{"id":8588,"date":"2009-10-30T08:07:30","date_gmt":"2009-10-30T06:07:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=8588"},"modified":"2009-10-31T16:32:44","modified_gmt":"2009-10-31T14:32:44","slug":"afacerea-dreyfus-cazul-care-a-socat-franta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/afacerea-dreyfus-cazul-care-a-socat-franta\/","title":{"rendered":"Afacerea Dreyfus, cazul care a \u015focat Fran\u0163a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Dreyfus\"<\/a>Marie Basitian, femeie de serviciu la Ambasada German\u0103 din Paris \u00een 1894, era totodat\u0103 un agent de rang inferior \u00een cadrul Section de Statistiques et de Reconnaissances Militaires, o unitate de stat-major din cadrul Armatei Franceze preocupat\u0103 de spionajul \u015fi contraspionajul extern. Misiunea femeii era s\u0103-i trimit\u0103 intermediarului ei francez con\u0163inuturile co\u015furilor de h\u00e2rtii ale ambasadei. Printre documentele descoperite de ea s-a num\u0103rat o scrisoare \u00een care ofi\u0163erul principal de spionaj al ambasadei, locotenent colonelul Maximilien von Schwartzkoppen, se referea la planuri de r\u0103zboi ob\u0163inute de la \u201eacel tic\u0103los de D”.<\/p>\n

Apoi, \u00een septembrie 1894, \u015feful contraspionajului francez, colonelul Jean-Conrad Sandherr, a primit un borderou, sau un memorandum explicativ, scris de m\u00e2n\u0103 pe h\u00e2rtie transparent\u0103. El o primise de la ajutorul s\u0103u, maiorul Joseph Henry, ofi\u0163erul de leg\u0103tur\u0103 al lui Marie Basitian. Mai jos, \u00een traducere, este reprodus \u00eenceputul borderoului:<\/p>\n

Pentru c\u0103 nu mi-a\u0163i dat de \u015ftire c\u0103 a\u0163i dori s\u0103 ne \u00eent\u00e2lnim, v\u0103 trimit totu\u015fi, domnule, c\u00e2teva informa\u0163ii interesante:
\n1. O not\u0103 despre fr\u00e2na hidraulic\u0103 a [tunului de] 120 [milimetri] \u015fi despre modul \u00een care a func\u0163ionat piesa.
\n2. O not\u0103 despre trupele sub acoperire (unele modific\u0103ri vor fi introduse \u00een planul nou.)
\n3. O not\u0103 despre modificarea diviziilor de artilerie.
\n4. O not\u0103 despre Madagascar.
\n5. Ciorna manualului de tragere pentru artileria de c\u00e2mp (14 martie 1894).<\/em><\/p>\n

Ultimul document este extraordinar de greu de procurat \u015fi \u00eel voi avea la dispozi\u0163ie \u00een c\u00e2teva zile. Ministerul de R\u0103zboi a trimis un num\u0103r fix de copii regimentului, iar acesta este responsabil pentru ele. Fiecare ofi\u0163er aflat \u00een posesia unei copii trebuie s-o returneze dup\u0103 manevre. Dac\u0103, prin urmare, lua\u0163i din ea ceea ce v\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 \u015fi apoi o p\u0103stra\u0163i la dispozi\u0163ia mea, eu o voi cere. Asta \u00een caz c\u0103 nu dori\u0163i s\u0103 o copiez \u00een detaliu \u015fi s\u0103 v\u0103 trimit copia.
\nPlec la manevre”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cum a fost arestat evreul Dreyfus<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen diminea\u0163a zilei 15 octombrie 1894, c\u0103pitanul Alfred Dreyfus a intrat \u00een Ministerul de R\u0103zboi din Paris. Dreyfus, care era evreu, urmase Ecole Polytechnique \u00eenainte de a intra \u00een armat\u0103. La v\u00e2rsta de 35 de ani, p\u0103rea destinat unei cariere militare. \u00cens\u0103, dat fiind antisemitismul virulent din armata francez\u0103, se confrunta cu un obstacol dificil.<\/p>\n

I s-a dat ordinul enigmatic de a purta haine civile \u00een acea zi. Odat\u0103 ajuns la minister, a fost condus de un ofi\u0163er \u00een biroul \u015fefului de stat-major. Un ofi\u0163er s-a apropiat de Dreyfus \u015fi i-a spus: \u201eGeneralul ajunge \u00een cur\u00e2nd. \u00cen timp ce-l a\u015ftept\u0103m, eu am de redactat o scrisoare, dar m\u0103 doare degetul, a\u015fa c\u0103 n-ai vrea s-o scrii dumneata \u00een locul meu?”<\/em> Imediat ce Dreyfus a terminat de scris scrisoarea, ofi\u0163erul a aruncat o privire peste ea \u015fi apoi a strigat: \u201e\u00cen numele legii, te arestez! E\u015fti acuzat de \u00eenalt\u0103 tr\u0103dare!” <\/em>Dreyfus a fost dus imediat la \u00eenchisoare \u015fi plasat singur \u00eentr-o carcer\u0103. A\u015fa a \u00eenceput Afacerea Dreyfus, un scandal care a zguduit Fran\u0163a.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Alfred<\/a><\/strong>
Alfred Dreyfus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dreyfus judecat \u015fi condamnat la \u00eenchisoare pe via\u0163\u0103 pentru \u00eenalt\u0103 tr\u0103dare<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un tribunal militar l-a judecat pe Dreyfus \u00een spatele u\u015filor \u00eenchise \u00een decembrie 1894. Singura dovad\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui a fost acel borderou. Exper\u0163i cu o calificare dubioas\u0103 au depus m\u0103rturie c\u0103 Dreyfus scrisese borderoul, de\u015fi scrisul era diferit de monstra pe care Dreyfus o oferise f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u015ftie \u00een ziua arest\u0103rii sale.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 judecat\u0103, \u00een vreme ce judec\u0103torii cump\u0103neau verdictul, un ofi\u0163er de spionaj din cadrul Armatei Franceze le-a prezentat un dosar cu documente falsificate sau ambigue, adunate pentru a demonstra vina lui Dreyfus. Nici Dreyfus \u015fi nici avocatul s\u0103u nu \u015ftiau de acest dosar.<\/p>\n

Degradarea militar\u0103 a lui Dreyfus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Convin\u015fi de dosarul secret, judec\u0103torii l-au condamnat pe Dreyfus, pentru tr\u0103dare, la \u00eenchisoare pe via\u0163\u0103. Pe 5 ianuarie 1898, \u00een curtea interioar\u0103 a Colegiului Militar Francez, \u00een fa\u0163a a sute de solda\u0163i, Dreyfus a fost degradat oficial: butonii, insignele, decora\u0163iile \u015fi panglicile i-au fost smulse de pe uniform\u0103, iar sabia i-a a fost rupt\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103. Dreyfus a ridicat m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 \u015fi a strigat: \u201eJur \u015fi declar c\u0103 degrada\u0163i un om nevinovat. Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 Fran\u0163a!”<\/em><\/p>\n

A fost \u0163inut timp de o lun\u0103 \u00een Fran\u0163a, apoi trimis \u00een cunoscuta colonie de pe Insula Diavolului, \u00een Guyana Francez\u0103. \u00cen timpul co\u015fmarurilor avute \u00een celula sa solitar\u0103 el a strigat: \u201eSingura mea vin\u0103 e aceea de a m\u0103 fi n\u0103scut evreu.” <\/em>P\u0103rea destinat s\u0103 moar\u0103 pe insul\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cazul Dreyfus redeschis<\/strong><\/p>\n

La doi ani dup\u0103 degradarea lui Dreyfus, locotenent-colonel Georges Picquart a devenit \u015feful serviciului de spionaj din armat\u0103. Picquart a redeschis cazul, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu borderoul. Era convins c\u0103 b\u0103rbatul care scrisese borderoul era maiorul Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy, un veteran al armatei papale \u015fi al Legiunii Str\u0103ine Franceze care lucrase \u00een birourile statului-major traduc\u00e2nd documente din limba german\u0103. Picquart a adunat destule dovezi pentru a-l aduce pe Esterhazy \u00een fa\u0163a cur\u0163ii mar\u0163iale \u00een 1898. Acesta a fost achitat. Picquart a fost trimis \u00een Tunisia, iar mai t\u00e2rziu \u201el\u0103sat la vatr\u0103 pentru purtare nepotrivit\u0103 \u00een cadrul serviciului”.<\/em> Informa\u0163iile oficiale despre nevinov\u0103\u0163ia lui Dreyfus au dus la o opera\u0163iune de acoperire care a atins cele mai \u00eenalte niveluri ale armatei.<\/p>\n

Emile Zola acuz\u0103 armata de \u00eenscenare \u00een cazul lui Dreyfus<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1898, romancierul Emile Zola a scris J’Accuse<\/em>, o scrisoare deschis\u0103 c\u0103tre pre\u015fedintele francez, \u00een care acuza armata de \u00eenscenarea procesului lui Dreyfus. Tensiunea de la nivelul opiniei publice a crescut, cer\u00e2ndu-se reexaminarea cazului. Dreyfus a fost adus \u00eenapoi \u00een Fran\u0163a pentru un nou proces \u00een fa\u0163a cur\u0163ii\u00a0 mar\u0163iale. A doua sa condamnare pe baz\u0103 de dovezi falsificate a \u015focat Fran\u0163a, gener\u00e2nd organizarea de demonstra\u0163ii ce au avut drept rezultat iertarea sa de c\u0103tre Pre\u015fedintele Republicii. Esterhazy a fugit \u00een exil \u00een Anglia, unde ulterior a m\u0103rturisit c\u0103, fiind \u00eenglodat \u00een datorii, c\u00e2\u015ftigase bani spion\u00e2nd pentru Germania.<\/p>\n

Dreyfus a fost reprimit \u00een armat\u0103 \u00een 1906<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dreyfus a luptat pentru a fi reprimit \u00een armat\u0103, lucru pe care l-a ob\u0163inut \u00een 1906. I s-a acordat gradul de maior \u015fi a fost f\u0103cut cavaler al Legiunii de Onoare. S-a retras \u00een 1907, \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi-a oferit serviciile \u00een mod voluntar pe durata Primului R\u0103zboi Mondial. Fiul s\u0103u, Pierre, a fost c\u0103pitan de artilerie pe front \u015fi a fost decorat cu Crucea de R\u0103zboi.<\/p>\n

Afacerea Dreyfus: rezultatul antisemitismului francez<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afacerea Dreyfus a fr\u0103m\u00e2ntat Fran\u0163a mai mul\u0163i ani, demasc\u00e2nd antisemitismul care afectase \u00eentreaga na\u0163iune. \u00cen 1898, reac\u0163ion\u00e2nd la cazul Dreyfus, ziarul catolic La Croix du Midi<\/em> a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 bazele legitime ale antisemitismului reprezint\u0103: \u201eefortul francezului de a-\u015fi recuceri p\u0103m\u00e2ntul natal”<\/em>. \u00cen 2006, o ceremonie desf\u0103\u015furat\u0103 \u00een curtea \u00een care a fost degradat a marcat un secol de la reintegrarea lui Dreyfus \u00een r\u00e2ndurile armatei.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marie Basitian, femeie de serviciu la Ambasada German\u0103 din Paris \u00een 1894, era totodat\u0103 un agent de rang inferior \u00een cadrul Section de Statistiques et de Reconnaissances Militaires, o unitate de stat-major din cadrul Armatei Franceze preocupat\u0103 de spionajul \u015fi … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8590,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[70,2445,218,202,1532,1023],"class_list":["post-8588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-armata","tag-dreyfus","tag-evrei","tag-franta","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-spionaj","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nAfacerea Dreyfus, cazul care a \u015focat Fran\u0163a - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/afacerea-dreyfus-cazul-care-a-socat-franta\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Afacerea Dreyfus, cazul care a \u015focat Fran\u0163a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Marie Basitian, femeie de serviciu la Ambasada German\u0103 din Paris \u00een 1894, era totodat\u0103 un agent de rang inferior \u00een cadrul Section de Statistiques et de Reconnaissances Militaires, o unitate de stat-major din cadrul Armatei Franceze preocupat\u0103 de spionajul \u015fi ... 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