{"id":9360,"date":"2009-12-01T12:36:45","date_gmt":"2009-12-01T10:36:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9360"},"modified":"2010-11-26T11:28:58","modified_gmt":"2010-11-26T08:28:58","slug":"marea-unire-de-la-1-decembrie-1918-si-teoria-ca-transilvania-este-vesnic-pamant-unguresc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-unire-de-la-1-decembrie-1918-si-teoria-ca-transilvania-este-vesnic-pamant-unguresc\/","title":{"rendered":"Marea Unire de la 1 decembrie 1918 \u015fi teoria c\u0103 Transilvania este „ve\u015fnic p\u0103m\u00e2nt unguresc”"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Transilvania\"<\/a>\u0162in s\u0103 precizez \u00eenc\u0103 de la bun \u00eenceput (ca s\u0103 nu fie probleme de interpretare) c\u0103 ideile principale din articolul de mai jos nu sunt ale mele, ci ale unui istoric ungur, pe nume Sandor Balogh. \u015etiu, majoritatea rom\u00e2nilor sunt na\u0163ionali\u015fti \u015fi ar s\u0103ri ca ar\u015fi s\u0103 vad\u0103 un asemenea articol, dar eu cred c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 ascult\u0103m \u015fi alte puncte de vedere dec\u00e2t cele prezentate de istoriografia noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n

Nu exist\u0103 nicio dovad\u0103 istoric\u0103 a existen\u0163ei popula\u0163iei daco-romane<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1978, Uniunea \u015fi Liga Societ\u0103\u0163ilor rom\u00e2ne\u015fti din Cleveland public\u0103 \u00een „Cleveland America”<\/em>, o revist\u0103 lunar\u0103, un articol prin care se aniverseaz\u0103 60 de ani de la Unirea din 1918. Cit\u0103m din acest articol, scris de preotul Vasile Hategan:<\/p>\n

„Toate na\u0163iunile lumii au c\u00e2teva date speciale pentru a comemora \u015fi a glorifica evenimentele cele mai importante din istoria lor. 1 decembrie este o asemenea dat\u0103 pentru rom\u00e2ni. \u00cen aceast\u0103 zi, \u00een 1918, Transilvania, leag\u0103nul na\u0163iunii rom\u00e2ne, s-a unit pentru totdeauna cu patria ei-mam\u0103, Rom\u00e2nia”.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Urm\u00e2nd teoria originii daco-romane, Hategan \u00eencepe istoria Rom\u00e2niei \u00een anul 107 d.Hr., atunci c\u00e2nd trupele \u00eemp\u0103ratului roman Traian ocup\u0103 Transilvania, parte a regatului Daciei.<\/p>\n

„C\u0103s\u0103toriile \u00eentre popula\u0163ia nativ\u0103 dac\u0103 \u015fi coloni\u015ftii romani au dat na\u015ftere unei noi na\u0163iuni, a c\u0103rei locuitori s-au numit rum\u00e2ni. Atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eemp\u0103ratul roman Aurelius \u015fi-a retras legiunile din Dacia, noua na\u0163iune rom\u00e2n\u0103 era deja creat\u0103. Cu c\u00e2teva excep\u0163ii, to\u0163i istoricii serio\u015fi \u015fi obiectivi sunt de acord cu faptul c\u0103 popula\u0163ia romanizat\u0103 a Daciei este aceea\u015fi cu popula\u0163ia care tr\u0103ie\u015fte \u015fi azi \u00een Transilvania”.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Istoricul ungur Sandor Balogh crede c\u0103 punctul slab al teoriei daco-romane e faptul c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 nicio eviden\u0163\u0103 a noii na\u0163iuni rom\u00e2ne \u00een niciun document, descoperire arheologic\u0103 sau nume geografic, pentru mai bine de o mie de ani. El spune c\u0103 n-ar exista nicio dovad\u0103 care s\u0103 arate c\u0103 un trib necunoscut de oameni s-ar ascunde \u00een mun\u0163ii Carpa\u0163i pentru mai bine de un mileniu. Balogh crede c\u0103 explica\u0163ia invaziei barbare a lui Hategan e una „neserioas\u0103”:<\/p>\n

„\u00cen secolele care au urmat, au existat invazii \u015fi atacuri ale popula\u0163iilor barbare, dar rom\u00e2nii au continuat s\u0103 stea \u00een Ardeal. Atunci c\u00e2nd hoardele le-au atacat \u0163ara \u015fi le-au ars satele, ei s-au retras \u00een mun\u0163i. Din tenacitatea \u015fi rezisten\u0163a lor exist\u0103 ast\u0103zi proverbul rom\u00e2nesc: ‘Apa trece, pietrele r\u0103m\u00e2n'”.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

H\u0103r\u0163i care arat\u0103 c\u0103 Transilvania apar\u0163ine Ungariei \u00eenc\u0103 din anul 923<\/strong><\/p>\n

McEvedy, un istoric american public\u0103 o carte denumit\u0103 „Transilvania \u015fi teoria continuit\u0103\u0163ii daco-romane a rom\u00e2nilor”<\/em>, care a fost folosit\u0103 ca surs\u0103 de referin\u0163\u0103 \u00een „Atlasul de istorie Penguin”<\/em>. \u00cen acest atlas, sunt prezentate \u015fi h\u0103r\u0163ile Europei din diverse perioade istorice. Astfel, \u00een anul 923 Transilvania este prezentat\u0103 ca o zon\u0103 ocupat\u0103 de Ungaria. \u00cen h\u0103r\u0163ile din 998, precum \u015fi din 1028, regatul Ungariei nu include doar Transilvania, ci \u015fi o parte dintr-o regiune cunoscut\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu ca Valahia.<\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103 Valahia, fiind situat\u0103 dincolo de Mun\u0163ii Carpa\u0163i, a grani\u0163ei de sud-est a Ungariei mari, n-a fost considerat\u0103 ca fiind parte esen\u0163ial\u0103 a Regatului Ungariei, a\u015fa c\u0103 regele ungur Sf. \u015etefan \u00ee\u015fi retrage armatele din acest teritoriu, \u00eentruc\u00e2t, \u00een harta din 1071, grani\u0163ele din sud-estul Ungariei sunt acelea\u015fi ca \u015fi cele din 1918. Istoricul ungur Balogh conchide astfel c\u0103 grani\u0163ele transilv\u0103nene ale Ungariei sunt cele mai stabile din istoria Europei, indic\u00e2nd c\u0103 Ungaria n-a avut preten\u0163ii imperialiste niciodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pe de alt\u0103 parte, grani\u0163ele \u0162\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u015fti \u015fi a Moldovei, din anul 923 \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la Unirea celor dou\u0103 principate (\u00een 1859) s-a schimbat de c\u00e2teva ori. Astfel Valahia a apar\u0163inut mai \u00eent\u00e2i bulgarilor, apoi a fost sub comanda Imperiului Bizantin.<\/p>\n

Rom\u00e2nii sunt urma\u015fii unor nomazi din Balcani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Istoricul McEvedy afirm\u0103 urm\u0103toarele despre originea rom\u00e2nilor \u015fi a limbii rom\u00e2ne:<\/p>\n

„Limba latinizat\u0103 a valahilor \u015fi moldovenilor, locuitorii moderni ai Rom\u00e2niei, este pentru prima dat\u0103 men\u0163ionat\u0103 la \u00eenceputul secolului al 14-lea. Teoria c\u0103 ei ar fi descenden\u0163i ai coloni\u015ftilor romani din secolul al 2-lea d.Hr. pare tenden\u0163ioas\u0103 \u015fi improbabil\u0103, \u00eentruc\u00e2t retragerea romanilor din vechiul teritoriu al Daciei a avut loc \u00een anul 270 d.Hr., iar apari\u0163ia statelor rom\u00e2ne\u015fti la un mileniu dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 retragere, \u00een perioada \u00een care a fost sub controlul slave \u015fi nomade. Cu siguran\u0163\u0103 c\u0103 valahii provin din Balcanii de vest, \u015fi au emigrat \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, atunci c\u00e2nd nomazii au abandonat teritoriile acestea, la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al 13-lea \u015fi \u00eenceputul secolului al 14-lea”.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu limba albanez\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acela\u015fi istoric ungur Sandor Balogh sus\u0163ine c\u0103, din moment ce nu exist\u0103 vreo dovad\u0103 istoric\u0103 sau arheologic\u0103 a prezen\u0163ei rom\u00e2nilor pe teritoriul Rom\u00e2niei moderne sau Transilvaniei, unica baz\u0103 a teoriei daco-romane e aceea c\u0103 exist\u0103 un num\u0103r considerabil de expresii \u015fi cuvinte de origine latin\u0103 \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103. El crede c\u0103, la o examinare atent\u0103, aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 n-are nicio sus\u0163inere. Astfel, multe din cuvintele latine ale limbii rom\u00e2ne ar fi ap\u0103rut foarte t\u00e2rziu, \u00een secolul al 19-lea, fiind un efort de latinizare a limbii rom\u00e2ne. Mul\u0163i lingvi\u015fti consider\u0103 c\u0103 limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 nu a ap\u0103rut \u00een secolul al 3-lea d.Hr., dup\u0103 retragerea roman\u0103 din Dacia. Astfel, chiar lingvistul rom\u00e2n Ovid Densusianu (1873-1938) \u00een Istoria limbii rom\u00e2ne<\/em>, consider\u0103 c\u0103 limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi are originea \u00een Iliria (partea vestic\u0103 a Balcanilor), acolo unde prezen\u0163a roman\u0103 a durat mai mult, \u015fi a fost un contact mai apropiat cu Roma.<\/p>\n

Sandor Balogh consider\u0103 c\u0103 acest lucru, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu existen\u0163a considerabil\u0103 a unor cuvinte comune \u00een limbile rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi albanez\u0103 (\u00een special cuvinte specifice ciobanilor) ar sugera faptul c\u0103 valahii au emigrat c\u0103tre \u0163\u0103rile rom\u00e2ne din Iliria \u015fi Macedonia, acolo unde influen\u0163a roman\u0103 a durat mult mai mult dec\u00e2t \u00een Valahia.<\/p>\n

Conform altui istoric, Georg Stadtmuller, termenul de „valah” se refer\u0103 nu doar la cei care vorbesc limba rom\u00e2n\u0103, ci \u015fi la cei care au adaptat stilul de via\u0163\u0103 a popula\u0163iei rom\u00e2ne de ciobani. Stadtmuller confirm\u0103 teoria lui McEvedy \u015fi arat\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een jurul anului 1200, popula\u0163iile nomade de rom\u00e2ni au intrat \u00een Transilvania, pe la Or\u015fova.<\/p>\n

Lu\u00e2nd \u00een considerare toate aceste lucruri, istoricul maghiar propune ca la baza form\u0103rii na\u0163iunii rom\u00e2ne ar sta teoria iliria-roman\u0103 \u015fi nu daco-roman\u0103. Astfel, valahii ar fi venit \u00een Transilvania pe teritoriul Ungariei, \u015fi nu ar fi existat o continuitate a popula\u0163iei dacilor.<\/p>\n

Transilvania, p\u0103m\u00e2nt unguresc \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputuri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acela\u015fi istoric maghiar consider\u0103 c\u0103, din moment ce ungurii s-au stabilit \u00een Transilvania (\u00een anul 896), aceast\u0103 provincie ar fi constituit parte organic\u0103 a principatului Ungariei, \u015fi din 1001 a regatului Ungariei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la ocupa\u0163ia turc\u0103. Dup\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lia de la Mohacs (1526), \u00een care trupele ungare au suferit o \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere decisiv\u0103 din partea turcilor, harta lui McEvedy arat\u0103 \u00een 1559 Transilvania ca un principat autonom, sub suzeranitate turc\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce Transilvania a continuat s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 autonom\u0103, partea din Ungarie neocupat\u0103 de turci a fost luat\u0103 de dinastia habsburgic\u0103, \u00eemp\u0103ra\u0163i ce guvernau \u015fi Ungaria ca „regi unguri”, fiind \u00eencorona\u0163i \u015fi cu coroana Sf. \u015etefan. Astfel, de\u015fi teritoriul s\u0103u a fost redus, \u015fi independen\u0163a sa a fost compromis\u0103, suzeranitatea Ungariei a fost men\u0163inut\u0103. Istoricul maghiar consider\u0103 c\u0103, dup\u0103 eliberarea de sub Turci (1699), Transilvania din punct de vedere economic \u015fi cultural ar fi apar\u0163inut Ungariei, de\u015fi din motive politice a fost guvernat\u0103 de la Viena. \u00cen 1876, din punct de vedere legal, Transilvania a fost \u00eencorporat\u0103 \u00een cadrul Ungariei.<\/p>\n

Sandor Balogh nu este de acord cu punctul de vedere al preotului rom\u00e2n Hategan care a spus urm\u0103toarele:<\/p>\n

„Transilvania a devenit o provincie separat\u0103 \u015fi a fost constituit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al 14-lea. Dup\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lia de la Mohacs (1526), ea a devenit un stat independent \u015fi a r\u0103mas a\u015fa p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1876, c\u00e2nd a fost anexat\u0103 Ungariei”.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Istoricul ungur se \u00eentreab\u0103 de ce rom\u00e2nii, care pretind c\u0103 exist\u0103 ca na\u0163iune pe teritoriul actual al Rom\u00e2niei \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al 3-lea, nu au produs niciodat\u0103 o revolu\u0163ie, un r\u0103zboi de independen\u0163\u0103 sau orice alt\u0103 \u00eencercare pentru a-\u015fi crea propria \u0163ar\u0103, \u015fi au trebuit s\u0103 a\u015ftepte 16 secole, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1859, ca s\u0103 se uneasc\u0103, \u015fi atunci acest lucru s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat datorit\u0103 conjucturilor interna\u0163ionale favorabile.<\/p>\n

Sandor Balogh conchide c\u0103 de\u015fi valahii au f\u0103cut parte din Ungaria \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al 13-lea, totu\u015fi aceast\u0103 provincie a apar\u0163inut \u00eentotdeauna Ungariei din secolul 10 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1919, c\u00e2nd a avut loc Tratatul de la Trianon, care le-a smuls ungurilor Ardealul.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0162in s\u0103 precizez \u00eenc\u0103 de la bun \u00eenceput (ca s\u0103 nu fie probleme de interpretare) c\u0103 ideile principale din articolul de mai jos nu sunt ale mele, ci ale unui istoric ungur, pe nume Sandor Balogh. \u015etiu, majoritatea rom\u00e2nilor sunt … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9362,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[2600,1110,1532,2602,2601,74,494,591],"class_list":["post-9360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-1-decembrie-1918","tag-daci","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-limba-romana","tag-marea-unire","tag-romania","tag-transilvania","tag-ungaria","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMarea Unire de la 1 decembrie 1918 \u015fi teoria c\u0103 Transilvania este "ve\u015fnic p\u0103m\u00e2nt unguresc" - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-unire-de-la-1-decembrie-1918-si-teoria-ca-transilvania-este-vesnic-pamant-unguresc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marea Unire de la 1 decembrie 1918 \u015fi teoria c\u0103 Transilvania este "ve\u015fnic p\u0103m\u00e2nt unguresc"\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0162in s\u0103 precizez \u00eenc\u0103 de la bun \u00eenceput (ca s\u0103 nu fie probleme de interpretare) c\u0103 ideile principale din articolul de mai jos nu sunt ale mele, ci ale unui istoric ungur, pe nume Sandor Balogh. \u015etiu, majoritatea rom\u00e2nilor sunt ... 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