{"id":94415,"date":"2024-10-19T07:15:53","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T04:15:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=94415"},"modified":"2024-10-18T22:47:05","modified_gmt":"2024-10-18T19:47:05","slug":"din-secretele-platinei-de-ce-e-atat-de-scump-acest-metal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/din-secretele-platinei-de-ce-e-atat-de-scump-acest-metal\/","title":{"rendered":"Din secretele platinei: de ce e at\u00e2t de scump acest metal?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Printre cele circa 50 de metale pe care omul zilelor noastre le folose\u0219te \u00een cele mai diferite ramuri ale tehnicii \u0219i tehnologiei contemporane, exist\u0103 un grup de \u0219ase elemente care se disting printr-o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 comun\u0103: ele de\u021bin recordul \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te raritatea distribu\u021biei pe Terra \u0219i, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te minimizarea produc\u021biei. Este vorba despre metalele platinice, grup\u0103 de elemente din care fac parte nu doar platina<\/strong>, ci \u015fi paladiul<\/strong>, iridiul<\/strong>, osmiul<\/strong>, rodiul<\/strong> \u0219i ruteniul<\/strong>. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea platinicelor \u00een scoar\u021ba planetei noastre este at\u00e2t de redus\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t ele se g\u0103sesc, sub acest aspect, pe ultimul loc \u00eentre metale. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, produc\u021bia mondial\u0103 de metale platinice este extrem de redus\u0103: numai 437 tone anuale pentru toate cele 6 elemente. Din aceast\u0103 infim\u0103 cantitate, cam jum\u0103tate revine platinei, iar paladiului circa un sfert.<\/p>\n

Dintre calit\u0103\u021bile platinicelor – metale care, cu excep\u021bia platinei, erau complet necunoscute omului \u00een urm\u0103 cu 200 de ani – cea mai important\u0103 este rezisten\u021ba lor la coroziune. Platina, de exemplu, este total inalterabil\u0103 \u00een condi\u021bii obi\u0219nuite de temperatur\u0103 \u0219i presiune. Reactivii cei mai violen\u021bi sunt \u0219i ei cu totul ineficien\u021bi. Chiar „apa regal\u0103” nu este \u00een stare s\u0103 o dizolve dec\u00e2t la temperaturi de peste 500\u00b0 C. Practic, dat fiind \u0219i punctul de topire extrem de ridicat\u00a0 (1770\u00b0 C), platina este un metal etern. Iat\u0103 motivele pentru care nu numai c\u0103 platina se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een natur\u0103 \u00een stare pur\u0103, asem\u0103n\u0103tor aurului, ci ea \u00ee\u0219i g\u0103se\u0219te \u0219i numeroase aplica\u021bii \u00een tehnicile actuale de v\u00e2rf, \u00een fa\u021ba c\u0103rora reputa\u021bia ei de metal pentru bijuterii p\u0103le\u0219te puternic.<\/p>\n

Cantit\u0103\u021bi importante de platin\u0103 consum\u0103 industria optic\u0103 pentru fabricarea lentilelor, prismelor, oglinzilor din aparatura de mare precizie. Explica\u021bia? Sticla topit\u0103 ader\u0103 \u0219i atac\u0103 orice metal sau aliaj. Cu excep\u021bia platinei, din care se confec\u021bioneaz\u0103 creuzetele \u0219i formele de turnare utilizate \u00een acest domeniu.<\/p>\n

\u00cen industria chimic\u0103 lucrurile sunt perfect similare. \u00cen mediile puternic corozive \u00een care au loc diferitele reac\u021bii \u0219i sinteze, singurul material din care se pot confec\u021biona unele piese speciale – creuzete, conducte, agitatoare etc. – este platina. \u00cen sf\u00e2r\u0219it, \u00een aliaj cu alte metale rezistente la temperaturi \u00eenalte \u0219i medii corozive, platina serve\u0219te la fabricarea termocuplurilor, acele „termometre electrice” de mare precizie necesare \u00een tehnica „sectoarelor calde”.<\/p>\n

Cele mai importante aplica\u021bii \u0219i le g\u0103se\u0219te \u00eens\u0103 platina \u00een industria catalizatorilor. Sub form\u0103 de pulbere, ca suspensie sau \u00een stare coloidal\u0103 \u00een solu\u021bii apoase sau solven\u021bi organici, sub form\u0103 de site sau fire, platina sau compu\u0219ii s\u0103i sunt catalizatorii ideali ce permit realizarea a numeroase reac\u021bii de sintez\u0103 chimic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Paladiul<\/strong> este interesant din acela\u0219i punct de vedere. El prezint\u0103 o activitate catalitic\u0103 puternic\u0103 fapt pentru care chimi\u0219tii \u00eel utilizeaz\u0103 larg \u00een reac\u021biile de hidrogenare, polimerizare, izomerizare etc. Rezisten\u021ba la oxidare \u00eei permite \u0219i accesul la alte domenii, cum ar fi electronica \u0219i electrotehnica. Cel de-al treilea membru al familiei, sub aspectul cantit\u0103\u021bilor produse, rodiul<\/strong>, este utilizat \u00een tehnica temperaturilor \u00eenalte, la fabricarea termocuplurilor sau creuzetelor, \u00een industria catalizatorilor sau a aparaturii de m\u0103sur\u0103 \u0219i control.<\/p>\n

Ultimele trei elemente, iridiul<\/strong>,osmiul<\/strong> \u0219i ruteniul<\/strong>, sunt at\u00e2t de rare \u00eenc\u00e2t produc\u021bia lor anual\u0103 nu dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te dec\u00e2t c\u00e2teva tone \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Aplica\u021biile lor sunt extrem de interesante: iridiul – pentru placarea anticoroziv\u0103 a diferitelor piese \u00een industria chimic\u0103 \u0219i drept catalizator, osmiul – ca unul dintre cei mai activi agen\u021bi catalitici, ruteniul – \u00een industria chimic\u0103 \u0219i electronic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Un ultim am\u0103nunt: aliajul de platin\u0103 \u0219i iridiu<\/strong>, cel mai rezistent material descoperit, deocamdat\u0103, de om, din care sunt confec\u021bionate etaloanele unit\u0103\u021bilor noastre de m\u0103sur\u0103 – metrul, kilogramul etc. – este, se pare, cel mai \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte cu succes vicisitudinile imprevizibile ale timpului.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Printre cele circa 50 de metale pe care omul zilelor noastre le folose\u0219te \u00een cele mai diferite ramuri ale tehnicii \u0219i tehnologiei contemporane, exist\u0103 un grup de \u0219ase elemente care se disting printr-o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 comun\u0103: ele de\u021bin recordul \u00een ceea … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":94416,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11042],"tags":[685,19404,3960,19403,4640,19401,11043,11458,10146,6743,11103,18499,13862,2371,19399,19400,359,2358,19402,5897],"class_list":["post-94415","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fizica-chimie","tag-aur","tag-catalizatori","tag-chimist","tag-coroziune","tag-electronica","tag-electrotehnica","tag-fizica-chimie","tag-iridiu","tag-lentile","tag-metale","tag-oglinzi","tag-osmiu","tag-paladiu","tag-platina","tag-rodiu","tag-ruteniu","tag-sticla","tag-temperatura","tag-termocuplu","tag-termometru","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nDin secretele platinei: de ce e at\u00e2t de scump acest metal? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/din-secretele-platinei-de-ce-e-atat-de-scump-acest-metal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Din secretele platinei: de ce e at\u00e2t de scump acest metal?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Printre cele circa 50 de metale pe care omul zilelor noastre le folose\u0219te \u00een cele mai diferite ramuri ale tehnicii \u0219i tehnologiei contemporane, exist\u0103 un grup de \u0219ase elemente care se disting printr-o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 comun\u0103: ele de\u021bin recordul \u00een ceea ... 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