{"id":86943,"date":"2023-07-05T15:26:59","date_gmt":"2023-07-05T12:26:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=86943"},"modified":"2023-07-05T15:26:59","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T12:26:59","slug":"ce-mancau-oamenii-in-epoca-de-piatra-frunze-fructe-ierburi-radacini-melci-scoici-viermi-omide-insecte-soparle-soareci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ce-mancau-oamenii-in-epoca-de-piatra-frunze-fructe-ierburi-radacini-melci-scoici-viermi-omide-insecte-soparle-soareci\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce m\u00e2ncau oamenii \u00een epoca de piatr\u0103? Frunze, fructe, ierburi, r\u0103d\u0103cini, melci, scoici, viermi, omide, insecte, \u015fop\u00e2rle, \u015foareci…"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Istoria modului de alimenta\u0163ie al oamenilor cunoa\u015fte un drum lung \u015fi anevoios, dominat de c\u0103utarea unei hrane din ce \u00een ce mai bune, mai nutritive, mai savuroase. Primii oameni m\u00e2ncau – ca \u015fi animalele din jurul lor – frunze, fructe s\u0103lbatice, ierburi, tuberculi, r\u0103d\u0103cini. La \u00eenceput \u00een stare crud\u0103. Mai t\u00e2rziu, printr-un proces de selec\u0163ie succesiv\u0103, omul a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at s\u0103 le prepare prin macerare, fierbere, frigere sau s\u0103 fac\u0103 diferite amestecuri. Plantele utilizate de str\u0103mo\u015fii no\u015ftri erau foarte numeroase; dup\u0103 unele calcule cifra lor trecea de 700. G\u0103sim printre ele unele care se consum\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi \u00een aceea\u015fi form\u0103 (m\u0103cie\u015f, zmeur\u0103, mure); altele, care din s\u0103lbatice au fost transformate \u00een plante cultivate (mere, pere, prune, cire\u015fi).<\/p>\n

Printre vegetale oamenii au descoperit de timpuriu marea valoare alimentar\u0103 a gramineelor \u015fi u\u015furin\u0163a cu care acestea pot fi conservate, spre deosebire de alte plante care nu se p\u0103strau dec\u00e2t un timp scurt. Speciile cu boabe mari au fost primele care au intrat \u00een favoarea oamenilor preistorici; \u00een Europa, glyceria sau festuca fluitans, graminee asem\u0103n\u0103toare meiului, a fost cea dint\u00e2i specie de cereale m\u00e2ncat\u0103 de oameni. Ele se mai consum\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi \u00een unele \u0163\u0103ri, fiind preferate meiului, care-i mai amar. Mai t\u00e2rziu, au intrat \u00een alimenta\u0163ie specii primitive de secar\u0103, ov\u0103z \u015fi mei. \u00cen America, prima graminee <\/span>recoltat\u0103 <\/span>a <\/span>fost <\/span>orzul <\/span>s\u0103lbatic.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n <\/span>afara <\/span>vegetalelor, <\/span>care <\/span>predo<\/span>minau <\/span>\u00een <\/span>alimenta\u0163ia <\/span>omului <\/span>din <\/span>paleolitic, <\/span>se <\/span>consumau <\/span>melci, <\/span>scoici, <\/span>viermi, <\/span>omide, <\/span>insecte, <\/span>animale <\/span>mici (<\/span>\u015fop\u00e2rle, <\/span>\u015foareci). <\/span>Animalele <\/span>mari (<\/span>elefan\u0163i, <\/span>mamu\u0163i, <\/span>rinoceri, <\/span>ur\u015fi <\/span>cenu\u015fii, <\/span>elani, <\/span>bi<\/span>zoni) <\/span>erau <\/span>greu <\/span>de <\/span>v\u00e2nat <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>ca <\/span>atare <\/span>nu <\/span>erau <\/span>m\u00e2ncate <\/span>dec\u00e2t <\/span>\u00een <\/span>mod <\/span>\u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor. <\/span>Calul <\/span>s\u0103lbatic <\/span>era <\/span>\u00eens\u0103 <\/span>adesea <\/span>v\u00e2nat <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>m\u00e2ncat. <\/span>S\u00e2ngele <\/span>animalelor <\/span>se <\/span>bea <\/span>cald <\/span>\u00een <\/span>mod <\/span>frecvent, <\/span>iar <\/span>\u00een <\/span>vremuri <\/span>de <\/span>abunden\u0163\u0103 <\/span>nu <\/span>se <\/span>consumau <\/span>dec\u00e2t <\/span>anumite <\/span>p\u0103r\u0163i, <\/span>mai <\/span>ales <\/span>creierul, <\/span>m\u0103duva <\/span>oaselor, <\/span>ficatul. <\/span>Carnea <\/span>era <\/span>m\u00e2ncat\u0103 <\/span>crud\u0103 <\/span>sau <\/span>fript\u0103 <\/span>la <\/span>frigare <\/span>ori <\/span>pe <\/span>pietre <\/span>fierbin\u0163i, <\/span>iar <\/span>mai <\/span>t\u00e2rziu <\/span>fiart\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arta <\/span>condiment\u0103rii <\/span>a <\/span>ap\u0103rut <\/span>\u00eenc\u0103 <\/span>din <\/span>paleolitic, <\/span>marc\u00e2nd <\/span>o <\/span>etap\u0103 <\/span>\u00een <\/span>dezvoltarea <\/span>civiliza\u0163iei; <\/span>ea <\/span>presupunea <\/span>un <\/span>anumit <\/span>rafina<\/span>ment <\/span>al <\/span>sim\u0163urilor. <\/span>Asezonarea <\/span>alimentelor <\/span>se <\/span>f\u0103cea <\/span>mai <\/span>\u00eent\u00e2i <\/span>cu <\/span>cenu\u015f\u0103, <\/span>apoi <\/span>cu <\/span>sare, <\/span>drept <\/span>condi<\/span>mente <\/span>folosindu-se <\/span>usturoi, <\/span>mu\u015f<\/span>tar, <\/span>unti\u015for <\/span>de <\/span>ap\u0103 (<\/span>creson), <\/span>chi<\/span>men <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>alte <\/span>c\u00e2teva <\/span>plante <\/span>aromate. <\/span>Pentru <\/span>\u00eendulcire, <\/span>buc\u0103tarii <\/span>din <\/span>paleolitic <\/span>\u00eentrebuin\u0163au <\/span>seva <\/span>de <\/span>ar\u0163ar <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>mesteac\u0103n, <\/span>precum <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>mierea <\/span>s\u0103lbatic\u0103. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen <\/span>perioada <\/span>neolitic\u0103, <\/span>o<\/span>dat\u0103 <\/span>cu <\/span>\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea <\/span>condi\u0163iilor <\/span>de <\/span>via\u0163\u0103 (<\/span>\u00eendulcirea <\/span>climatului <\/span>etc.) <\/span>hrana <\/span>oamenilor <\/span>a <\/span>devenit <\/span>mai <\/span>substan\u0163ial\u0103. <\/span>Perfec\u0163ionarea <\/span>arme<\/span>lor <\/span>de <\/span>v\u00e2n\u0103toare <\/span>a <\/span>dus <\/span>la <\/span>intro<\/span>ducerea <\/span>pe <\/span>scar\u0103 <\/span>larg\u0103 <\/span>a <\/span>c\u0103rnii <\/span>\u00een <\/span>alimenta\u0163ie. <\/span>Cur\u00e2nd, <\/span>oamenii <\/span>din <\/span>neolitic <\/span>devin <\/span>agricultori <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>acest <\/span>fapt <\/span>este <\/span>un <\/span>eveniment <\/span>ca<\/span>pital <\/span>\u00een <\/span>istoria <\/span>umanit\u0103\u0163ii. <\/span>Primele <\/span>\u00eencerc\u0103ri <\/span>de <\/span>cultur\u0103 <\/span>dateaz\u0103 de la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul paleoliticului. \u00cen Fran\u0163a, \u00een localitatea Mas-d\u2019Azil, s-au descoperit cele mai vechi resturi de gr\u00e2u \u015fi orz, conservate \u00een oale de lut. <\/span><\/p>\n

Apar \u015fi alte alimente noi. Plantelor vechi li se adaug\u0103 \u00een Europa c\u00e2teva specii ca lintea \u015fi bobul; printre fructe se ivesc strugurii. \u00een ce prive\u015fte prepararea culinar\u0103, se observ\u0103 un v\u0103dit progres. Fierberea, pu\u0163in utilizat\u0103 \u00een paleolitic, ajunge acum la loc de cinste. Apar astfel supele \u015fi sosurile. Un factor care a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163it alimenta\u0163ia omului din neolitic a fost descoperirea metodelor de m\u0103cinare a gr\u00e2ului. La \u00eenceput gospodinele preistorice pr\u0103jeau gr\u0103un\u0163ele. Prin pr\u0103jire, coaja se desf\u0103cea u\u015for de miez \u015fi boabele puteau fi m\u0103cinate. Boabele m\u0103cinate puteau fi transformate \u00een uruial\u0103 – precursorul f\u0103inii. De la uruial\u0103 la aluat era numai un pas; pentru a-l face, au fost suficiente, se pare, doar una sau dou\u0103 duzini de genera\u0163ii de gospodine. <\/span><\/p>\n

S-a <\/span>ajuns <\/span>la <\/span>p\u00e2inea <\/span>nedospit\u0103, <\/span>care <\/span>consta <\/span>dintr-un <\/span>aluat <\/span>gro<\/span>solan, <\/span>greu, <\/span>foarte <\/span>umed. <\/span>Pen<\/span>tru <\/span>ca <\/span>s\u0103 <\/span>se <\/span>poat\u0103 <\/span>coace <\/span>mai <\/span>u\u015for, <\/span>acest <\/span>aluat <\/span>era <\/span>\u00eentins <\/span>cu <\/span>sucitorul <\/span>\u00een <\/span>chip <\/span>de <\/span>turt\u0103 <\/span>sub\u0163ire. <\/span>Aceast\u0103 <\/span>p\u00e2ine-lipie <\/span>nedospit\u0103 <\/span>este <\/span>m\u00e2ncat\u0103 <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>ast\u0103zi <\/span>de <\/span>unele <\/span>popoare <\/span>ale <\/span>lumii, <\/span>constituind <\/span>una <\/span>din <\/span>cele <\/span>mai <\/span>vechi <\/span>amintiri <\/span>ale <\/span>epocii <\/span>de <\/span>piatr\u0103. \u00ce<\/span>n <\/span>ce <\/span>prive\u015fte <\/span>p\u00e2inea <\/span>dospit\u0103, <\/span>aceasta <\/span>a <\/span>ap\u0103rut <\/span>\u00een <\/span>timpuri <\/span>foar<\/span>te <\/span>\u00eendep\u0103rtate, <\/span>av\u00e2nd <\/span>o <\/span>origine <\/span>comun\u0103 <\/span>cu cea a<\/span> berii.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen C<\/span>odul <\/span>lui <\/span>Hammurabi (<\/span>Babilon), <\/span>dat\u00e2nd <\/span>din <\/span>anul <\/span>2050<\/span> \u00ee.Hr., <\/span>dar <\/span>referindu-se <\/span>la <\/span>practici <\/span>mult <\/span>anterioare, <\/span>se <\/span>citeaz\u0103 <\/span>berea „<\/span>care <\/span>se <\/span>poate <\/span>m\u00e2n<\/span>ca”\u2018 <\/span>\u0219i <\/span>p\u00e2inea „<\/span>care <\/span>se <\/span>poate <\/span>bea”, <\/span>precum <\/span>\u0219i „<\/span>berea-mam\u0103” – <\/span>f\u0103r\u0103 <\/span>\u00eendoial\u0103 <\/span>dospeala <\/span>sau <\/span>pl\u0103m\u0103deala.<\/span><\/p>\n

Berea <\/span>nu <\/span>era <\/span>\u00eens\u0103 <\/span>singura <\/span>b\u0103u<\/span>tur\u0103 <\/span>a <\/span>popula\u0163iilor <\/span>primitive <\/span>din <\/span>neolitic. <\/span>Exista <\/span>o <\/span>mare <\/span>varietate <\/span>de <\/span>b\u0103uturi <\/span>fermentate <\/span>ob\u0163inute <\/span>din <\/span>fructe, <\/span>miere, <\/span>cereale, <\/span>sucuri <\/span>de <\/span>plante <\/span>etc. <\/span>Nu <\/span>se <\/span>cunoa\u015fte <\/span>precis <\/span>patria <\/span>vi\u0163ei <\/span>de <\/span>vie. <\/span>Cuv\u00e2ntul „<\/span>vin” <\/span>este <\/span>de <\/span>origine <\/span>sanscrit\u0103, <\/span>deriv\u00e2nd <\/span>din <\/span>vena,<\/span><\/em> a <\/span>c\u0103rui <\/span>r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 <\/span>ven<\/span><\/em> \u00eenseam<\/span>n\u0103: „<\/span>a <\/span>iubi, <\/span>a <\/span>dori” (<\/span>de <\/span>unde <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>numele <\/span>zei\u0163ei <\/span>Venus). \u00ce<\/span>n <\/span>grece\u015fte, <\/span>cuv\u00e2ntul <\/span>a <\/span>devenit <\/span>vinos,<\/span><\/em> \u00een <\/span>la<\/span>tin\u0103 <\/span>vinum,<\/span><\/em> iar <\/span>\u00een <\/span>limbile <\/span>anglo-<\/span>saxone <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>germanice <\/span>wein,<\/em> <\/span>wine.<\/span><\/em> Este <\/span>posibil <\/span>ca <\/span>vinul <\/span>s\u0103 <\/span>fi <\/span>fost <\/span>b\u0103ut <\/span>prima <\/span>oar\u0103 <\/span>\u00een <\/span>India; <\/span>\u00een <\/span>orice <\/span>caz <\/span>el <\/span>era <\/span>o <\/span>b\u0103utur\u0103 <\/span>agre<\/span>at\u0103 <\/span>de <\/span>asirieni <\/span>ca <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>de <\/span>babilo<\/span>nieni, <\/span>de <\/span>per\u015fi <\/span>\u015fi <\/span>de <\/span>egipteni. \u00ce<\/span>n <\/span>Egipt, <\/span>teascurile <\/span>de <\/span>vin <\/span>se <\/span>aflau <\/span>sub <\/span>ocrotirea <\/span>preo\u0163ilor, <\/span>consti<\/span>tuind <\/span>chiar <\/span>un <\/span>monopol <\/span>al <\/span>lor. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Istoria modului de alimenta\u0163ie al oamenilor cunoa\u015fte un drum lung \u015fi anevoios, dominat de c\u0103utarea unei hrane din ce \u00een ce mai bune, mai nutritive, mai savuroase. Primii oameni m\u00e2ncau – ca \u015fi animalele din jurul lor – frunze, fructe … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":86944,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[10,237,1654,1655,15046,240,779,1035,18400,18040,230,386,2039,931,341,3009,202,780,9230,3115,619,649,1532,17698,5029,778,18398,12887,8728,17769,18233,57,18399,8930,14128,2143,5585,2195,6045,275,12982,12205,7275,1964,9453,9290,351,10263,1766,3047,5765,543,1378],"class_list":["post-86943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-america","tag-animale","tag-babilon","tag-bere","tag-bizon","tag-cal","tag-carne","tag-cereale","tag-ciresi","tag-codul-lui-hammurabi","tag-creier","tag-egipt","tag-elefant","tag-epoca-de-piatra","tag-europa","tag-ficat","tag-franta","tag-fructe","tag-frunze","tag-iarba","tag-india","tag-insecte","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-linte","tag-mamut","tag-mancare","tag-mei","tag-melci","tag-mere","tag-mure","tag-neolitic","tag-oameni","tag-omide","tag-orz","tag-ovaz","tag-paine","tag-paleolitic","tag-pere","tag-plante","tag-preoti","tag-prune","tag-radacini","tag-rinocer","tag-sange","tag-scoici","tag-secara","tag-soareci","tag-soparle","tag-struguri","tag-urs","tag-viermi","tag-vin","tag-zmeura","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCe m\u00e2ncau oamenii \u00een epoca de piatr\u0103? 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