{"id":90808,"date":"2024-05-21T09:49:05","date_gmt":"2024-05-21T06:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=90808"},"modified":"2024-05-21T09:49:05","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T06:49:05","slug":"crima-lui-ptolemeu-cum-celebrul-astronom-egiptean-din-sec-ii-d-hr-adept-al-geocentrismului-a-intarziat-astronomia-moderna-cu-15-secole","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/crima-lui-ptolemeu-cum-celebrul-astronom-egiptean-din-sec-ii-d-hr-adept-al-geocentrismului-a-intarziat-astronomia-moderna-cu-15-secole\/","title":{"rendered":"„Crima lui Ptolemeu”: cum celebrul astronom egiptean din sec. II d.Hr., adept al geocentrismului, a \u00eent\u00e2rziat astronomia modern\u0103 cu 15 secole…"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Imagine generata de Microsoft AI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ptolemeu, celebrul astronom \u015fi matematician egiptean, care a tr\u0103it \u00een Alexandria \u00een secolul al II-lea d.Hr., pretindea c\u0103 ar fi observat evenimentele astronomice pe care le anun\u0163a. \u00cen realitate, el le-ar fi calculat pe baza teoriei unui precursor, care sus\u0163inea c\u0103 Soarele se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul P\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Falsul s\u0103u a costat astronomia 15 secole de \u00eent\u00e2rziere!<\/p>\n

„Crima lui Ptolemeu”<\/em><\/strong> – acesta este \u015focantul titlu al unei c\u0103r\u0163i ap\u0103rute \u00een 1977 \u00een SUA, scris\u0103 de astronomul american Robert R. Newton din Baltimore. \u00cen aceast\u0103 lucrare, autorul construie\u0219te pe parcursul a 412 pagini un adev\u0103rat act de acuzare \u00eempotriva lui Ptolemeu, pun\u00e2ndu-i sub semnul \u00eendoielii gloria de astronom care a durat tot Evul Mediu \u015fi chiar \u00een Rena\u015ftere.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum este cunoscut, Ptolemeu este autorul teoriei geocentrice potrivit c\u0103reia P\u0103m\u00e2ntul este centrul Universului, iar toate corpurile cosmice, inclusiv Soarele \u0219i Luna, se \u00eenv\u00e2rtesc \u00een jurul lui. Mai t\u00e2rziu, teoria lui Ptolemeu a fost infirmat\u0103 de studiile lui Copernic, Kepler, Galilei \u015fi Newton.<\/p>\n

Despre via\u0163a \u015fi activitatea acestuia nu exist\u0103 dec\u00e2t o singur\u0103 informa\u0163ie oarecum cert\u0103, aceea c\u0103 observa\u0163iile sale au fost f\u0103cute \u00een ora\u015ful Alexandria (Egipt) \u00eentre anii 127 d.Hr. \u015fi 151 d.Hr., deci timp de 24 de ani. A supravie\u0163uit \u00eens\u0103 opera sa „Compozi\u0163ia matematic\u0103”<\/em><\/strong>, un studiu de sintez\u0103 al astronomiei vechi, cunoscut\u0103 sub numele arab de „Almagesta”<\/em><\/strong>. Din aceast\u0103 lucrare, ca \u015fi din relat\u0103rile indirecte ale lui Plutarh, afl\u0103m c\u0103 pentru astronomul Hipparc, la fel ca \u015fi pentru Ptolemeu, P\u0103m\u00e2ntul era de structur\u0103 geometric\u0103, iar legile lui erau impuse de legile geometriei pure. Mi\u015fcarea corpurilor celeste era asimilat\u0103 cu mi\u015fcarea unui imens mecanism de ceasornic, al c\u0103rui pivot central era P\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Soarele, Luna, planetele interioare (Mercur \u0219i Venus), planetele exterioare – atunci cunoscute – Marte, Jupiter \u0219i Saturn descriau orbite comandate de dispunerea lor geometric\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ptolemeu a adoptat ipoteza zis\u0103 a „epiciclurilor”, cu o variant\u0103 – a „excentricului” – echivalent\u0103 \u00een final cu prima printr-o rela\u0163ie foarte simpl\u0103: ipoteza fixa planeta pe o circumferin\u0163\u0103 ce se \u00eenv\u00e2rtea cu o mi\u015fcare uniform\u0103, \u00een timp ce centrul acestei circumferin\u0163e descria, cu o mi\u015fcare la fel de uniform\u0103, o alt\u0103 circumferin\u0163\u0103, \u00een care P\u0103m\u00eentul ocupa fie locul central – \u00een cazul epiciclurilor – fie o pozi\u0163ie excentric\u0103 – \u00een cazul excentricului. Totul sem\u0103na cu un mecanism de ceasornic, \u00een care ro\u0163ile alunec\u0103 unele peste altele printr-un sistem de din\u0163i, mi\u015fcarea aparent\u0103 rezultat\u0103 din raportul planet\u0103-P\u0103m\u00e2nt, red\u00e2nd \u00een mare mi\u015fc\u0103rile observate \u00een realitatea astronomic\u0103, de avansare \u0219i retragere alternativ\u0103 a planetelor, mi\u0219c\u0103ri care au intrigat at\u00e2t de mult pe cei din vechime Acest sistem s-a impus multe sute de ani \u00een total, ipoteza rezist\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la Copernic, via Ptolemeu.<\/p>\n

Se pune \u00eens\u0103 \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 mijloacele de observare astronomic\u0103 existente \u00een antichitate erau at\u00e2t de rudimentare \u015fi imperfecte \u00eenc\u00e2t aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, at\u00e2t de simpl\u0103 ast\u0103zi – diferen\u0163ele dintre mi\u015fcarea teoretic\u0103 \u015fi mi\u015fcarea real\u0103 a planetelor – nu a putut fi elucidat\u0103. Astronomul american Robert Newton nu accept\u0103 acest argument. Mai mult chiar, el sus\u0163ine c\u0103 Ptolemeu a falsificat inten\u0163ionat cifrele lui Hipparc, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 se integreze in sistemul s\u0103u. Un exemplu: Ptolemeu a observat la Alexandria, unde \u015fi-a desf\u0103\u015furat activitatea, c\u0103 echinoc\u0163iul de toamn\u0103 din anul 132 a avut loc la 25 septembrie, ora 14, ora local\u0103. Or, calcularea cu ordinatorul a relevat c\u0103, de fapt, echinoc\u0163iul de toamn\u0103 din 132 a avut loc la Alexandria la 24 septembrie, ora 9,54 diminea\u0163a, deci aproape cu o zi \u00eenainte de pretinsa observa\u0163ie a lui Ptolemeu. Ceea ce este mai mult dec\u00e2t suspect, \u00eentruc\u00e2t eroarea pe care o puteau s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fi mijloacele de observa\u0163ie ale epocii nu putea dep\u0103\u015fi o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103.<\/p>\n

Robert Newton a cercetat sistematic toate cifrele cuprinse \u00een „Almagesta”<\/em><\/strong>: mi\u015fcarea Soarelui pe zodiac, precizia echinoc\u0163iunilor, fazele Lunii \u015fi ciclul eclipselor de Lun\u0103 etc. Majoritatea valorilor date sunt false; din 31 de observa\u0163ii pe care Ptolemeu pretinde c\u0103 le-a f\u0103cut el \u00eensu\u015fi, cel pu\u0163in 26 au fost „fabricate”, iar din cele 38 de observa\u0163ii pe care le atribuie unor astronomi anteriori, cel pu\u0163in 13 sunt trucate pentru a putea fi integrate \u00een model. Robert Newton afirm\u0103 c\u0103 Ptolemeu era un astronom slab, absorbit de numeroasele sale scrieri, fiind, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, \u015fi foarte influen\u0163at de \u015fcoala decadent\u0103 din Alexandria. De fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd Ptolemeu afirma c\u0103 a efectuat observa\u0163iile la ora 12 ziua (c\u00e2nd Soarele atinge deasupra Alexandriei momentul culminant) valorile indicate sunt \u00een realitate cele corespunz\u0103toare orei 12:30. O jum\u0103tate de or\u0103 de eroare sistematic\u0103, comis\u0103 printr-o observa\u0163ie gre\u015fit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Este sau nu vinovat Ptolemeu?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ptolemeu, celebrul astronom \u015fi matematician egiptean, care a tr\u0103it \u00een Alexandria \u00een secolul al II-lea d.Hr., pretindea c\u0103 ar fi observat evenimentele astronomice pe care le anun\u0163a. \u00cen realitate, el le-ar fi calculat pe baza teoriei unui precursor, care sus\u0163inea … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":90810,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11039],"tags":[1772,3063,102,8975,1103,3031,11772,3604,386,124,154,1283,1751,731,157,149,156,2708,808,105,299,2595,481,155,865,23,1029,1095],"class_list":["post-90808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomie","tag-alexandria","tag-astronom","tag-astronomie","tag-baltimore","tag-carte","tag-copernic","tag-echinoctiu","tag-eclipsa-de-luna","tag-egipt","tag-evul-mediu","tag-galileo-galilei","tag-geocentrism","tag-geometrie","tag-jupiter","tag-kepler","tag-luna","tag-marte","tag-mercur","tag-newton","tag-pamant","tag-planete","tag-ptolemeu","tag-renastere","tag-saturn","tag-soare","tag-sua","tag-venus","tag-zodiac","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\n"Crima lui Ptolemeu": cum celebrul astronom egiptean din sec. 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