{"id":87284,"date":"2023-08-05T18:09:36","date_gmt":"2023-08-05T15:09:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=87284"},"modified":"2023-08-05T18:10:29","modified_gmt":"2023-08-05T15:10:29","slug":"suntem-singurii-in-univers-raspunsul-surprinzator-dat-acum-45-de-ani-de-oamenii-de-stiinta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/suntem-singurii-in-univers-raspunsul-surprinzator-dat-acum-45-de-ani-de-oamenii-de-stiinta\/","title":{"rendered":"„Suntem singuri \u00een Univers?” R\u0103spunsul surprinz\u0103tor dat acum 45 de ani de oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Imagine:<\/strong> pixabay.com<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

R\u0103sfoind presa str\u0103in\u0103 a anilor ’70 pe subiectul „extratere\u015ftri”, am dat de un articol din cotidianul francez „L’Express”<\/em><\/strong> din anul 1978. Articolul se numea „Suntem singurii vie\u0163uitori \u00een Univers?”<\/strong> \u015fi ar fi foarte interesant de urm\u0103rit opinia public\u0103 de acum 45 de ani pe acest subiect. Citez din articol:<\/p>\n

– Suntem singuri \u00een Univers? Nu – r\u0103spunde majoritatea oamenilor de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103. Pentru ei \u00eens\u0103, via\u0163a, inteligen\u0163a extraterestr\u0103 nu sunt sinonime cu OZN-urile \u015fi cu omule\u0163ii verzi sau alba\u015ftri din romanele SF. R\u0103spunsul la aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare ei \u00eel caut\u0103 cercet\u00e2nd stele aflate la zeci, sute \u015fi mii de ani lumin\u0103 de Terra, stele care sunt \u00een num\u0103r de sute de miliarde numai \u00een galaxia noastr\u0103. Oare exist\u0103 via\u0163\u0103 \u00een cortegiile planetare ale acestor stele? Au ap\u0103rut oare \u00een evolu\u0163ia lor fiin\u0163e dotate cu inteligen\u0163\u0103? Trimit ele \u00een spa\u0163iu semnale radio pe care le-am putea capta? Vom fi oare capabili s\u0103 descifr\u0103m aceste mesaje?<\/p>\n

– Din avalan\u015fa de \u00eentreb\u0103ri, una singur\u0103 poate constitui obiectul unor analize \u015ftiin\u0163ifice serioase: originea vie\u0163ii. Cercet\u0103rile asupra vie\u0163ii extraterestre au \u015fi \u00eenceput pe Marte, odat\u0103 cu opera\u0163iunile sondelor americane „Viking”. Dup\u0103 c\u00e2t se pare, deocamdat\u0103, ele nu au dus la rezultatul a\u015fteptat. Un r\u0103spuns, cel pu\u0163in par\u0163ial, la aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare s-ar putea g\u0103si \u00een interiorul meteori\u0163ilor foarte rari care „aduc” pe Terra o serie de informa\u0163ii asupra a ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een sistemul solar \u00een urm\u0103 cu 4 miliarde \u015fi jum\u0103tate de ani, pe vremea c\u00e2nd se formau P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u015fi celelalte planete. Doi din ace\u015fti meteori\u0163i au fost repera\u0163i \u00een Antarctica de o expedi\u0163ie americano-japonez\u0103, condus\u0103 de prof. William Cassidy, de la Universitatea din Pittsburg. Resturile lor au fost adunate cu mijloace sterile \u015fi depozitate cu mult\u0103 grij\u0103 \u00een saci protectori speciali. Poate c\u0103 nici chiar astronau\u0163ii din cadrul programului „Apollo” nu au manipulat cu mai mult\u0103 grij\u0103 e\u015fantioanele lor selenare…<\/p>\n

– Meteori\u0163ii profesorului Cassidy sunt \u00eens\u0103 mult mai pre\u0163io\u015fi dec\u00e2t pietrele de pe Lun\u0103. Ei vor permite probabil confirmarea sau infirmarea unei noi teorii, elaborate \u00een ultimele luni: evolu\u0163ia c\u0103tre via\u0163\u0103 a \u00eenceput \u00een afara Terrei, \u00een imen\u015fii nori de praf \u015fi de gaz interstelar, \u00eenainte chiar de na\u015fterea sistemului solar.<\/p>\n

– \u00cen urm\u0103 cu 10 ani (1968 – n.a.<\/em>), „scenariul” apari\u0163iei vie\u0163ii p\u0103rea pe deplin clarificat. „Decorul” \u00eel constituia foarte t\u00e2n\u0103ra Terra, acoperit\u0103 de vulcani, eman\u00e2nd o atmosfer\u0103 irespirabil\u0103 de vapori de ap\u0103, de amoniac \u015fi de metan. „Actorii” – razele cosmice, razele ultraviolete ale Soarelui, fulgerele unor furtuni imense, provoc\u00e2nd \u00een atmosfera terestr\u0103 o adev\u0103rat\u0103 cascad\u0103 de reac\u0163ii chimice. Pe aceast\u0103 cale s-ar fi format „c\u0103r\u0103mizile” elementare ale vie\u0163ii: aminoacizii, elemente constitutive ale proteinelor, \u015fi acizii nucleici, din care sunt constituite genele noastre. Aceste molecule s-ar fi concentrat treptat \u00een m\u0103ri, form\u00e2nd acolo o adev\u0103rat\u0103 „solu\u0163ie prebiotic\u0103”.<\/p>\n

– Pe urm\u0103, „hazardul \u015fi necesitatea” ar fi determinat apari\u0163ia primelor structuri vii – \u00eendep\u0103rta\u0163ii no\u015ftri „str\u0103mo\u015fi”. Acest scenariu a fost avansat \u00een 1936 de un savant sovietic, A. Oparin. Prima lui etap\u0103 – crearea unei „solu\u0163ii prebiotice” – a fost simulat\u0103 \u00een laborator, \u00een 1952, de doi cercet\u0103tori americani. Pe vremea aceea, ipoteza unei origini extraterestre a vie\u0163ii ap\u0103rea drept o erezie. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 au fost descoperite substan\u0163e organice \u00een mai mul\u0163i meteori\u0163i. \u00cen cel mai celebru din ace\u015fti meteori\u0163i – c\u0103zut \u00een Fran\u0163a, la Tarnet-Garonne \u00een 1864 – au fost observate chiar inser\u0163ii sub form\u0103 de celule. Ele se datorau \u00eens\u0103 foarte probabil unei contamin\u0103ri a meteoritului cu microorganisme terestre. Oricum \u00eens\u0103, moleculele organice ale meteori\u0163ilor ap\u0103reau ca neav\u00e2nd nicio leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu originea vie\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

– Se poate imagina surpriza general\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd astronomii au \u00eenceput, \u00een 1968, s\u0103 descopere \u00een spa\u0163iile interstelare molecule importante pentru evolu\u0163ia spre via\u0163\u0103. Cum puteau s\u0103 se formeze \u00een s\u00e2nul norilor galactici molecule de ap\u0103, amoniac, acid formic, acid cianhidric – pentru a nu cita dec\u00e2t c\u00e2teva din cele 40 de componente observate p\u00e2n\u0103 la ora actual\u0103? De la o lun\u0103 la alta se descoper\u0103 noi \u015fi noi molecule din ce \u00een ce mai complexe. Reperarea \u00een spa\u0163iu a unui aminoacid nu este, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, dec\u00e2t o chestiune de timp. Din punct de vedere cantitativ, materia organic\u0103 extraterestr\u0103 este colosal de abundent\u0103: norul Sagittarius B2, situat la 30.000 de ani lumin\u0103 de Terra, \u00een apropiere de centrul galaxiei, con\u0163ine, \u00een total, o mas\u0103 de alcool etilic comparabil\u0103 cu cea din Soare.<\/p>\n

– Ce rol au jucat moleculele din spa\u0163iu \u00een apari\u0163ia vie\u0163ii? Cercet\u0103rile asupra meteori\u0163ilor sunt deci cu at\u00e2t mai importante, cu c\u00e2t se pare c\u0103 pot oferi un r\u0103spuns la aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare deosebit de important\u0103. \u00cenc\u0103 de pe acum, nu mai exist\u0103 niciun dubiu asupra caracterului extraterestru al moleculelor organice descoperite \u00een meteori\u0163i. Un meteorit c\u0103zut \u00een Australia, la 28 septembrie 1969, nu departe de ora\u015ful Murchinson, a fost cules de\u00eendat\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 ajung\u0103 s\u0103 fie contaminat de mediul terestru. Echipa profesorului Pennamperum a a descoperit \u00een acesta aminoacizi care se deosebeau de cei specifici organismelor de pe planeta noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n

– Din nefericire, majoritatea meteori\u0163ilor nu sunt scuti\u0163i de contaminare. Meteoritul de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Murchinson a fost chiar singurul necontaminat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een momentul descoperirilor recente din Antarctica. Profesorul Cassidy \u0219i-a dat seama de interesul pe care il prezint\u0103 anumite regiuni antarctice pentru colectarea de meteori\u0163i, \u00een anul 1976-1977. Imediat dup\u0103 c\u0103dere, meteori\u0163ii sunt acoperi\u0163i de z\u0103pad\u0103, apoi incorpora\u0163i \u00eentr-o crust\u0103 de ghea\u0163\u0103 practic steril\u0103. Astfel, ei sunt proteja\u0163i vreme de secole, de\u015fi r\u0103m\u00e2n vizibili prin ghea\u0163a care \u00eei acoper\u0103. \u00cen mai pu\u0163in de dou\u0103 luni, echipa profesorului Cassidy a descoperit 310 meteori\u0163i, \u00een apropierea v\u00e2rfului Allan Nunatak, la 200 km nord de baza de la Mc. Murdo.<\/p>\n

Fred Hoyle, celebrul astrofizician britanic, \u015fi confratele s\u0103u, Chandra Wickramansinghe, cred c\u0103 aceste „c\u0103r\u0103mizi” elementare de la temelia materiei vii se formeaz\u0103 prin condensare \u00een norii interstelari, la suprafa\u0163a unor mici gr\u0103un\u0163e de praf stelar. Incorporate \u00een meteori\u0163i sau comete, ele se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc apoi pe suprafa\u0163a planetelor cu ocazia coliziunilor cosmice. Materia prim\u0103 a „solu\u0163iei prebiotice” vine deci din spa\u0163iu. Wickramansinghe consider\u0103 chiar c\u0103 microorganismele vii sosesc direct din spa\u0163iu, dup\u0103 ce au evoluat \u00een mediul favorabil, bogat \u00een materie organic\u0103, al cometelor. Cei doi speciali\u015fti britanici nu ezit\u0103 s\u0103 afirme: „Norii moleculari sunt leag\u0103nul cel mai natural pentru via\u0163\u0103”<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 concluzie a lor este \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fit\u0103 \u015fi de profesorul sovietic Goldanski, care vede \u00een gr\u0103untele de praf interstelar „germenii \u00eenghe\u0163a\u0163i ai vie\u0163ii”<\/em>. Tocmai ace\u015fti germeni sunt c\u0103uta\u0163i \u00een meteori\u0163ii din Antarctica.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 acest „scenariu” se apropie de adev\u0103r, atunci via\u0163a trebuie s\u0103 fie extrem de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een galaxie. Poate chiar \u015fi civiliza\u0163iile extraterestre… Oare aceste civiliza\u0163ii nu vor putea s\u0103 descopere prezen\u0163a fiin\u0163elor p\u0103m\u00e2ntene? Trei cercet\u0103tori de la Universitatea din Washington r\u0103spund afirmativ la aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare: f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 vrem, lans\u0103m \u00een spa\u0163iu mesaje care spun: „noi suntem aici”. Aceste mesaje sunt purtate de emisiunile de televiziune \u015fi de undele radarelor. O civiliza\u0163ie extraterestr\u0103 cu un nivel tehnic comparabil cu al nostru ar putea s\u0103 le descopere \u00eentr-o bun\u0103 zi, de la o distan\u0163\u0103 de 250 de ani-lumin\u0103. \u015ei, analiz\u00e2ndu-le, ea va afla c\u0103 ele provin de la fiin\u0163e tr\u0103ind pe o planet\u0103 care efectueaz\u0103 o rota\u0163ie complet\u0103 \u00een jurul ei \u00een 24 de ore, iar \u00een jurul Soarelui – \u00een 365 de zile…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

R\u0103sfoind presa str\u0103in\u0103 a anilor ’70 pe subiectul „extratere\u015ftri”, am dat de un articol din cotidianul francez „L’Express” din anul 1978. Articolul se numea „Suntem singurii vie\u0163uitori \u00een Univers?” \u015fi ar fi foarte interesant de urm\u0103rit opinia public\u0103 de acum … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":87285,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11039],"tags":[4432,18443,8522,4402,1730,601,2990,5636,7113,102,139,7239,17525,1416,51,202,3890,433,2693,3711,1578,4724,149,156,1579,6086,8851,3595,1978,151,50,105,1514,299,6987,2478,186,2174,3417,865,8186,18444,1954,1087,2250,366,399,422,3530],"class_list":["post-87284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomie","tag-acid-cianhidric","tag-alcool-etilic","tag-aminoacizi","tag-amoniac","tag-antarctica","tag-apa","tag-apollo","tag-astrofizician","tag-astronauti","tag-astronomie","tag-australia","tag-celule","tag-civilizatie-extraterestra","tag-comete","tag-extraterestri","tag-franta","tag-fred-hoyle","tag-galaxie","tag-gaze","tag-gene","tag-gheata","tag-laborator","tag-luna","tag-marte","tag-metan","tag-meteoriti","tag-microorganisme","tag-molecule","tag-nori","tag-oras","tag-ozn","tag-pamant","tag-piatra","tag-planete","tag-praf","tag-profesor","tag-proteine","tag-sf","tag-sistem-solar","tag-soare","tag-sonda-spatiala","tag-televizune","tag-ultraviolete","tag-univers","tag-universitate","tag-viata","tag-vulcani","tag-washington","tag-zapada","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\n"Suntem singuri \u00een Univers?" 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