{"id":9383,"date":"2009-12-02T09:43:37","date_gmt":"2009-12-02T07:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9383"},"modified":"2009-12-04T21:28:51","modified_gmt":"2009-12-04T19:28:51","slug":"cartea-mayasa-a-mortilor-si-misterul-de-la-xibalba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cartea-mayasa-a-mortilor-si-misterul-de-la-xibalba\/","title":{"rendered":"Cartea maya\u015f\u0103 a mor\u0163ilor \u015fi misterul de la Xibalba"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Xibalba<\/a>Maya\u015fii \u015fi moartea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vechea civiliza\u0163ie maya\u015f\u0103 era sofisticat\u0103 \u015fi avea o mo\u015ftenire cultural\u0103 bogat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 o mare parte din zestrea sa literar\u0103 s-a pierdut. Acest lucru s-a datorat \u00een parte climei din America Central\u0103, o combina\u0163ie de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u015fi umezeal\u0103 care a accelerat degradarea documentelor u\u015for perisabile. Dar invadatorii spanioli au fost responsabili de pierdere \u00een cea mai mare m\u0103sur\u0103, fiindc\u0103 au distrus deliberat cantit\u0103\u0163i uria\u015fe de comori literare – \u00een special a\u015fa-numitele \u201ecodice”, pergamente din scoar\u0163\u0103 de copac pliate ca un acordeon, cu ilustra\u0163ii bogate \u015fi colorate. Ele ofereau foarte multe informa\u0163ii despre diverse aspecte ale vie\u0163ii maya\u015fe \u015fi, din p\u0103cate, doar c\u00e2\u0163iva au sc\u0103pat de ravagiile f\u0103cute de spanioli. Nu exist\u0103 niciun codice din perioada clasic\u0103 (\u00eenainte de anul 900 d.Hr.) \u015fi doar patru s-au p\u0103strat din perioada postclasic\u0103 (din anul 900 p\u00e2n\u0103 la cucerirea spaniol\u0103 din secolul al XVI-lea).<\/p>\n

Maya\u015fii tr\u0103iau cu o con\u015ftient\u0103 acut\u0103 a mor\u0163ii. Speran\u0163a mic\u0103 de via\u0163\u0103, mortalitatea infantil\u0103 ridicat\u0103 \u015fi combina\u0163ia de r\u0103zboaie \u015fi sacrificii rituale f\u0103ceau din moarte o realitate omniprezent\u0103 \u00een via\u0163a lor de zi cu zi. Multe din ritualurile \u015fi operele de art\u0103 maya\u015fe erau dedicate existen\u0163ei postume, de la intrarea sufletului \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, Xibalba, la rena\u015fterea final\u0103 \u015fi apoteoz\u0103. Mitologia \u015fi arta funerar\u0103 maya\u015f\u0103 descriu moartea ca pe o c\u0103l\u0103torie complicat\u0103. Stadiile \u015fi \u00eencerc\u0103rile ei majore erau reprezentate pe sicrie, picturi murale, ceramic\u0103, statuete din jad \u015fi alte obiecte care \u00eenso\u0163eau decedatul \u00een timpul marii tranzi\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

Descoperirea unei c\u0103r\u0163i maya\u015fe a mor\u0163ilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda acestui interes viu pentru moarte \u015fi confruntarea cu ea, niciun text escatologic maya\u015f comparabil cu Cartea egiptean\u0103<\/em> sau tibetan\u0103 a mor\u0163ilor<\/em> nu a supravie\u0163uit din perioada clasic\u0103. Totu\u015fi, Michael Coe, expert \u00een cultura maya, a identificat un grup distinct de vase funerare pe care le-a numit \u201eceramic\u0103 stil codex”, fiindc\u0103 stilul lor era foarte similar cu cel din codicele maya\u015fe. El a tras concluzia c\u0103 arti\u015ftii care au creat aceste capodopere erau aceea\u015fi cu cei care au pictat pergamentele pliate din scoar\u0163\u0103 de copac.<\/p>\n

Francis Robicsek, un chirurg cardiolog \u015fi arheolog care a studiat vasele funerare maya\u015fe pe larg, a merg un pas mai departe. A ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 aceste vase nu numai c\u0103 sem\u0103nau cu codicele, ci, plasate \u00een succesiunea potrivit\u0103, chiar erau ni\u015fte codice. Pentru a aduce dovezi \u00een sprijinul acestei afirma\u0163ii, Robicsek a vizitat multe situri arheologice maya\u015fe \u015fi colec\u0163ii institu\u0163ionale sau private din \u00eentreaga lume. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Donald M. Hales, antropolog specialist \u00een hieroglife, a realizat primul studiu complet al ceramicii maya\u015fe stil codex, cuprinz\u00e2nd toate exemplarele cunoscute. Cei doi oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 multe din vase f\u0103ceau parte din grupuri, fiecare grup reprezent\u00e2nd un mit sau o poveste despre lumea de dincolo. Ei au reu\u015fit s\u0103 sugereze o succesiune ipotetic\u0103 a obiectelor ceramice funerare, cre\u00e2nd un ansamblu ce constituie \u201eCartea maya\u015f\u0103 a mor\u0163ilor”,<\/em> de\u015fi textele \u015fi ilustra\u0163iile \u00eenso\u0163itoare sunt \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftiate pe mai multe vase funerare \u015fi nu sunt p\u0103r\u0163i ale unei scrieri complete \u015fi coerente.<\/p>\n

\"Xibalba<\/a>R\u0103zboaie \u015fi fiin\u0163e fantastice desenate pe vasele maya\u015fe<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stilul codexului ca tehnic\u0103 de decorare a vaselor a fost folosit \u00een perioada clasic\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, probabil la \u00eenceputul secolului al VIII-lea d.Hr. \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, ora\u015fele-state maya\u015fe au atins cel mai \u00eenalt nivel de prosperitate economic\u0103 \u015fi politic\u0103, iar arti\u015ftii vremii au creat unele dintre cele mai valoroase lucr\u0103ri din arta pre-columbian\u0103. Scenele zugr\u0103vite pe vasele din \u201ecodexul de ceramic\u0103” maya\u015f sunt foarte complexe \u015fi detaliate, fiind pictate \u00eentr-o combina\u0163ie de alb, negru, ro\u015fu \u015fi albastru maya. Unele reprezint\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nii \u015fi st\u0103p\u00e2nele lumii de dincolo, cu alaiul lor, Eroii gemeni, ceremonii la palat, scene cu sacrificii, r\u0103zboaie, v\u00een\u0103tori \u015fi jocuri rituale cu mingea. Altele zugr\u0103vesc un spectru bogat de locuitori mitologici din Xibalba.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acest spectru de personaje fantastice apar \u00een prim-plan diferite fiin\u0163e antropomorfe, zoomorfe \u015fi scheletice, ca \u015fi o \u00eentreag\u0103 menajerie de fiin\u0163e telurice – Marele Dragon B\u0103rbos, misteriosul Cauac, cel care \u00ee\u015fi schimb\u0103 forma, \u015earpele Vizionar al Lu\u0103rii de S\u00e2nge, Principala Zeitate Pas\u0103re, Monstrul Celest \u015fi Uinal, o fiin\u0163\u0103 cu solzi asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu o broasc\u0103. Printre numeroasele animale reprezentate pe aceste vase se num\u0103r\u0103 jaguari, c\u00e2ini-jaguar, maimu\u0163e-ag\u0103\u0163\u0103toare, lilieci, iepuri, vulturi, p\u0103s\u0103ri moan, \u015ferpi, \u0163estoase, broa\u015fte, pe\u015fti, licurici \u015fi scorpioni. Anumite personaje poart\u0103 e\u015farfe sacrificiale \u015fi \u0163in boluri cu trei compartimente con\u0163in\u00e2nd ochi sco\u015fi din orbite, oase \u015fi m\u00e2ini t\u0103iate.<\/p>\n

Xibalba, loc terifiant \u015fi \u00eentunecat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Panteonul bogat din Xibalba include \u015fi un grup numeros de zei ai mor\u0163ii. Mul\u0163i din seniorii lumii de dincolo, Xibalba, sunt reprezenta\u0163i cu chipuri b\u0103tr\u00e2ne, guri \u015ftirbe, iar unii au tr\u0103s\u0103turi masculine \u015fi feminine combinate. Respira\u0163ia \u015fi gazele evacuate de ei sunt at\u00e2t de ur\u00e2t mirositoare, \u00eenc\u00e2t apar \u00een forma unor suluri imense, vizibile. De multe ori, poart\u0103 ca bijuterii ochi enuclea\u0163i sau oase descarnate. Numi\u0163i dup\u0103 diversele cauze ale mor\u0163ii, cum ar fi bolile, b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0163ea, sacrificiul \u015fi r\u0103zboiul, st\u0103p\u00e2nii lumii de dincolo sunt adesea reprezenta\u0163i cu corp sl\u0103b\u0103nog, abdomen umflat \u015fi semne negre ce simbolizeaz\u0103 descompunerea. Exper\u0163ii \u00een cultura maya \u00eei amintesc uneori cu numele lor maya\u015fe, alteori cu majuscule.<\/p>\n

Xibalba e un loc terifiant \u015fi \u00eentunecat, care seam\u0103n\u0103 \u00een multe privin\u0163e cu Tuat-ul egiptean, Sidpa Bardo din Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u0163ilor <\/em>\u015fi lumile subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene ale culturilor \u015famanice. \u00cenv\u0103luit \u00een mirosul pestilent al cadavrelor descompuse \u015fi al s\u00e2ngelui intrat \u00een putrefac\u0163ie, este sursa bolilor care afecteaz\u0103 omenirea. Cuv\u00e2ntul \u201eXibalba” deriv\u0103 din xib, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201efric\u0103, teroare, a tremura de groaz\u0103”. Ca \u015fi Lumea de Mijloc (lumea vie\u0163ii obi\u015fnuite), Xibalba are peisaje \u015fi arhitectur\u0103, inclusiv temple \u015fi palate ale Seniorilor Mor\u0163ii. \u00cen general, lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 din perioada clasic\u0103 maya\u015f\u0103 seam\u0103n\u0103 mult cu cea din Popol Vuh<\/em>, faimosul poem epic al indienilor quiche maya din Guatemala, cu o singur\u0103 excep\u0163ie semnificativ.<\/p>\n

\"xibalba3\"<\/a>Imaginile de pe vasele funerare din codexul de ceramic\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u0103 e un mediu acvatic sau asociat \u00een mod semnificativ cu apa. Ca \u015fi \u00een mitologia greac\u0103, moartea \u015fi trecerea prin lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 maya\u015f\u0103 presupuneau traversarea unei ape. Intrarea \u00een Xibalba e reprezentat\u0103 de multe ori ca o c\u0103l\u0103torie \u00een canoe sau ca scufundare \u00een ap\u0103; sunt folosite \u015fi alte simboluri acvatice, diverse tipuri de pe\u015fti, \u015firuri de scoici, nuferi \u015fi creaturi asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu aligatorii.<\/p>\n

„Popol Vuh”, cronic\u0103 a regilor \u015fi r\u0103zboaielor maya\u015fe<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce unele din aceste imagini sunt legate evident de mituri \u015fi legende care s-au pierdut, multe altele par s\u0103 ilustreze cunoscuta poveste mitologic\u0103 a Eroilor gemeni, care au trecut prin chinuri groaznice \u00een timpul vizitei lor \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 \u015fi au tr\u0103it \u00een cele din urm\u0103 moartea \u015fi rena\u015fterea. Descrierea aventurilor lor constituie o parte important\u0103 din Popol Vuh<\/em>. Acest document semnificativ a fost elaborat de un indian anonim din Guatemala la scurt timp dup\u0103 cucerirea spaniol\u0103, dar se bazeaz\u0103 \u00een mod clar pe o tradi\u0163ie oral\u0103 mult mai veche.<\/p>\n

Popol Vuh<\/em> este o cronic\u0103 a regilor \u015fi a r\u0103zboaielor pe care le-au purtat \u00eentre ei \u015fi cu vecinii lor. Tema sa mitologic\u0103 cea mai distinct\u0103 este efortul continuu al zeilor din America antic\u0103 de a crea o fiin\u0163\u0103 evoluat\u0103 care s\u0103 aib\u0103 capacitatea de a-\u015fi cunoa\u015fte \u015fi a-\u015fi venera creatorul.<\/p>\n

Aventura Eroilor gemeni \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cea mai relevant\u0103 por\u0163iune a textului descrie \u00eenfruntarea victorioas\u0103 a Eroilor gemeni cu seniorii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, suveranii Xibalbei. Povestea \u00eencepe c\u00e2nd tat\u0103l gemenilor, Hun-Hunahpu, \u015fi so\u0163ia lui, Vucub Hunahpu, sunt atra\u015fi \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 de seniorii din Xibalba, s\u0103 se joace cu mingea. Dup\u0103 ce pierd, sunt omor\u00ee\u0163i \u015fi decapita\u0163i; seniorii subp\u0103m\u00eenteni at\u00e2rn\u0103 apoi capul lui Hun-Hunahpu pe un vrej de tigv\u0103, drept avertisment. Planta, p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci stearp\u0103, face imediat fructe, lucru privit ca un miracol. C\u00e2nd o fecioar\u0103 pe nume Xquic vine s\u0103 priveasc\u0103 fructele, craniul lui Hun-Hunahpu scuip\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2na ei \u015fi o las\u0103 gravid\u0103. T\u00e2n\u0103ra femeie se \u00eentoarce apoi la suprafa\u0163a p\u0103m\u00eentului \u015fi d\u0103 na\u015ftere Eroilor gemeni Hunahpu (\u201eV\u00een\u0103torul”) \u015fi Xbalanque (\u201ePruncul jaguar”).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd gemenii cresc \u015fi devin doi tineri frumo\u015fi, ei descoper\u0103 mingea de cauciuc care fusese folosit\u0103 de tat\u0103l lor \u015fi alte c\u00e2teva accesorii necesare pentru joc. \u00cencep s\u0103 se antreneze riguros \u015fi cu o tenacitate deosebit\u0103. Dup\u0103 ce dob\u00e2ndesc o m\u0103iestrie extraordinar\u0103, decid s\u0103 coboare \u00een Xibalba pentru a r\u0103zbuna moartea tat\u0103lui lor. \u00cen lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, seniorii din Xibalba \u00eei supun pe Hunahpu \u015fi Xbalanque la o serie de \u00eencerc\u0103ri dificile. Gemenii reu\u015fesc s\u0103 dep\u0103\u015feasc\u0103 cu succes toate pericolele din Casa Penumbrelor, Casa Cu\u0163itelor, Casa Frigului, Casa Jaguarilor \u015fi Casa Focului. \u00cen Casa Liliecilor \u00eens\u0103, sunt la un pas de \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere c\u00e2nd un liliac smulge capul lui Hunahpu. Locuitorii din Xibalba iau capul \u015fi \u00eel at\u00e2rn\u0103 pe terenul de joc, ca trofeu.<\/p>\n

Xbalanque cheam\u0103 animalele, iar \u0163estoasa ia forma capului lui Hunahpu. Xbalanque folose\u015fte aceast\u0103 diversiune \u015fi salveaz\u0103 capul adev\u0103rat al lui Hunahpu; Hunahpu e readus la via\u0163\u0103 \u015fi jocul se termin\u0103 la egalitate. La urm\u0103torul test, gemenii sar de bun\u0103 voie \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103rile unui foc imens, \u015ftiind c\u0103, prin toate faptele lor de curaj de p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, au dob\u00e2ndit nemurirea. Cinci zile mai t\u00e2rziu, se scoal\u0103 din mor\u0163i \u015fi s\u0103v\u00eer\u015fesc miracole deghiza\u0163i \u00een pescari \u00eembr\u0103ca\u0163i \u00een zdren\u0163e. Ard case \u015fi le fac s\u0103 reapar\u0103, apoi se taie \u00een buc\u0103\u0163i \u015fi revin la via\u0163\u0103 ar\u0103t\u00e2nd mai tineri \u015fi mai frumo\u015fi ca \u00eenainte. C\u00e2nd seniorii din Xibalba cer acela\u015fi lucru pentru ei \u00een\u015fi\u015fi, gemenii \u00eei sacrific\u0103 \u015fi nu \u00eei mai readuc la via\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"xibalba4\"<\/a>\u00cen versiunea scris\u0103 a Popol Vuh<\/em>, Eroii gemeni sunt du\u015fi \u00een Ceruri \u015fi devin Soarele \u015fi Luna. J. Eric S. Thompson, expert \u00een cultura maya, a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 aceasta e o versiune distorsionat\u0103 \u015fi denaturat\u0103 a pove\u015ftii originale, datorat\u0103 influen\u0163ei spaniole, \u015fi a sugerat c\u0103 \u00een tradi\u0163ia oral\u0103, gemenii au fost preschimba\u0163i \u00een Soare \u015fi Venus. Aceste corpuri cere\u015fti erau considerate \u00een mitologia maya\u015f\u0103 a fi fra\u0163i, \u00een timp ce Luna era so\u0163ia Soarelui. Rectificarea \u00eel transform\u0103 pe Hunahpu \u00een echivalentul maya\u015f al lui Quetzalcoatl. De asemenea, probabil c\u0103 versiunea oral\u0103 original\u0103 a Popol Vuh punea mai mult accent pe aspectul spiritual al transform\u0103rii gemenilor.<\/p>\n

Chiar dac\u0103 Popol Vuh<\/em> a fost transpus \u00een scris dup\u0103 cucerirea spaniol\u0103, legendele care descriu na\u015fterea, via\u0163a, moartea \u015fi rena\u015fterea lui Hunahpu \u015fi Xbalanque sunt r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163ele unui important ciclu mitologic din perioada clasic\u0103. Aventurile Eroilor gemeni dezv\u0103luie concep\u0163ia maya\u015f\u0103 despre c\u0103l\u0103toria sufletului \u00een moarte \u015fi rena\u015fterea ulterioar\u0103 \u015fi ofer\u0103 informa\u0163ii importante pentru \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea mor\u0163ii \u015fi ob\u0163inerea \u00eenvierii. Povestea transmite astfel un mesaj important, de relevan\u0163\u0103 universal\u0103: sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 regii, nobilii \u015fi poate toate fiin\u0163ele umane preiau \u00een momentul mor\u0163ii identitatea unuia dintre gemenii legendari \u015fi iau parte la aventurile lui experien\u0163iale.<\/p>\n

Experien\u0163e dincolo de moarte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dovezile incomplete din Codexul de Ceramic\u0103 maya\u015f par s\u0103 indice c\u0103 unul dintre tiparele arhetipale americane pentru c\u0103l\u0103toria postum\u0103 a sufletului \u015fi posibil pentru ini\u0163ierea sacr\u0103 \u00een moarte \u015fi rena\u015ftere era str\u00e2ns legat de temele din Popol Vuh<\/em>. Acesta descrie procesul de transformare prin moarte \u015fi rena\u015ftere ca o serie de \u00eencerc\u0103ri dificile \u015fi experien\u0163e care au loc \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2murile htonice, cu protagoni\u015fti caracteristici.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 dovezi solide c\u0103 \u00een culturile precolumbiene, cuno\u015ftin\u0163ele despre t\u0103r\u00e2murile escatologice nu se limitau la informa\u0163iile ob\u0163inute din experien\u0163e \u00een apropierea mor\u0163ii. O mare parte din ele \u00ee\u015fi aveau sursa \u00een st\u0103ri vizionare induse de diverse plante psihedelice \u015fi de practica ritual\u0103 a lu\u0103rii de s\u00e2nge. Etnobotani\u015ftii moderni au identificat multe plante psihedelice care sunt folosite \u015fi acum de diverse grupuri indigene din America Central\u0103. Dintre ele, cele mai cunoscute sunt ciupercile sacre (Psilocybe mexicana), numite de indieni teonanacatl sau \u201eCarnea Zeilor”, cactusul mexican peyote (Lophophora ivilliamsii), semin\u0163ele de zorea (Ipomoea violacea), numite de indigeni ololiuqui, \u015fi Salvia divinorum, numit\u0103 \u015fi salvia profetului.<\/p>\n

\"calatoria_ultima\"<\/a>(Fragment din cartea STANISLAV GROF \u2013 \u201cCalatoria ultima. Dincolo de frontierele mortii\u201d<\/strong>). Aceast\u0103 carte minunat\u0103 o pute\u0163i cump\u0103ra de AICI: http:\/\/www.librarie.almeea.com\/stanislav-grof-calatoria-ultima-dincolo-de-frontierele-mortii\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Maya\u015fii \u015fi moartea Vechea civiliza\u0163ie maya\u015f\u0103 era sofisticat\u0103 \u015fi avea o mo\u015ftenire cultural\u0103 bogat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 o mare parte din zestrea sa literar\u0103 s-a pierdut. Acest lucru s-a datorat \u00een parte climei din America Central\u0103, o combina\u0163ie de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u015fi umezeal\u0103 … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9395,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[2605,1532,489,108,2606,2604],"class_list":["post-9383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-eroii-gemeni","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-mayasi","tag-moarte","tag-popol-vuh","tag-xibalba","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCartea maya\u015f\u0103 a mor\u0163ilor \u015fi misterul de la Xibalba - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cartea-mayasa-a-mortilor-si-misterul-de-la-xibalba\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cartea maya\u015f\u0103 a mor\u0163ilor \u015fi misterul de la Xibalba\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Maya\u015fii \u015fi moartea Vechea civiliza\u0163ie maya\u015f\u0103 era sofisticat\u0103 \u015fi avea o mo\u015ftenire cultural\u0103 bogat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 o mare parte din zestrea sa literar\u0103 s-a pierdut. Acest lucru s-a datorat \u00een parte climei din America Central\u0103, o combina\u0163ie de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u015fi umezeal\u0103 ... 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