{"id":9442,"date":"2009-12-04T21:27:09","date_gmt":"2009-12-04T19:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9442"},"modified":"2009-12-05T20:50:19","modified_gmt":"2009-12-05T18:50:19","slug":"din-secretele-legendei-lui-robin-hood","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/din-secretele-legendei-lui-robin-hood\/","title":{"rendered":"Din secretele legendei lui Robin Hood"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Robin<\/a>\u00cen imagina\u0163ia popular\u0103, Robin Hood este eroul englez arhetipal. Legenda lui, at\u00e2t de cunoscut\u0103 oamenilor din \u00eentreaga lume, s-a p\u0103strat de-a lungul secolelor de istorie, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi banda de t\u00e2lhari a lui Robin (C\u0103lug\u0103rul Tuck, Micul John, Will Ro\u015fcovanul, Allan a Dale \u015fi fecioara Marion) a devenit arhicunoscut\u0103. Atrac\u0163ia pe care o exercit\u0103 galantul nelegiuit medieval, care fur\u0103 de la boga\u0163i ca s\u0103 dea s\u0103racilor \u015fi lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva nedrept\u0103\u0163ilor \u015fi a tiraniei unor figuri autoritare precum Prin\u0163ul John \u015fi maleficul \u015ferif din Nottingham, nu d\u0103 semne de sl\u0103biciune. Dar unde \u00ee\u015fi are originea povestea? Oare chiar a existat un Robin Hood real care se ascundea \u00een p\u0103durile Angliei medievale ca s\u0103 apere drepturile celor s\u0103raci \u015fi oprima\u0163i?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd au ap\u0103rut legendele despre Robin Hood?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prima referin\u0163\u0103 scris\u0103 la Robin Hood, de\u015fi este doar o \u00eensemnare, apare \u00een Piers Plowman<\/em>, scris\u0103 \u00een 1377 de William Langland, \u00een care unul dintre personaje afirm\u0103: \u201eCunosc versurile despre Robin Hood”<\/em>. Urm\u0103toarea \u00eensemnare \u015fi prima \u00een care Robin este descris ca un nelegiuit apare \u00een Original Chronicle of Scotland<\/em>, scris\u0103 \u00een jurul anului 1420 de Andrew de Wyntoun. Sub o men\u0163iune referitoare la anul 1283, cronica \u00eei descrie pe Robin Hood \u015fi Micul John, precum \u015fi pe bine-cunoscu\u0163ii proscri\u015fi din Barnsdale, Yorkshire, \u00een nordul Angliei. Aproape 20 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een Scotichronicon<\/em>, Walter Bower \u00eei men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 pe Robin Hood, \u201efaimosul t\u0103ietor de beregate”, \u015fi Micul John \u00eentr-o referire la anul 1266.<\/p>\n

Bower \u00eei plaseaz\u0103 pe proscri\u015fi \u00een contextul rebeliunii lui Simon de Montfort \u00eempotriva lui Henric al III-lea \u015fi din nou \u00een p\u0103durea Barnsdale, la nord de casa lor tradi\u0163ional\u0103 din p\u0103durea Sherwood, Nottinghamshire. Anglia ocup\u0103 un teritoriu mult mai mare dec\u00e2t ast\u0103zi, iar \u00eentruc\u00e2t Nottinghamshire \u015fi Yorkshire erau districte adiacente, este posibil ca aventurile lui Robin Hood s\u0103 se fi r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een ambele p\u0103duri.<\/p>\n

Celelalte referin\u0163e de \u00eenceput despre Robin Hood provin din balade \u015fi c\u00e2ntece, menite a fi recitate sau c\u00e2ntate de menestrelii ambulan\u0163i. Cea mai semnificativ\u0103 relatare timpurie sub forma unei balade o reprezint\u0103 A Gest of Robin Hood<\/em> (gest probabil \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201efapte”), din care exist\u0103 mai multe edi\u0163ii tip\u0103rite dup\u0103 1500, \u00een urma dezvolt\u0103rii tiparni\u0163elor \u00een Anglia, prin efortul lui William Caxton. S-a crezut c\u0103 povestea din Gest, care are loc tot \u00een p\u0103durea Barnsdale, este cu mult anterioar\u0103 versiunii tip\u0103rite, poate din perioada 1360-1400, dar acum data acceptat\u0103 este aproximativ 1450.<\/p>\n

Povestea clasic\u0103 a lui Robin Hood<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pe vremea acestor balade au fost ad\u0103ugate unele dintre elementele pove\u015ftii despre Robin Hood, a\u015fa cum o cunoa\u015ftem ast\u0103zi. Robin este \u00eenso\u0163it nu doar de Micul John, dar \u015fi de Will Ro\u015fcovanul \u015fi de Much, fiul lui Miller. Printre du\u015fmanii lui se num\u0103r\u0103 aba\u0163ii boga\u0163i ai Bisericii Catolice (pe care \u00eei jefuie\u015fte) \u015fi \u015feriful din Nottingham. Acum este introdus \u00een relatare concursul de tras cu arcul pus la cale de \u015ferif pentru a-l prinde pe proscris. Robin scap\u0103 de du\u015fmani, \u00eei decapiteaz\u0103 at\u00e2t pe \u015feriful din Nottingham, c\u00e2t \u015fi pe v\u00e2n\u0103torul de comori Guy de Gisborne. Pentru uciderea \u015ferifului, este c\u0103utat prin p\u0103durea Sherwood de \u00eensu\u015fi regele Edward, dar jur\u0103 supunere \u015fi este iertat. Prin urmare, Robin \u00ee\u015fi g\u0103se\u015fte de lucru la curtea regelui, dar se plictise\u015fte \u015fi se \u00eentoarce \u00een p\u0103dure, unde continu\u0103 s\u0103 duc\u0103 o via\u0163\u0103 de proscris. Mul\u0163i ani mai t\u00e2rziu, se \u00eemboln\u0103ve\u015fte \u015fi merge s\u0103-\u015fi viziteze veri\u015foara, stare\u0163a Aba\u0163iei Kirklees, pentru a se trata aici. Dar, f\u0103r\u0103 ca Robin s\u0103 \u015ftie, ea este amanta du\u015fmanului lui, Sir Roger din Doncaster, \u015fi \u00eel las\u0103 s\u0103 s\u00e2ngereze p\u00e2n\u0103 moare. \u00cenainte de a-\u015fi da sufletul, Robin trage o ultim\u0103 s\u0103geat\u0103 pe fereastr\u0103 \u015fi \u00eei spune Micului John s\u0103-l \u00eenmorm\u00e2nteze acolo unde va c\u0103dea aceasta.<\/p>\n

Ad\u0103ugiri la povestea clasic\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen acest stadiu, unele aspecte populare ale pove\u015ftii lipsesc. Normanzii nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103 portretiza\u0163i drept r\u0103uf\u0103c\u0103tori \u015fi nu exist\u0103 nicio referire la lupta dintre maleficul Prin\u0163 John sau la prietenia cu binevoitorul s\u0103u frate, regele Richard Inim\u0103-de-Leu. Abia \u00een cartea Ivanhoe<\/em> a lui Sir Walter Scott, din 1819, apare Robin Hood ca un englez care se lupt\u0103 cu opresorul normand. De asemenea, \u00een romanul lui Scott, C\u0103lug\u0103rul Tuck devine un personaj mult mai important. Spre deosebire de piesele \u015fi relat\u0103rile ulterioare, unde apare ca nobil, \u00een primele balade Robin Hood este perceput ca un om liber (negustor sau fermier) \u015fi nu exist\u0103 nicio men\u0163iune despre banii \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163i\u0163i s\u0103racilor.<\/p>\n

Abia \u00een 1598, \u00eentr-o pies\u0103 conceput\u0103 pentru publicul aristocrat, statutul lui Robin este ridicat, astfel c\u0103 devine Robert, conte de Huntingdon. Tot la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XVI-lea, apare pentru prima oar\u0103 idila cu fecioara Marion, foarte probabil \u00een piese scrise pentru Jocurile de Mai, celebr\u0103rile prim\u0103verii care aveau loc la \u00eenceputul lunii mai. Dar fecioara Marion a devenit un personaj principal abia odat\u0103 cu publicarea romanului lui Thomas Love Peacock, Maid Marian<\/em>, \u00een 1822. Ea a fost \u00eens\u0103 asociat\u0103 cu legenda lui Robin Hood \u00eenc\u0103 din 1500.<\/p>\n

Cine a fost, de fapt, Robin Hood?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Existen\u0163a unei figuri istorice \u00een spatele acestor balade, povestiri \u015fi piese de teatru este o alt\u0103 chestiune, de\u015fi, cu siguran\u0163\u0103, exist\u0103 mul\u0163i candida\u0163i pentru istoricul Robin Hood. Din nefericire, documentele engleze din secolele al XIII-lea \u015fi al XIV-lea con\u0163in multe referin\u0163e la oameni cu numele Hood; c\u00e2t despre Robert sau forma sa alternativ\u0103 Robin, acesta era un nume cre\u015ftin foarte r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit la vremea aceea, ceea ce complic\u0103 mult legenda lui Robin Hood. Exist\u0103 totu\u015fi c\u00e2teva posibilit\u0103\u0163i. La o \u015fedin\u0163\u0103 a tribunalului din York, \u00een 1226, un b\u0103rbat din Yorkshire pe nume Robert Hod este \u00eenregistrat drept fugar, iar \u00een 1227 apare din nou sub porecla Hobbehod, al c\u0103rui \u00een\u0163eles nu este clar. Din nefericire, nimic altceva nu se \u015ftie despre acest Robert Hod.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 posibilitate ar fi Robert Hood, fiul lui Adam Hood, un p\u0103durar care lucra pentru John de Warenne, ducele de Surrey. S-a n\u0103scut \u00een 1280 \u015fi a tr\u0103it \u00een Wakefield, Yorkshire, ca arenda\u015f, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu so\u0163ia sa, Matilda. Wakefield se afl\u0103 la doar 16 km de Barnsdale, decorul \u00een care au avut loc aventurile lui Robin din balade. \u00cen unele povestiri se spune c\u0103 tat\u0103l lui era un p\u0103durar pe nume Adam. Numele Matilda a fost, de asemenea, numele adev\u0103rat al fecioarei Marion \u00een dou\u0103 piese de teatru elisabetane. \u00cen 1317, Robert Hode a disp\u0103rut dup\u0103 ce nu s-a prezentat pentru \u00eendeplinirea serviciului militar. De\u015fi exist\u0103 cu certitudine c\u00e2teva similitudini \u00eentre acest Robin de Wakefield \u015fi Robin Hood din legend\u0103, faptul c\u0103 relat\u0103rile legate de numele lui Robin Hood circulau deja \u00een timpul vie\u0163ii sale sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 acesta a ap\u0103rut ni\u0163el cam t\u00e2rziu pentru a se califica. De fapt, la acea vreme, arhivele tribunalului arat\u0103 c\u0103 Robinhood devenise porecla pentru proscris \u015fi, \u00eenainte de 1300, existau cel pu\u0163in opt oameni care \u015fi-au asumat sau au primit acest nume.<\/p>\n

Acest lucru este ilustrat de cazul lui William de Fevre, din Enborne, \u00een Berkshire, care, \u00een 1261, este prezentat drept proscris \u00een arhivele tribunalului din Reading. Un an mai t\u00e2rziu, de Pa\u015fte, un document regal l-a numit William Robehood. Dac\u0103 nu este vorba despre o eroare a clericilor, atunci este un aspect semnificativ, deoarece, la \u00eenceputul anului 1262, legenda lui Robin Hood pare s\u0103 fi fost destul de bine cunoscut\u0103 astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t al\u0163i proscri\u015fi s\u0103 fie numi\u0163i dup\u0103 el. Dac\u0103 lucrurile stau astfel, ar \u00eensemna c\u0103 orice Robin Hood adev\u0103rat nu poate dep\u0103\u015fi anul 1261 sau 1262. De asemenea, ar putea fi dovada c\u0103 porecla Robin Hood dat\u0103 proscri\u015filor la acea vreme a fost cea care a inspirat legenda, a\u015fa c\u0103 nu poate proba existen\u0163a at\u00e2t de timpurie a lui Robin Hood.<\/p>\n

O teorie fascinant\u0103 a fost emis\u0103 de Tony Molyneux-Smith \u00een cartea sa din 1998, Robin Hood and the Lords of Wellow<\/em>, care sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 Robin Hood nu a fost un om anume, ci un pseudonim preluat de descenden\u0163i ai lui Sir Robert Foliot, care a st\u0103p\u00e2nit peste Wellow, \u00een apropiere de p\u0103durea Sherwood, p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XIV-lea. Acest aspect intrig\u0103, dar este nevoie de cercet\u0103ri suplimentare asupra acestei familii \u015fi a originilor sale pentru a putea dovedi c\u0103 familia Foliot reprezint\u0103 originea pove\u015ftii acestui faimos proscris.<\/p>\n

Modele ale lui Robin Hood<\/strong><\/p>\n

Desigur, Robin Hood nu a fost prima \u015fi nici singura legend\u0103 medieval\u0103 despre proscri\u015fi. Evad\u0103rile, salv\u0103rile \u015fi deghiz\u0103rile \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163e din legenda lui au fost, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, influen\u0163ate de relat\u0103rile reale \u015fi mitice despre nelegiui\u0163ii adev\u0103ra\u0163i. Un exemplu \u00eel reprezint\u0103 mercenarul \u015fi piratul Eustace C\u0103lug\u0103rul (cea 1170-1217). Faptele sale sunt relatate \u00eentr-o povestire din secolul al XIII-lea \u015fi, de asemenea, de istoricul contemporan Matthew Paris, \u00een Chronica Majora (Cronica principal\u0103)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Un alt model istoric pentru legenda lui Robin Hood \u00eel reprezint\u0103 Hereward (The Wake). Acest lider al proscri\u015filor din secolul al XI-lea a condus rezisten\u0163a englez\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui William Cuceritorul \u015fi a ap\u0103rat Insula Ely, din zonele ml\u0103\u015ftinoase aflate la sud de Lincolnshire, de invazia normanzilor. Hereward a devenit un erou popular la foarte scurt timp dup\u0103 ce a murit \u015fi, dup\u0103 100 de ani, faptele sale erau celebrate \u00een c\u00e2ntecele din taverne. Legendarul Hereward era deja un nume atunci c\u00e2nd au ap\u0103rut Estorie des Engles<\/em> a lui Geoffrey Gaimar, scris\u0103 \u00een jurul anului 1140, \u015fi Gesta Herewardii Saxonis (Faptele lui Hereward Saxonul)<\/em>, din aceea\u015fi perioad\u0103. Multe aspecte ale eroului proscris asociate mai t\u00e2rziu cu Robin Hood se reg\u0103sesc \u00een legendele despre Hereward. Era curajos, curtenitor, cu mintea ager\u0103, expert \u00een deghizare \u015fi mereu atent, dup\u0103 cum se poate deduce \u015fi din numele s\u0103u, The Wake<\/em>, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 cel care vegheaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Un alt erou al acestei perioade a fost Fulk FitzWarin. O legend\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul secolului al XII-lea relateaz\u0103 cum Fulk, un t\u00e2n\u0103r nobil, este trimis la regele John al Angliei. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, regele devine du\u015fmanul s\u0103u \u015fi confisc\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul familiei sale. Astfel, Fulk pleac\u0103 \u00een p\u0103dure \u015fi duce o via\u0163\u0103 de proscris. \u00cen aceast\u0103 povestire sunt incluse incidente care amintesc de legenda lui Robin Hood. De exemplu, Fulk testeaz\u0103 sinceritatea c\u0103l\u0103torilor boga\u0163i c\u0103rora le a\u0163ine calea \u015fi \u00eel atrage pe regele John \u00een p\u0103dure, unde este prins \u00een capcan\u0103 de banda lui de proscri\u015fi. Exist\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 o latur\u0103 mitic\u0103 puternic\u0103 (uria\u015fi, dragoni, c\u0103l\u0103torii epice) \u00een povestirea despre Fulk FitzWarin (ca \u00een toate legendele eroice timpurii din Anglia, de altfel), pe care nu o reg\u0103sim \u00een legenda lui Robin Hood.<\/p>\n

O interpretare complet diferit\u0103 a povestirii lui Robin Hood se bazeaz\u0103 pe rolul s\u0103u \u00een folclorul englez. Temele p\u0103g\u00e2ne, precum B\u0103rbatul Verde (sau Robin Goodfellow) \u015fi S\u0103lbaticul din P\u0103dure, au influen\u0163at probabil amploarea legendei lui Robin Hood, iar personajul \u015fi povestea lui au fost, cu siguran\u0163\u0103, incluse \u00een Jocurile de Mai, o s\u0103rb\u0103toare a naturii \u015fi a sosirii prim\u0103verii, din secolul al XVI-lea. Dar ideea c\u0103 Robin Hood este doar o legend\u0103 care \u00ee\u015fi are originile \u00een aceste s\u0103rb\u0103tori este improbabil\u0103, cu at\u00e2t mai mult cu c\u00e2t povestirea pare s\u0103 fi fost cunoscut\u0103 \u00eenainte de orice asociere cu Jocurile de Mai.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 Robin Hood a existat, cea mai conving\u0103toare dovad\u0103 \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 undeva \u00een secolul al XIII-lea, de\u015fi mai degrab\u0103 reprezint\u0103 paradigma eroului proscris, alc\u0103tuit \u00een parte din personaje istorice; a\u015fadar, nu are o identitate istoric\u0103 individual\u0103. Povestirea lui Robin Hood a fost elaborat\u0103 treptat, vreme de peste 700 de ani, \u00een general pentru a veni \u00een \u00eent\u00e2mpinarea nevoilor \u015fi dorin\u0163elor publicului. De fapt, povestea se dezvolt\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi, dup\u0103 cum este limpede din cele mai noi mituri ad\u0103ugate \u015fi prezentate \u00een filmul din 1991, Robin Hood: Prin\u0163ul Ho\u0163ilor<\/em>, care l-a avut \u00een rolul principal pe Kevin Costner. Aici, nu numai c\u0103 Robin este plasat la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XII-lea drept cruciat care se \u00eentoarce din lupt\u0103, dar este \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015fat, de asemenea, lupt\u00e2ndu-se \u00een p\u0103dure cu r\u0103zboinici cel\u0163i fioro\u015fi, cu fe\u0163ele pictate, la peste 1.000 de ani dup\u0103 ce ace\u015ftia au ie\u015fit din istorie. F\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, legenda va continua s\u0103 se dezvolte \u015fi s\u0103 se schimbe \u00een viitor a\u015fa cum a f\u0103cut-o \u015fi \u00een trecut. Face parte din mitul-istorie care este Robin Hood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen imagina\u0163ia popular\u0103, Robin Hood este eroul englez arhetipal. Legenda lui, at\u00e2t de cunoscut\u0103 oamenilor din \u00eentreaga lume, s-a p\u0103strat de-a lungul secolelor de istorie, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi banda de t\u00e2lhari a lui Robin (C\u0103lug\u0103rul Tuck, Micul John, Will … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9443,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[120,1532,2614],"class_list":["post-9442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-anglia","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-robin-hood","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nDin secretele legendei lui Robin Hood - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/din-secretele-legendei-lui-robin-hood\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Din secretele legendei lui Robin Hood\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen imagina\u0163ia popular\u0103, Robin Hood este eroul englez arhetipal. 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