{"id":92516,"date":"2024-08-11T12:09:52","date_gmt":"2024-08-11T09:09:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=92516"},"modified":"2024-08-11T12:09:52","modified_gmt":"2024-08-11T09:09:52","slug":"calugarul-cel-negru-a-inventat-praful-de-pusca-la-sfarsitul-secolului-al-xiv-lea-pentru-asta-el-a-fost-executat-public","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/calugarul-cel-negru-a-inventat-praful-de-pusca-la-sfarsitul-secolului-al-xiv-lea-pentru-asta-el-a-fost-executat-public\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8222;C\u0103lug\u0103rul cel negru&#8221; a inventat praful de pu\u015fc\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XIV-lea? Pentru asta, el a fost executat public&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_92517\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-92517\" style=\"width: 339px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Berthold-Schwarz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-92517\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Berthold-Schwarz.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Berthold-Schwarz.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Berthold-Schwarz-300x267.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-92517\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Imagine:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berthold_Schwarz#\/media\/File:Berthold-Schwarz.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>wikipedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative &#8211; free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u015etia\u0163i c\u0103 inventatorul prafului de pu\u0219c\u0103, c\u0103lug\u0103rul <strong>Berthold Schwartz<\/strong>, \u00een secolul al XIV-lea a fost executat \u00eentr-o pia\u021b\u0103 public\u0103, din ordinul regelui Wenceslas al Cehiei \u015fi Germaniei, pentru vina de a fi n\u0103scocit praful de pu\u0219c\u0103? Motivarea ordinului regal de execu\u0163ie era astfel formulat: <em>&#8222;din cauza marii nenorociri st\u00e2rnite de descoperirea lui&#8221;<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Oricum, c\u0103lug\u0103rul Berthold Schwartz (numit \u015fi <strong>C\u0103lug\u0103rul cel Negru<\/strong>) este o figur\u0103 controversat\u0103. Unii spun c\u0103 el nici n-a existat, fiind, de fapt, o pl\u0103smuire a cronicarilor. Perioada pretins\u0103 a activit\u0103\u021bii lui Schwarz (la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIV-lea) se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 astfel \u00eentre primele raport\u0103ri privind praful de pu\u0219c\u0103 \u00een Europa la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIII-lea \u0219i dezvoltarea unor aplica\u021bii eficiente \u00een artilerie la mijlocul secolului al XV-lea.<\/p>\n<p>Schwarz este posibil identic cu <strong>Bertold von Lutzelstetten<\/strong>, un savant care este \u00eenregistrat ca <em>&#8222;magister artium Bertoldus&#8221;<\/em> la Universitatea din Paris \u00eentre 1329 \u0219i 1336. Alte surse \u00eel identific\u0103 cu un <strong>Konstantin Angeleisen<\/strong>, care a fost persecutat pentru c\u0103 era alchimist, \u0219i a trebuit s\u0103 fug\u0103 la Praga, unde a fost executat \u00een 1388. Berthold Schwarz a fost, de asemenea, citat ca <strong>Berthodus Schwarz<\/strong>, presupun\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 ar fi de origine african\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>A\u015fa cum am spus mai sus, este posibil ca Schwarz s\u0103 nu fie deloc o persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103, ci mai degrab\u0103 o figur\u0103 simbolic\u0103 a inventatorului care \u00ee\u0219i ia numele de la <em>&#8222;Schwarzpulver&#8221; = &#8222;pulbere neagr\u0103&#8221;<\/em>, termenul german pentru praf de pu\u0219c\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u015etia\u0163i c\u0103 inventatorul prafului de pu\u0219c\u0103, c\u0103lug\u0103rul Berthold Schwartz, \u00een secolul al XIV-lea a fost executat \u00eentr-o pia\u021b\u0103 public\u0103, din ordinul regelui Wenceslas al Cehiei \u015fi Germaniei, pentru vina de a fi n\u0103scocit praful de pu\u0219c\u0103? Motivarea ordinului regal de &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"&#8222;C\u0103lug\u0103rul cel negru&#8221; a inventat praful de pu\u015fc\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XIV-lea? Pentru asta, el a fost executat public&#8230;\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/calugarul-cel-negru-a-inventat-praful-de-pusca-la-sfarsitul-secolului-al-xiv-lea-pentru-asta-el-a-fost-executat-public\/#more-92516\" aria-label=\"Cite\u0219te mai multe despre &#8222;C\u0103lug\u0103rul cel negru&#8221; a inventat praful de pu\u015fc\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XIV-lea? Pentru asta, el a fost executat public&#8230;\">Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":92517,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[19134,892,4204,341,203,1532,836,3517,849,453,2250,13607],"class_list":["post-92516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-berthold-schwartz","tag-calugar","tag-cehia","tag-europa","tag-germania","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-paris","tag-praf-de-pusca","tag-praga","tag-rege","tag-universitate","tag-wenceslas","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.3 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>&quot;C\u0103lug\u0103rul cel negru&quot; a inventat praful de pu\u015fc\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XIV-lea? 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