{"id":92959,"date":"2024-08-29T16:04:15","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T13:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=92959"},"modified":"2024-08-29T16:04:15","modified_gmt":"2024-08-29T13:04:15","slug":"missolonghi-grecia-24-octombrie-1825-unde-au-disparut-fara-urma-60-de-soldati-francezi-si-greci-s-au-dus-in-alta-dimensiune","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/missolonghi-grecia-24-octombrie-1825-unde-au-disparut-fara-urma-60-de-soldati-francezi-si-greci-s-au-dus-in-alta-dimensiune\/","title":{"rendered":"Missolonghi \/ Grecia \/ 24 octombrie 1825: unde au disp\u0103rut, f\u0103r\u0103 urm\u0103, 60 de solda\u0163i francezi \u015fi greci? S-au dus \u00een alt\u0103 dimensiune?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u00cen 1826, pictorul francez Eugene Delacroix<\/strong> (1798 -1863) creeaz\u0103 tabloul celebru „Grecia pe ruinele de la Missolonghi”<\/strong><\/em>, \u00een care este reprezentat\u0103 o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 cu p\u0103rul negru, cu bluza desf\u0103cut\u0103 la piept, r\u0103mas\u0103 singur\u0103 printre ruine \u015fi mor\u0163i, a\u015ftept\u00e2nd gloan\u0163ele uciga\u015fe. Delacroix se inspirase dintr-un eveniment militar care avusese loc cu 1 an \u00eenainte. Dar, despre ce-a fost vorba?<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1822, Adunarea Na\u0163ional\u0103 a delega\u0163ilor din toat\u0103 Grecia proclam\u0103 oficial independen\u0163a patriei fa\u0163\u0103 de Imperiul Otoman \u015fi \u00eenceputul luptei de gheril\u0103 \u00eempotriva armatelor otomane. Turcii, totu\u015fi, ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 cu brutalitate \u015fi m\u0103cel\u0103resc rezisten\u0163a grecilor. Asta \u00een ciuda ajutorului occidental masiv acordat Greciei. La 10 iulie 1824, o flot\u0103 de 63 nave de r\u0103zboi \u015fi 100 de transport ridic\u0103 ancora din portul egiptean Alexandria, av\u00e2nd la bord 16.000 de solda\u0163i, condu\u015fi de Ibrahim (fiul lui Muhammad-Ali, viceregele Egiptului – ce f\u0103cea parte atunci din Imperiul Otoman). \u00cen februarie 1825, armatele invadatoare debarc\u0103 \u00een Peloponez, zdrobind rezisten\u0163a elen\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 luni \u015fi \u00eencep\u00e2nd, la 25 aprilie 1825, asediul portului Missolonghi.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Italia, Fran\u0163a, Germania, Anglia, Suedia \u015fi SUA se constituie „Comitetele pentru independen\u0163a Greciei”, care trimit arme, bani \u015fi voluntari. Guvernul elen a fost destul de \u00een\u0163elept pentru a cump\u0103ra tunuri \u015fi a angaja mercenari francezi, care se dovedesc un ajutor nepre\u0163uit. Tocmai ace\u015fti oameni au fost protagoni\u015ftii unui incident absolut straniu, care n-a avut parte de mult\u0103 publicitate.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cursul anului 1824, la Missolonghi sosiser\u0103 mul\u0163i voluntari englezi, unii ale\u015fi chiar de lordul Byron. George Gordon, al \u015faselea baron de Byron, poet romantic celebru, venise la Missolonghi cu o nav\u0103 echipat\u0103 pe cheltuiala sa, aduc\u00e2nd 1.000 de pu\u015fti, dou\u0103 tunuri \u015fi 40 de tineri nobili, dornici s\u0103 moar\u0103 pentru un ideal. Dar cel dint\u00e2i avea s\u0103-\u015fi g\u0103seasc\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u015fitul chiar Byron, r\u0103pus de malarie \u00eenainte de \u00eenceperea propriu-zis\u0103 a luptelor. Prin contrast cu entuzia\u015ftii tineri englezi, cei 500 de mercenari francezi erau oameni de 35-50 de ani, to\u0163i veterani ai Armatei lui Napoleon, care luptaser\u0103 din Egipt p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Rusia.<\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul lunii august 1825, un atac al lui Ibrahim a dus la ocuparea unor vechi bastioane din partea de nord a portului. De\u015fi la o oarecare distan\u0163\u0103 de fortifica\u0163iile principale, cele trei forturi, situate pe un deal de 200 de metri \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime, permiteau artileriei otomane s\u0103 loveasc\u0103 navele din rad\u0103, st\u00e2njenind aprovizionarea cet\u0103\u0163ii, care se f\u0103cea numai noaptea, pe mare. Ceea ce \u00eensemna c\u0103, indiferent de cost, bastioanele trebuiau recucerite \u015fi men\u0163inute. Pentru aceast\u0103 misiune sinuciga\u015f\u0103 a fost ales c\u0103pitanul Alain Baptiste Moreau, cu o baterie de 6 tunuri \u015fi o companie francez\u0103, c\u0103rora li s-au al\u0103turat dou\u0103 companii amestecate, marinari, or\u0103\u015feni, studen\u0163i \u015fi contrabandi\u015fti greci, condu\u015fi de o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 de 25 de ani, cunoscut\u0103 doar sub porecla de „Eleutheria”<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 femeie s-a remarcat prin curajul \u015fi priceperea de care d\u0103dea dovad\u0103 \u00een lupte.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2teva sute de oameni au ie\u015fit din cetate sub protec\u0163ia unei nop\u0163i furtunoase, cu vijelie \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 lun\u0103. Ajung\u00e2nd neobserva\u0163i la bastioane, le-au escaladat, trezindu-se cu stupoare \u00eenaintea unui \u00eentreg regiment egiptean, ce num\u0103ra 1.000 de solda\u0163i \u015fi era condus de Habib Pa\u015fa. \u00cen confuzia creat\u0103, francezii au aruncat \u00een aer pulber\u0103ria egiptenilor. Ului\u0163i \u015fi \u00eenfrico\u015fa\u0163i de uria\u015fa explozie, solda\u0163ii lui Habib au crezut c\u0103 sunt bombarda\u0163i cu artileria grea \u015fi au fugit, l\u0103s\u00e2nd pozi\u0163ia \u00een m\u00e2inile asaltatorilor. Dar pierderile acestora erau mari: 20 de francezi \u015fi peste 100 de greci z\u0103ceau mor\u0163i sau grav r\u0103ni\u0163i printre ruine.<\/p>\n

C\u0103pitanul Moreau \u015fi Eleutheria au organizat trei baterii din tunurile aduse \u015fi din cele l\u0103sate de egipteni. Apoi, au creat o redut\u0103 continu\u0103 care \u00eenconjura dealul, unind cele dou\u0103 bastioane r\u0103mase \u00een picioare cu sf\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103turile celui de-al treilea. \u015ei, vreme de dou\u0103 luni, aceast\u0103 fortifica\u0163ie improvizat\u0103, lupt\u0103torii, cu cele 24 de tunuri au respins 16 atacuri egiptene, transform\u00e2nd terenul plat dinaintea lor \u00eentr-un adev\u0103rat „c\u00e2mp al mor\u0163ii”.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, brusc, la 24 octombrie 1825, peste forturi s-a l\u0103sat t\u0103cerea. O patrul\u0103 din ora\u015f s-a \u00eencumetat s\u0103 se strecoare noaptea p\u00e2n\u0103 acolo. Au g\u0103sit vreo 200 de morminte ale voluntarilor \u015fi 40 franceze. Dar 60 de mercenari, c\u0103pitanul Moreau \u015fi Eleutheria nu erau printre cei c\u0103zu\u0163i. Egiptenii nu intraser\u0103 \u00een forturi – tunurile a\u0163inteau \u00eenc\u0103 liniile du\u015fmane, cu ghiulele preg\u0103tite. \u00cen corturile franceze r\u0103m\u0103seser\u0103 lucrurile personale \u015fi ra\u0163iile de hran\u0103 ale disp\u0103ru\u0163ilor. Numai pu\u015ftile lipseau. Grecii s-au retras, arunc\u00e2nd \u00een aer bateriile \u015fi r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163ele redutelor, \u00eengrop\u00e2nd astfel \u015fi mormintele sub d\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103turi, ca nimic s\u0103 nu cad\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2inile inamicului.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Grecia pe ruinele de la Missolonghi<\/em> (1826) – pictur\u0103 de Eugene Delacroix<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00e2\u0163iva solda\u0163i egipteni captura\u0163i \u00een urm\u0103toarele s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni au confirmat c\u0103 trupele lui Ibrahim Pa\u015fa renun\u0163aser\u0103 s\u0103 mai ocupe forturile care-i costaser\u0103 peste o mie de mor\u0163i. \u015ei atunci, unde erau francezii? Dezertarea la du\u015fman ie\u015find din discu\u0163ie; s-a presupus c\u0103 au fost captura\u0163i \u015fi m\u0103cel\u0103ri\u0163i \u00een tab\u0103ra egiptean\u0103. Dar, la terminarea asediului (23 aprilie 1826) \u015fi mai apoi, la semnarea Tratatului de pace cu Rusia la Adrianopol (1829), recunosc\u00e2nd independen\u0163a Greciei, generalii lui Ibrahim au negat vehement c\u0103 ar fi avut loc vreo astfel de crim\u0103. \u00cens\u0103 era pu\u0163in probabil ca trupele Imperiului Otoman s\u0103 nu se laude, \u00een 4 ani de r\u0103zboi, cu capturarea c\u0103pitanului Moreau \u015fi, mai ales, a Eleutheriei, c\u0103petenie cunoscut\u0103, pentru care se promisese o recompens\u0103 considerabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Deci, unde au disp\u0103rut cei 60 de mercenari? \u00centr-o alt\u0103 dimensiune?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen 1826, pictorul francez Eugene Delacroix (1798 -1863) creeaz\u0103 tabloul celebru „Grecia pe ruinele de la Missolonghi”, \u00een care este reprezentat\u0103 o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 cu p\u0103rul negru, cu bluza desf\u0103cut\u0103 la piept, r\u0103mas\u0103 singur\u0103 printre ruine \u015fi mor\u0163i, a\u015ftept\u00e2nd gloan\u0163ele uciga\u015fe. … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":92961,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[120,5960,19198,4527,749,386,1167,8655,202,203,6468,375,549,1532,86,841,906,1290,19200,201,291,13868,11949,165,215,5385,14095,48,513,23,1123,360,19199,1170],"class_list":["post-92959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-anglia","tag-capitan","tag-delacroix","tag-dimensiune","tag-disparitie","tag-egipt","tag-egipteni","tag-francezi","tag-franta","tag-germania","tag-greci","tag-grecia","tag-imperiul-otoman","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-italia","tag-lord-byron","tag-malarie","tag-mercenari","tag-missolonghi","tag-napoleon","tag-nava","tag-otomani","tag-pasa","tag-pictor","tag-poet","tag-port","tag-pusti","tag-rusia","tag-soldati","tag-sua","tag-suedia","tag-tablou","tag-tratatul-de-la-adrianopol","tag-tunuri","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMissolonghi \/ Grecia \/ 24 octombrie 1825: unde au disp\u0103rut, f\u0103r\u0103 urm\u0103, 60 de solda\u0163i francezi \u015fi greci? 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