentru pelerinii din \u00eentreaga Arabie, \u00eentre 1200 \u00ee.Hr. \u015fi 550 d.Hr. Acest uria\u015f templu ovoid are circumferin\u0163a de 450 m, de\u015fi o mare parte a sitului str\u0103vechi zace acum \u00eengropat\u0103 sub nisipul spulberat de v\u00e2nt. Descoperirile din sit includ statui din bronz \u015fi alabastru, precum \u015fi o mul\u0163ime de oase de animale, indic\u00e2nd faptul c\u0103 sanctuarul a fost folosit pentru sacrificarea animalelor.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, \u00een vechile texte nu se aminte\u015fte de o regin\u0103 a regatului Saba<\/strong><\/p>\n

De fapt, exist\u0103 dovezi scrise \u00een textele asiriene din secolele al VIII-lea \u015fi al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr. c\u0103 regii Itamru \u015fi Karib-ilu au fost conduc\u0103torii regatului Saba. Ace\u015fti regi au fost men\u0163iona\u0163i \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu unele tributuri \u015fi daruri primite din Saba, printre care t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u015fi pietre pre\u0163ioase, care amintesc de darurile f\u0103cute de regina din Saba regelui Solomon. Totu\u015fi, se fac referiri la regi, \u015fi nu la regine. Nu exist\u0103 nicio men\u0163iune clar\u0103 la regina din Saba \u00een aceste texte. De asemenea, nu exist\u0103 nicio men\u0163iune despre vreo regin\u0103 din Saba \u00een majoritatea inscrip\u0163iilor sabiene care au supravie\u0163uit, inclusiv cele descoperite la templul Mahram Bilqis.<\/p>\n

Unii cred c\u0103 episodul din Biblie a fost imaginar<\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 problem\u0103 pe care o pune originea savean\u0103 a unei regine biblice din secolul al X-lea este c\u0103 regatul din Saba nu pare s\u0103 fi fost pe deplin dezvoltat la acea vreme. \u00cen timp ce Solomon a fost, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, un conduc\u0103tor istoric influent, despre regina din Saba auzim doar \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu acesta. \u00cen consecin\u0163\u0103, relatarea biblic\u0103 este v\u0103zut\u0103 de unii cercet\u0103tori drept un episod care nu a avut loc \u00een istorie, scris cu sute de ani dup\u0103 domnia lui Solomon, pentru a sublinia gloria \u015fi \u00een\u0163elepciunea legendar\u0103 a acestuia.<\/p>\n

Solomon \u015fi regina din Saba s-ar fi c\u0103s\u0103torit?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Printre cre\u015ftinii din Etiopia a\u015feza\u0163i de-a lungul unui \u0163\u0103rm \u00eengust al M\u0103rii Ro\u015fii dinspre Saba, circul\u0103 o legend\u0103 (inclus\u0103 \u00een istoria epic\u0103 a regilor, Kebra Negast) conform c\u0103reia ace\u015ftia ar fi descenden\u0163ii lui Menelik I, fiul Sabei \u015fi al lui Solomon, care se afl\u0103 la originea dinastiei regale etiopiene. Potrivit legendei, Menelik a c\u0103l\u0103torit p\u00e2n\u0103 la Ierusalim ca s\u0103-l vad\u0103 pe Solomon, tat\u0103l s\u0103u, care \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nise. Acesta l-a implorat s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 devin\u0103 rege dup\u0103 moartea sa. Dar Menelik a refuzat oferta \u015fi s-a \u00eentors acas\u0103 noaptea, \u00een secret, lu\u00e2nd cu sine cea mai pre\u0163ioas\u0103 relicv\u0103 a regatului, Chivotul Leg\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Din c\u00e2te se pare, Menelik a dus chivotul \u00eenapoi \u00een Axum, \u00een nordul Etiopiei, unde a r\u0103mas p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, \u00eentr-o \u00eenc\u0103pere din curtea Bisericii St\u0103p\u00e2nei Noastre Maria din Zion.<\/p>\n

\"Sheba3\"<\/a>O legend\u0103 care spune c\u0103 regina din Saba ar fi domnit 40 de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen Kebra Negast, Makeda (cum este cunoscut\u0103 regina din Saba) s-a n\u0103scut \u00een 1020 \u00ee.Hr. \u00een Ophir, un port men\u0163ionat \u00een Biblie \u015fi considerat a fi situat undeva prin Yemen. Makeda a fost educat\u0103 \u00een Etiopia \u015fi, c\u00e2nd tat\u0103l ei a murit, \u00een 1005 \u00ee.Hr., ea a devenit regin\u0103 la v\u00e2rsta de 15 ani, guvern\u00e2nd vreme de 40 de ani, de\u015fi alte relat\u0103ri sus\u0163in c\u0103 a guvernat
\ndoar \u015fase ani.<\/p>\n

Posibilul morm\u00e2nt al reginei din Saba se afl\u0103 \u00een Nigeria?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen mai 1999, o echip\u0103 de arheologi nigerieni \u015fi britanici a descoperit o serie de metereze masive \u00een p\u0103durile din Nigeria, pe care le consider\u0103 a fi dovezi ale centrului unuia dintre cele mai renumite regate din Africa \u015fi posibilul morm\u00e2nt al reginei din Saba. Monumentul de la Eredo este cel mai mare din Africa \u015fi const\u0103 \u00eentr-un \u015fan\u0163 \u00eemprejmuitor \u015fi metereze \u00eenalte de 15 m, care se \u00eentind pe nu mai pu\u0163in de 160 km. Oamenii locului spun c\u0103 Bilikisu Sungbo, un alt nume al reginei din Saba, ar fi s\u0103pat vastele grani\u0163e ale regatului Eredo \u015fi c\u0103 pelerinii vin anual la ceea ce se crede a fi morm\u00e2ntul acesteia. De\u015fi zona are o istorie \u00eendelungat\u0103 de comer\u0163 cu aur \u015fi filde\u015f, care ar face leg\u0103tura cu activit\u0103\u0163ile comerciale ale Sabei, nu exist\u0103 nicio dovad\u0103 arheologic\u0103 direct\u0103 sau textual\u0103 care s\u0103 lege Saba de Axum. \u00cen ciuda legendelor locale, monumentul pare s\u0103 fi fost ridicat la cel pu\u0163in 1.000 de ani dup\u0103 presupusa domnie a reginei \u00een secolul al X-lea \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\n

Regina din Saba, surs\u0103 de inspira\u0163ie pentru scriitori \u015fi regizori<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda nesiguran\u0163ei dovezilor arheologice \u015fi istorice care s\u0103 sprijine realitatea reginei din Saba, imaginea unei femei puternice, \u00eenzestrat\u0103 cu frumuse\u0163e \u015fi \u00een\u0163elepciune, a continuat s\u0103 inspire arti\u015fti, povestitori \u015fi regizori. De la arta Rena\u015fterii la epopeile sclipitoare ale Hollywood-ului, influen\u0163a reginei din Saba a fost considerabil\u0103, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, regina din Saba a fost o tem\u0103 favorit\u0103 \u00een filme de-a lungul istoriei cinematografiei. Unele dintre cele mai cunoscute versiuni \u015fi varia\u0163iuni ale legendei sale includ filmul mut al lui J. Gordon Edwards din 1921, Regina din Saba<\/em>, cu Betty Blythe \u00een rolul principal, care prezint\u0103 nefericita poveste de dragoste dintre Solomon, regele Israelului, \u015fi regina din Saba; Solomon \u015fi regina din Sab<\/em>a, din 1959, cu Yul Brynner \u015fi Gina Lollobrigida; Regina din Saba se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u015fte cu Omul Atomic<\/em> (1963); \u015fi Solomon \u015fi Saba<\/em>, \u00een care Halle Berry a interpretat rolul primei regine de culoare din Saba.<\/p>\n

De\u015fi, \u00een prezent, dovezile concrete lipsesc, r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een continuare plauzibil\u0103 existen\u0163a unei regine din Saba, a\u015fa cum a fost portretizat\u0103 \u00een Biblie \u015fi \u00een legendele ulterioare. Cu siguran\u0163\u0103 au existat femei puternice care au ajuns la guvernare \u00een Arabia antic\u0103 \u015fi poate c\u0103 s\u0103p\u0103turile \u015fi cercet\u0103rile ulterioare din zona regatului antic Saba vor dezv\u0103lui \u00eentr-o zi femeia real\u0103 din spatele legendei. Indiferent de dovezile arheologice \u015fi istorice, \u00een anumite p\u0103r\u0163i din Africa \u015fi Arabia, legenda reginei din Saba este \u00eenc\u0103 povestit\u0103, a\u015fa cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 probabil de 2 000 sau 3 000 de ani.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Exotic\u0103 \u015fi misterioas\u0103, regina din Saba este cunoscut\u0103 \u00eendeosebi din relatarea biblic\u0103 a \u00eent\u00e2lnirii cu regele Solomon. Este, de asemenea, s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 \u00een lumea islamic\u0103 drept o regin\u0103 puternic\u0103, sub numele Balkis sau Bilquis, iar \u00een tradi\u0163ia etiopiana apare ca Makeda. … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9529,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[60,1575,2095,1532,2511,1593,2643,2040,2644],"class_list":["post-9528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-biblie","tag-etiopia","tag-ierusalim","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-marea-rosie","tag-regina","tag-saba","tag-solomon","tag-yemen","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMisterul reginei din Saba: adev\u0103r sau legend\u0103? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterul-reginei-din-saba-adevar-sau-legenda\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Misterul reginei din Saba: adev\u0103r sau legend\u0103?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Exotic\u0103 \u015fi misterioas\u0103, regina din Saba este cunoscut\u0103 \u00eendeosebi din relatarea biblic\u0103 a \u00eent\u00e2lnirii cu regele Solomon. Este, de asemenea, s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 \u00een lumea islamic\u0103 drept o regin\u0103 puternic\u0103, sub numele Balkis sau Bilquis, iar \u00een tradi\u0163ia etiopiana apare ca Makeda. ... 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