{"id":83411,"date":"2022-11-25T00:38:53","date_gmt":"2022-11-24T22:38:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=83411"},"modified":"2022-11-25T00:38:53","modified_gmt":"2022-11-24T22:38:53","slug":"cum-s-a-descoperit-misterul-liliecilor-ultrasunetele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-s-a-descoperit-misterul-liliecilor-ultrasunetele\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum s-a descoperit misterul liliecilor &#8211; ultrasunetele"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/liliac.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-83412\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/liliac.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"376\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/liliac.jpg 376w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/liliac-300x179.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/a>Liliecii tr\u0103iesc \u00een bezn\u0103 \u015fi nu-\u015fi p\u0103r\u0103sesc ad\u0103posturile dec\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd amurgul \u00eenv\u0103luie \u00een r\u0103coare \u015fi \u00eentuneric lumea exterioar\u0103. Cine nu i-a v\u0103zut zbur\u00e2nd ca ni\u015fte umbre, cu f\u00e2lf\u00e2iturile repezi ale aripilor \u015fi cu zgomot str\u0103b\u0103t\u00e2nd v\u0103zduhul \u00eenser\u0103rii? \u015ei c\u00e2\u0163i dintre aceia care i-au v\u0103zut nu \u015fi-au exprimat teama fa\u0163\u0103 de ei, femeile acoperindu-\u015fi \u00een grab\u0103 capul, ca nu cumva blestema\u0163ii de &#8222;\u015foareci \u00eenaripa\u0163i&#8221; s\u0103-\u015fi \u00eencurce aripile \u00een p\u0103rul lor&#8230; De ce tocmai animalele cu cel mai interesant fel de via\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 fie hulite \u015fi privite cu spaim\u0103? Liliecii c\u0103 nu au nimic de-a face cu \u015foarecii, iar deosebirea dintre lilieci \u015fi \u015foareci este de aceea\u015fi valoare ca \u015fi aceea dintre o oaie \u015fi o foc\u0103. Liliecii sunt singurele mamifere adaptate la zbor.<\/p>\n<p>Cu secole \u00een urm\u0103, oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi puneau deja \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 aceste mamifere v\u0103d \u00een \u00eentuneric sau dac\u0103 zborul lor \u00een timpul nop\u0163ii este c\u0103l\u0103uzit de un alt sim\u0163, necunoscut \u00eenc\u0103. Prin anul 1794, zoologul \u015fi fiziologul italian Lazzaro Spalanzani observ\u0103 c\u0103 dup\u0103 orbire un liliac se orienteaz\u0103 \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 \u00eentunecat\u0103 tot at\u00e2t de bine ca \u015fi atunci c\u00e2nd avea ochi; \u00een felul acesta, s-a demonstrat prima dat\u0103 c\u0103 sim\u0163ul vederii nu le ajut\u0103 liliecilor s\u0103 evite obstacolele din calea zborului lor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, astup\u00e2nd urechile unui liliac, s-a constatat un lucru uimitor: zborul a devenit nesigur, iar liliacul se izbea de toate obstacolele \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00een cale. Complexitatea problemei nu era \u00eens\u0103 l\u0103murit\u0103; se \u0219tia numai c\u0103 liliecii nu v\u0103d \u00een \u00eentuneric, dar c\u0103 au nevoie de auz pentru a se putea orienta.<\/p>\n<p>Abia \u00een secolul XX s-a \u00eencercat s\u0103 se explice rolul auzului. S-a observat c\u0103 at\u00e2t \u00een timpul zborului, c\u00e2t \u015fi atunci c\u00e2nd st\u0103 ag\u0103\u0163at, liliacul \u0163ine gura deschis\u0103 \u015fi scoate sunete de diferite feluri: un \u0163\u00e2r\u00e2it puternic caracteristic fiec\u0103rei specii. Astup\u00e2nd botul liliacului cu ni\u015fte mici co\u015fule\u0163e de h\u00eertie, ca ni\u015fte botni\u0163e prev\u0103zute cu o clap\u0103 care putea s\u0103 fie ridicat\u0103, s-a constatat c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd clapa era \u00eenchis\u0103, de\u015fi auzul func\u0163iona, orientarea era st\u00e2njenit\u0103. \u00cen schimb, c\u00e2nd se deschidea clapa, zborul devenea sigur. \u00cen felul acesta, s-a ajuns \u00een 1943 s\u0103 se demonstreze c\u0103 sunetele scoase de lilieci \u00een timpul zborului sunt reflectate de obstacolele \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u015fi percepute de urechea lor.<\/p>\n<p>Cu pu\u0163in \u00eenainte de aceste experien\u0163e s-a dovedit c\u0103, \u00een afara sunetelor perceptibile auzului nostru, liliecii mai emit \u015fi ultrasunete, a c\u0103ror frecven\u0163\u0103 se poate urca de la 30.000 la 70.000 de vibra\u0163ii pe secund\u0103. De exemplu, un liliac din Egipt (<em>Aselia tridens<\/em>) emite sunete a c\u0103ror frecven\u0163\u0103 ajunge p\u00e2n\u0103 la 120.000 de vibra\u0163ii pe secund\u0103. Se \u015ftie c\u0103 urechea omeneasc\u0103 nu poate auzi sunete cu o frecven\u0163a mai mare de 20.000 de vibra\u0163ii pe secund\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Liliecii emit aceste ultrasunete cu o vitez\u0103 variabil\u0103. Astfel, c\u00e2nd sunt \u00een repaus, ele sunt mai rare, \u00eenmul\u0163indu-se \u00een timpul zborului \u015fi ajung\u00e2nd la maximum \u00een apropierea obstacolelor.<\/p>\n<p>Investiga\u0163iile au mers \u015fi mai departe \u015fi s-a demonstrat c\u0103 aceste mamifere percep ultrasunetele emise de un aparat, cre\u00e2ndu-se reflexe condi\u0163ionate cu ajutorul lor. Astfel, s-a experimentat cu specia <em>Nictalus noctula<\/em>, c\u0103ruia, \u0163inut fiind \u00een captivitate, i se oferea c\u00e2te un vierme, ori de c\u00e2te ori se emitea un ultrasunet cu o frecven\u0163\u0103 de 40.000 de vibra\u0163ii pe secund\u0103. Dup\u0103 pu\u0163in timp, liliacul ridica capul ori de c\u00e2te ori avea loc emisia \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 a ajuns s\u0103 porneasc\u0103 \u00een zbor chiar spre aparatul de emisie. A\u015fadar, orientarea liliecilor se datoreaz\u0103 reflec\u0163iei ultrasunetelor emise de c\u0103tre obstacolele \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00een cale.<\/p>\n<p>A\u015fa cum vedem noi drumul prin bezna pe\u015fterilor lumin\u00e2nd cu lampa, liliecii \u00ee\u015fi &#8222;aud&#8221; calea cu ajutorul fasciculelor de ultrasunete, pe care le emit \u015fi le percep dup\u0103 reflec\u0163ia lor. Ei \u00ee\u015fi &#8222;aud&#8221; drumul pe care \u00eel parcurg, configura\u0163ia \u00eenc\u0103perii \u00een care se ad\u0103postesc, asperit\u0103\u0163ile pere\u0163ilor, fisurile din st\u00e2nci, pe semenii lor, prada alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din insecte, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Descoperirile \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu orientarea acestor animale nu s-au oprit aici \u015fi de cur\u00eend (1952) s-a observat c\u0103 reprezentan\u0163ii celor dou\u0103 familii de lilieci care se \u00eent\u00eelnesc \u00een Europa<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Liliecii tr\u0103iesc \u00een bezn\u0103 \u015fi nu-\u015fi p\u0103r\u0103sesc ad\u0103posturile dec\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd amurgul \u00eenv\u0103luie \u00een r\u0103coare \u015fi \u00eentuneric lumea exterioar\u0103. Cine nu i-a v\u0103zut zbur\u00e2nd ca ni\u015fte umbre, cu f\u00e2lf\u00e2iturile repezi ale aripilor \u015fi cu zgomot str\u0103b\u0103t\u00e2nd v\u0103zduhul \u00eenser\u0103rii? \u015ei c\u00e2\u0163i &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Cum s-a descoperit misterul liliecilor &#8211; ultrasunetele\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-s-a-descoperit-misterul-liliecilor-ultrasunetele\/#more-83411\" aria-label=\"Cite\u0219te mai multe despre Cum s-a descoperit misterul liliecilor &#8211; ultrasunetele\">Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":83412,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[5135,1398,1488,2309,9800,4739,1169,2890,351,3224,4677,726,2551],"class_list":["post-83411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-natura-animale","tag-aripi","tag-cap","tag-foca","tag-liliac","tag-natura-animale","tag-oaie","tag-par","tag-pestera","tag-soareci","tag-sunete","tag-ultrasunete","tag-urechi","tag-zbor","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.3 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cum s-a descoperit misterul liliecilor - ultrasunetele - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cum-s-a-descoperit-misterul-liliecilor-ultrasunetele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum s-a descoperit misterul liliecilor - ultrasunetele\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Liliecii tr\u0103iesc \u00een bezn\u0103 \u015fi nu-\u015fi p\u0103r\u0103sesc ad\u0103posturile dec\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd amurgul \u00eenv\u0103luie \u00een r\u0103coare \u015fi \u00eentuneric lumea exterioar\u0103. 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Cine nu i-a v\u0103zut zbur\u00e2nd ca ni\u015fte umbre, cu f\u00e2lf\u00e2iturile repezi ale aripilor \u015fi cu zgomot str\u0103b\u0103t\u00e2nd v\u0103zduhul \u00eenser\u0103rii? \u015ei c\u00e2\u0163i ... 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