{"id":9100,"date":"2009-11-21T09:47:38","date_gmt":"2009-11-21T07:47:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=9100"},"modified":"2009-12-01T12:48:30","modified_gmt":"2009-12-01T10:48:30","slug":"antimateria-o-enigma-greu-de-descifrat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/antimateria-o-enigma-greu-de-descifrat\/","title":{"rendered":"Antimateria: o enigm\u0103 greu de descifrat"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"antimaterie7\"<\/a>Acum mai bine de un an, scriam un articol despre antimaterie (https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/antimateria-mit-sau-realitate\/<\/a>) Acest articol era doar o sintez\u0103 al unuia mult mai cuprinz\u0103tor, pe care-l prezint acum, \u015fi care, cu siguran\u0163\u0103, o s\u0103 le plac celor pasiona\u0163i de subiect.<\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, fizicienii au f\u0103cut o descoperire extrem de incomod\u0103 filozofilor \u015fi cosmologilor, care erau convin\u015fi c\u0103 natura este guvernat\u0103 de o simetrie universal\u0103. Descoperirea era rezultatul unor numeroase experimente, cu instrumente \u015fi tehnici de lucru extrem de delicate, cerute de noua lume a microcosmosului, ce se deschidea ca o mare necunoscut\u0103.<\/p>\n

Faptele se refereau la cele dou\u0103 particule subatomice de baz\u0103: electronul \u015fi protonul. Anume, \u00een timp ce unitatea de sarcin\u0103 electric\u0103 negativ\u0103 era purtat\u0103 de electron, unitatea de sarcin\u0103 pozitiv\u0103 era purtat\u0103 de proton, o particul\u0103 av\u00e2nd masa de circa 1.840 de ori mai mare dec\u00e2t cea a electronului. Filozofii s-au \u00eentrebat: de ce sarcinile electrice negative \u015fi cele pozitive sunt asociate cu particule av\u00e2nd masele at\u00e2t de diferite? Sau, oare, trebuie s\u0103 ne a\u015ftept\u0103m ca sarcini opuse \u015fi egale s\u0103 fie asociate unor particule opuse \u015fi egale? – aceasta ca totu\u015fi s\u0103 fie satisf\u0103cut\u0103 presupusa simetrie universal\u0103.<\/p>\n

Antiatomii sunt alc\u0103tui\u0163i din antiprotoni, antineutroni \u015fi antielectroni?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu alte cuvinte, ar putea exista o antimaterie, \u00een care atomii – sau mai corect spus, antiatomii – sunt constitui\u0163i din\u00a0\u00a0 antiprotoni, antineutroni \u015fi antielectroni (pozitroni)? Sus\u0163in\u0103torii simetriei universale au fost oarecum satisf\u0103cu\u0163i c\u00e2nd P.A.M. Dirac a prezis, pe baze matematice, c\u0103 la orice reac\u0163ie \u00een care intervin particule subatomice, corespunde o reac\u0163ie \u00een care sunt implicate respectivele lor antiparticule \u015fi c\u0103 \u00een aceste dou\u0103 reac\u0163ii lucrurile se petrec exact analog.<\/p>\n

La v\u00e2n\u0103toare de antielectroni \u015fi antiprotoni<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu alte cuvinte, \u00een fizic\u0103 \u015fi-a f\u0103cut loc un nou principiu de simetrie: simetria dintre materie \u015fi antimaterie. Discu\u0163iile au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie mai consistente dup\u0103 ce, \u00een anul 1932, Anderson a descoperit pozitronul \u00een cercet\u0103rile sale asupra radia\u0163iilor cosmice. Dup\u0103 descoperirea acestui \u201eelectron pozitiv” sau \u201eantielectron”, a urmat pasionanta v\u00e2n\u0103toare a antiprotonului. Chiar dac\u0103 \u00een \u00eenregistr\u0103rile unor experimente cu radia\u0163iile cosmice au fost identificate urmele unor\u00a0 antiprotoni, cercet\u0103torii \u015fi-au \u00eendreptat aten\u0163ia spre uria\u015fele acceleratoare, care \u00ee\u015fi consolidau pozi\u0163ia \u00een laboratoare. \u00centr-o serie de experien\u0163e ei au reu\u015fit s\u0103 pun\u0103 clar \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 antiprotonii, \u00een anul 1955, folosind metode de \u00eenregistrare deosebit de eficiente, ca, de pild\u0103, contorul Cerenkov pentru determinarea vitezei particulei.<\/p>\n

S-au g\u0103sit \u015fi antiparticulele<\/strong><\/p>\n

A urmat o lung\u0103 perioad\u0103 de c\u0103utare experimental\u0103 a antiparticulelor, cre\u00e2ndu-se coliziuni de particule subnucleare – \u00een acceleratoare de energii mari. Un rezultat interesant al coliziunilor – de altfel era \u015fi de a\u015fteptat – a fost acela c\u0103 particulele \u015fi antiparticulele apar simultan, ca fra\u0163i gemeni. Astfel c\u0103 simetria materiei cu antimateria a primit \u00eenc\u0103 o confirmare experimental\u0103, fiind admis\u0103 acum ca unul dintre principiile fundamentale ale fizicii.<\/p>\n

\"antimaterie5\"<\/a>Anti-elemente, anti-lume, anti-via\u0163\u0103…<\/strong><\/p>\n

De la antiparticule au urmat, firesc, considera\u0163iile (teoretice) asupra antiatomilor. Combina\u0163ia dintre un antiproton \u015fi un antielectron va forma un antiatom de antihidrogen, c\u0103ruia legile cunoscute ale fizicii atomice \u00eei vor prezice aproape acelea\u015fi propriet\u0103\u0163i ca \u015fi ale atomului de hidrogen obi\u015fnuit. De pild\u0103, antiatomul de antihidrogen va emite un spectru luminos identic cu cel al atomului de hidrogen, fiind astfel imposibil de identificat prin acest fel de analiz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Antiatomii de antihidrogen, \u00een schimb, se vor combina \u00eentre ei, form\u00e2nd molecule de antihidrogen \u015fi pot constitui un gaz cu propriet\u0103\u0163ile tipice ale hidrogenului obi\u015fnuit, printre altele lichefiindu-se la – 252\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Merg\u00e2nd mai departe pe linia considera\u0163iilor teoretice \u015fi ipotetice, similar, antipaticulele ar putea compune toate elementele grele, mai corect spus toate antielementele grele. Antielementele, p\u00e2n\u0103 la antiuraniu, ar putea constitui o antimaterie, din care o antilume, incluz\u00e2nd, \u00een principiu, o anti-via\u0163\u0103…<\/p>\n

Antimateria, produs\u0103 doar \u00een laboratoare, c\u0103ci ea nu se g\u0103se\u015fte \u015fi pe Terra<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015ei totu\u015fi, \u00een afara rezultatelor ob\u0163inute \u00een laboratoare, prin provocare energetic\u0103, antimateria nu a fost niciodat\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 liber\u0103 \u00een natur\u0103. Atomii care alc\u0103tuiesc toate substan\u0163ele de pe Terra sunt compu\u015fi din protoni, neutroni \u015fi electroni, dar niciodat\u0103 din antiparticule ale acestora.<\/p>\n

Au \u00eenceput inevitabilele \u00eentreb\u0103ri: oare, a\u015fa stau lucrurile \u00een \u00eentregul Univers, exist\u0103 o asimetrie \u00eentre materie \u015fi antimaterie \u00een favoarea materiei? Dac\u0103 este a\u015fa, atunci, oare, asimetria a existat dintotdeauna sau Universul a \u00eenceput cu un num\u0103r egal de particule \u015fi antiparticule, iar ulterior a intervenit ceva care a modificat balan\u0163a?<\/p>\n

Legea simetriei universale nu mai e valabil\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Descoperirea antimateriei a deconcertat profund pe fizicieni, astronomi, cosmologi \u015fi filozofi. Cunosc\u00e2nd verificata lege a simetriei universale, de dragul simetriei trebuie s\u0103 fie totu\u015fi imaginat un Univers compus, \u00een p\u0103r\u0163i egale, din materie \u015fi antimaterie. Ideea este generoas\u0103, dar ridic\u0103 o serie de probleme dificile. Niciun sistem nu poate exista \u00een propor\u0163ia jum\u0103tate materie \u015fi jum\u0103tate antimaterie, deoarece cele dou\u0103 forme se anihileaz\u0103 reciproc. La anihilarea unui atom cu un antiatom, coliziunea dintre un proton \u015fi un antiproton, de pild\u0103, duce la formarea unui mezon \u015fi a unui antimezon, care, la r\u00e2ndul lor, se dezintegreaz\u0103 rapid \u015fi emit electroni, pozitroni, neutrini \u015fi fotoni. Aceasta la nivelul nucleelor. Dar dup\u0103 ciocnire ar mai r\u0103m\u00e2ne electronii \u015fi antielectronii orbitali, care nici ei nu pot coexista. Ciocnirea lor are ca rezultat anihilarea reciproc\u0103 \u015fi este, de asemenea, \u00eenso\u0163it\u0103 de emiterea de\u00a0 fotoni.<\/p>\n

Coexisten\u0163a materiei cu antimateria e exclus\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deci trebuie exclus\u0103 total coexisten\u0163a materie antimaterie, una \u00een apropierea celeilalte. Unicul mod de a avea o dovad\u0103 a unei eventuale existen\u0163e a antimateriei este de a o c\u0103uta undeva \u00een dep\u0103rt\u0103rile Universului. Prezen\u0163a ei ar putea fi semnalat\u0103 prin procesul de anihilare cu materia, cu eliberarea unei energii uria\u015fe, care ar fi de circa 2 MeV pe o anihilare proton-antiproton. Iat\u0103 deci o cale, s\u0103 se caute undeva, pe cer, surse de energie de aceast\u0103 valoare. Dar astfel de evenimente nu pot avea loc la nivelul Galaxiei noastre (dec\u00e2t \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 extrem de mic\u0103), ci, eventual, \u00een afara ei. Dac\u0103, de pild\u0103, ar exista galaxii compuse din antimaterie \u015fi una dintre acestea ar \u00eent\u00e2lni o galaxie compus\u0103 din materie, atunci anihilarea lor ar elibera o energie enorm\u0103, care ar putea fi observat\u0103 de pe Terra.<\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent au fost observate c\u00e2teva astfel de cazuri, de ciocniri \u00eentre galaxii, care sunt extrem de interesante. De exemplu, galaxiile Messier 87 \u015fi Leb\u0103da A, de la care ajung p\u00e2n\u0103 pe Terra semnale radio extrem de puternice. Despre prima se presupune c\u0103 are loc un proces de capturare a unei \u201ebuc\u0103\u0163i de antimaterie”, iar fotografiile cu galaxia Leb\u0103da A arat\u0103 c\u0103, de fapt, este vorba de dou\u0103 galaxii \u00een coliziune.<\/p>\n

\"antimaterie6\"<\/a>Exist\u0103 \u015fi antigravita\u0163ia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mai exist\u0103 \u015fi alte p\u0103reri. Astfel, sus\u0163in\u0103torii simetriei universale spun c\u0103, oricare ar fi originea Universului, dac\u0103 \u00een el exist\u0103 antimaterie, atunci aceasta a ap\u0103rut simultan cu materia \u015fi \u00een cantit\u0103\u0163i egale. \u00centruc\u00e2t se pleac\u0103 de la ipoteza c\u0103 \u00een prezent ar exista antimaterie, ar fi fost necesar ca cele dou\u0103 forme s\u0103 se separe imediat; altfel s-ar fi anihilat reciproc. Formele respective astfel separate s-ar fi condensat \u00een form\u0103 de stele \u015fi galaxii.<\/p>\n

Procesul de separare este \u00eens\u0103 enigmatic; el ar putea avea loc doar dac\u0103 \u00eentre atomi \u015fi antiatomi s-ar exercita for\u0163e gravita\u0163ionale de respingere, adic\u0103 o gravita\u0163ie de sens opus de cum se manifest\u0103 ea in cazul materiei. Cu alte cuvinte o antigravita\u0163ie (ca o simetrie a gravita\u0163iei!). Dac\u0103 se \u0163ine \u00eens\u0103 cont c\u0103 prin acceptarea ideii de anti-gravita\u0163ie se violeaz\u0103 principiile de baz\u0103 ale teoriei generale a relativit\u0103\u0163ii se poate u\u015for imagina c\u0103 ipoteza a fost respins\u0103 de majoritatea fizicienilor. Adep\u0163ii antigravita\u0163iei ar avea, deocamdat\u0103, o singur\u0103 cale pentru a-\u015fi sus\u0163ine ipoteza: experimentul. Teoretic un astfel de experiment ar consta \u00een proiectarea \u00een Cosmos, \u00een apropierea P\u0103m\u00e2ntului (radial cu un diametru), a unui fascicul de antiprotoni. Dac\u0103 se va constata c\u0103 fasciculul se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 de Terra, fenomenul ar constitui o dovad\u0103 a existen\u0163ei antigravita\u0163iei.<\/p>\n

\u00cen realitate, unele considera\u0163ii ale fizicianului Shiff par s\u0103 duc\u0103 la concluzia c\u0103 anti gravita\u0163ie nu exist\u0103, c\u0103 \u00eentre proton \u015fi antiproton for\u0163ele gravita\u0163ionale s\u00eent de atrac\u0163ie, \u00eentocmai ca \u00eentre proton \u015fi proton.<\/p>\n

Dou\u0103 lumi diferite: Cosmos \u015fi Anti-Cosmos?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uneori fizicienii s\u0103 las\u0103 sedu\u015fi de idei care par de domeniul pur al fanteziei. De pild\u0103, M. Goldhaber consider\u0103 c\u0103 ar putea exista dou\u0103 lumi separate, una format\u0103 din materie, iar cealalt\u0103 din antimaterie. El mai precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 la originea Universului ar fi fost o singur\u0103 entitate, pe care a numit-o \u201euniverson”. Universon-ul s-ar fi divizat \u00een dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u0163i: \u201ecosmon” \u015fi \u201eanticosmon”, care s-ar fi \u00eendep\u0103rtat imediat dup\u0103 formare, gener\u00e2nd astfel Cosmosul nostru (din \u201ecosmon”) \u015fi un Anticosmos\u00a0 (din \u201eanticosmon”), care este cu totul \u00een afara posibilit\u0103\u0163ilor noastre de observa\u0163ie. Dac\u0103, \u00een unele zone, \u00eentr-un oarecare mod, o foarte mic\u0103 parte din antimateria presupus\u0103 a constitui Anticosmosul, str\u0103bate \u00een Cosmos, aceasta ar putea produce (sau explica?) fenomenele care au loc \u00een prezent \u00een galaxiile Messier 87 \u015fi Leb\u0103da A. Aceasta \u00eens\u0103, deocamdat\u0103 este considerat\u0103 pur\u0103 fantezie. Dar, oare, cu 24 de secole \u00een urm\u0103, ideile lui Democrit asupra atomilor nu erau doar o simpl\u0103 fantezie?<\/p>\n

Cum ar putea fi separate materia \u015fi antimateria, pentru a nu se anihila?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chiar dac\u0103 se admite c\u0103 ar exista dou\u0103 sisteme (Univers \u015fi Antiunivers), cum s-ar putea preveni cu cele dou\u0103 forme s\u0103 nu se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103, s\u0103 nu se anihileze reciproc? \u00cenc\u0103 nu exist\u0103 o p\u0103rere unanim\u0103. Fizicianul O. Klein sus\u0163ine c\u0103 materia \u015fi antimateria pot fi \u0163inute separat printr-un strat foarte fierbinte, care s-ar forma \u00eentre zonele de separare dintre ele. Stratul fierbinte ar fi produs de reac\u0163iile de anihilare \u00eentre particulele \u015fi antiparticulele care se \u00eent\u00eelnesc la zona de separare.<\/p>\n

Ipoteza lui O. Klein ne pune \u00een fa\u0163a posibilitatea ca antilumile s\u0103 fie \u00eentr-adev\u0103r vecinii no\u015ftri, astronomic vorbind. Deci nu ar putea fi exclus\u0103 posibilitatea ca Nebuloasa Andromeda, cea mai apropiat\u0103 galaxie, sau chiar unele stele din Galaxia noastr\u0103 s\u0103 fie compuse din antimaterie. Privind stelele de pe cer, cum am putea spune care sunt din materie \u015fi care din antimaterie? Un corp compus din antimaterie va emite exact acela\u015fi spectru ca un corp compus din materie Deci, prin observa\u0163ii spectroscopice este imposibil de dat un r\u0103spuns.<\/p>\n

Materia a c\u00e2\u015ftigat lupta cu antimateria?<\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 ipotez\u0103 asupra materiei \u015fi antimateriei \u00een univers, sus\u0163inut\u0103 de I. Pati \u015fi A. Salam porne\u015fte de la ideea c\u0103, la \u00eenceput, dup\u0103 \u201eMarea explozie” (Big Bang) amestecul de materie \u015fi antimaterie ar fi fost de un miliard de ori mai mare dec\u00e2t materia care a supravie\u0163uit; restul ar fi disp\u0103rut prin anihilare reciproc\u0103. Cum aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 presupune c\u0103 toat\u0103 antimateria ar fi fost anihilat\u0103, \u00een favoarea materiei, a fost dat\u0103 o explica\u0163ie \u015fi anume c\u0103 la foarte scurt timp, \u00een urma \u201eMarii explozii”, ar fi existat \u201eruperi de simetrie” \u00een formarea particulelor \u015fi antiparticulelor, care, simplu vorbind, ar fi dus la o superioritate a materiei. Deci, \u00eentocmai ca \u00eentr-un calcul de sc\u0103dere aritmetic, \u00een urma anihil\u0103rilor la nivelul Universului, a c\u00ee\u015ftigat materia. Poate de aceea Universul este at\u00e2t de \u201erar” \u00een aglomer\u0103ri de substan\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n

Sus\u0163in\u0103torii acestei ipoteze g\u0103sesc f\u0103r\u0103 sens c\u0103utarea \u00een Univers a antimateriei. Pentru ei departajarea a fost definitiv\u0103, \u00een sensul c\u0103 \u00een Univers exist\u0103 numai materie. Tot \u00een cadrul acestei ipoteze, dac\u0103 se accept\u0103 teoria Universului pulsatoriu, \u00een care materia Universului va fi adus\u0103 din nou la o form\u0103 simpl\u0103, dup\u0103 \u00eencetarea expansiunii, \u00eenainte de o nou\u0103 \u201eMare explozie”, nu se poate prevedea \u00een favoarea cui se va produce o nou\u0103 \u201erupere de simetrie”: a materiei sau a antimateriei.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Acum mai bine de un an, scriam un articol despre antimaterie (https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/antimateria-mit-sau-realitate\/) Acest articol era doar o sintez\u0103 al unuia mult mai cuprinz\u0103tor, pe care-l prezint acum, \u015fi care, cu siguran\u0163\u0103, o s\u0103 le plac celor pasiona\u0163i de subiect. La … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[2552,2553,344,2555,346,2027,347,348,1367,345,2554,9803,1087],"class_list":["post-9100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-antiatomi","tag-antielectroni","tag-antimaterie","tag-antiprotoni","tag-atomi","tag-big-bang","tag-electroni","tag-fizica","tag-gravitatie","tag-materie","tag-protoni","tag-stiinta","tag-univers"],"yoast_head":"\nAntimateria: o enigm\u0103 greu de descifrat - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/antimateria-o-enigma-greu-de-descifrat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Antimateria: o enigm\u0103 greu de descifrat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Acum mai bine de un an, scriam un articol despre antimaterie (https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/antimateria-mit-sau-realitate\/) Acest articol era doar o sintez\u0103 al unuia mult mai cuprinz\u0103tor, pe care-l prezint acum, \u015fi care, cu siguran\u0163\u0103, o s\u0103 le plac celor pasiona\u0163i de subiect. 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