{"id":83132,"date":"2022-10-24T22:06:27","date_gmt":"2022-10-24T19:06:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=83132"},"modified":"2022-10-24T22:06:27","modified_gmt":"2022-10-24T19:06:27","slug":"incredibilii-giganti-din-sicilia-antica-homer-avea-dreptate-in-privinta-existentei-ciclopilor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/incredibilii-giganti-din-sicilia-antica-homer-avea-dreptate-in-privinta-existentei-ciclopilor\/","title":{"rendered":"Incredibilii gigan\u021bi din Sicilia antic\u0103: Homer avea dreptate \u00een privin\u021ba existen\u0163ei ciclopilor?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Istoria Siciliei a fost \u00eentotdeauna \u00eempletit\u0103 cu legendele uria\u0219ilor care au fost cei mai timpurii locuitori ai insulei. Credin\u021ba cultural\u0103 ad\u00e2nc \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat\u0103 \u00een uria\u0219i este confirmat\u0103 \u00een procesiunea numit\u0103 „Passeggiata dei giganti”, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 „Mersul uria\u0219ilor”. Acest festival este s\u0103rb\u0103torit \u00een ora\u0219ul Messina \u00een fiecare an pe 14 august, \u00een memoria a doi gigan\u021bi numi\u021bi Mata \u0219i Grifone. Dou\u0103 statui \u00eenalte de lemn, de peste 9 metri \u00een\u0103l\u021bime, reprezent\u00e2nd-o pe Mata, o frumoas\u0103 femeie alb\u0103 cu p\u0103rul auriu, \u0219i pe Grifone, un r\u0103zboinic sarazin uria\u0219, cu pielea \u00eenchis\u0103 la culoare, sunt trase pe str\u0103zi pe ro\u021bi, \u00eenso\u021bi\u021bi de muzicieni \u0219i de b\u0103taia ne\u00eencetat\u0103 a tobelor.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 opinii diferite despre originile festivalului. Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 versiune ne duce \u00eenapoi \u00een timp p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 964 d.Hr., c\u00e2nd Messina era ultimul avanpost din Sicilia care a rezistat ocupa\u021biei arabe. \u00cen timpul asediului Messinei, uria\u0219ul general arab, Hassan Ibn-Hammar, s-a \u00eendr\u0103gostit f\u0103r\u0103 speran\u021b\u0103 de Mata, fiica unui negustor local. Generalul arab a \u00eencercat din r\u0103sputeri s\u0103 o atrag\u0103 pe Mata, dar ea nu a consim\u021bit s\u0103 se c\u0103s\u0103toreasc\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd el s-a convertit la cre\u0219tinism. \u0218i-a schimbat numele \u00een Grifo \u0219i \u00een cur\u00e2nd a devenit cunoscut sub numele de Grifone (adic\u0103 \u201eMarele Grifo\u201d) din motive evidente. Mata \u0219i Grifone probabil au avut mul\u021bi copii uria\u0219i \u0219i au tr\u0103it ferici\u021bi pentru totdeauna.<\/p>\n

\u00cenc\u0103 din secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr., poe\u021bii greci credeau c\u0103 vechii locuitori ai Siciliei erau gigan\u021bii cu un singur ochi, numi\u021bi \u015fi Ciclopi. \u00cen „Odiseea”<\/em><\/strong>, Homer a scris c\u0103 ciclopii tr\u0103iau \u00een pe\u0219teri \u0219i duceau o via\u021b\u0103 pastoral\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a planta nimic cu m\u00e2inile lor \u015fi m\u0103cel\u0103rind orice vizitator pe insula lor. Unul dintre uria\u0219ii numit Polifem – cel mai mare dintre ei – a reu\u0219it s\u0103-l captureze pe Ulise \u0219i pe tovar\u0103\u0219ii s\u0103i \u0219i i-a \u021binut \u00een pe\u0219tera lui, cu inten\u021bia de a devora c\u00e2te doi dintre ei \u00een fiecare zi. Dar Ulise l-a orbit pe Polifem noaptea c\u00e2nd dormea \u200b\u200b\u0219i a sc\u0103pat din captivitate.<\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul I d.Hr., o reprezentare din epoca roman\u0103 \u00eei \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe eroii greci ca practic liliputeni, \u00een compara\u021bie cu Polifem. Potrivit lui Philostratus, grecii \u00ee\u0219i considerau eroii ca av\u00e2nd o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 3 metri. Folosind acest criteriu, ciclopii par s\u0103 fi avut mai mult de 10 metri \u00een\u0103l\u021bime! Ar putea Ciclopii \u2013 sau, \u00een general, gigan\u021bii sau titanii P\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u2013 s\u0103 fi atins cu adev\u0103rat \u00een\u0103l\u021bimi at\u00e2t de colosale?<\/p>\n

Hesiod a scris c\u0103 Ciclopii erau me\u0219teri pricepu\u021bi care au f\u0103urit fulgerul lui Zeus, \u00een timp ce poe\u021bii elenisti de mai t\u00e2rziu i-au f\u0103cut pe Ciclopii erau lucr\u0103tori ai zeului fierar Hephaestus, muncind al\u0103turi de el \u00eentr-o forj\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 sub Muntele Etna. Din astfel de descrieri reiese c\u0103 Ciclopii erau de fapt „fierari” uria\u0219i care locuiau \u00een pe\u0219terile Siciliei antice, de\u0219i adev\u0103rata lor cas\u0103, conform poetului latin Virgil, se afla \u00een cavernele enorme situate sub Muntele Etna \u0219i pe Insulele Eoliene. Cu alte cuvinte, Ciclopii sau gigan\u021bii P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, au ap\u0103rut din caverne ad\u00e2nci, subterane \u0219i au folosit pe\u0219terile de munte doar ca ad\u0103posturi temporare atunci c\u00e2nd erau pe uscat.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Ciclopii ferari<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ciclopii \u00ee\u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tigaser\u0103 \u0219i o reputa\u021bie de mari constructori. Zidurile multor ora\u0219e antice din Grecia \u0219i Italia \u2013 cum ar fi Micene, Tirint, Delphi, Argos etc. \u2013 au fost construite folosindu-se blocuri de piatr\u0103 uria\u0219e, neregulate \u0219i uneori poligonale, care au fost montate \u00eempreun\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 niciun mortar. Aceste ziduri sunt denumite „Zidurile ciclopienilor”, deoarece un num\u0103r de istorici greci au declarat c\u0103 au fost construite de Ciclopi. Istoricul Plinius \u00een „Istoria natural\u0103”<\/em><\/strong> a raportat o tradi\u021bie potrivit c\u0103reia Ciclopii au fost inventatorii turnurilor de zid\u0103rie. Pausanius, \u00een „Descrierea Greciei”<\/em><\/strong>, atribuie Ciclopilor construc\u021bia zidurilor ora\u0219ului Mycenae \u0219i Tiryns.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 dovezi ample de zid\u0103rie neregulat\u0103 sau \u201epoligonal\u0103\u201d \u00een \u00eentreaga lume, unele dintre cele mai uimitoare exemple fiind din Sacsayhuaman \u0219i alte situri din Peru, unde blocuri de piatr\u0103 poligonal\u0103 extrem de mari au fost ridicate la c\u00e2\u021biva metri de la sol \u0219i practic fuzionate cu blocurile de piatr\u0103 adiacente f\u0103r\u0103 mortar, ca \u0219i cum ar fi fost topite \u00eenainte de a fi presate \u00eempreun\u0103. Dac\u0103 Ciclopii ar fi fost fierari, atunci ei ar fi fost foarte pricepu\u021bi la arta de a \u00eenc\u0103lzi metalele p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd acestea devin destul de moi pentru a se putea lucra cu ele, iar aceast\u0103 abilitate ar fi putut fi aplicat\u0103 \u0219i zid\u0103riei din piatr\u0103. Acest lucru ne spune c\u0103 zid\u0103ria poligonal\u0103 g\u0103sit\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga lume a fost posibil „inven\u021bia” unor gigan\u021bi preistorici care erau fierari exper\u021bi.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Zidarie poligonala<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva pe\u0219teri create de om \u00een Sicilia care sunt at\u00e2t de enorme \u00eenc\u00e2t nu exist\u0103 o explica\u021bie simpl\u0103 pentru cine le-a construit \u0219i \u00een ce scop. A\u0219a-numita „Urechea lui Dionysos” este o pe\u0219ter\u0103 de calcar artificial\u0103 din Siracuza (Sicilia), care are forma unei urechi. Are 23 de metri \u00een\u0103l\u021bime \u0219i se extinde 65 de metri. Pe orizontal\u0103, se \u00eendoaie \u00eentr-o form\u0103 aproximativ\u0103 de „S”, \u00een timp ce pe vertical\u0103 se \u00eengusteaz\u0103 \u00een partea de sus. Acustica din interiorul pe\u0219terii este foarte bun\u0103, f\u0103c\u00e2nd chiar \u0219i un mic ecou sonor de mai multe ori. Numele de „Urechea lui Dionysos” a fost inventat de pictorul Michelangelo Caravaggio, din cauza asem\u0103n\u0103rii formei pe\u0219terii cu urechea uman\u0103. Ne \u00eentreb\u0103m de ce s-ar depune un efort enorm pentru a construi o pe\u0219ter\u0103 at\u00e2t de \u00eenalt\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 un scop aparent. Ar fi putut fi acesta unul dintre ad\u0103posturile temporare ale Ciclopilor c\u00e2nd au ie\u0219it din b\u00e2rlogurile lor subterane, care se presupune c\u0103 erau situate sub Muntele Etna \u0219i \u00een alte p\u0103r\u021bi?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Pestera urechea lui Dionysus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Unele dintre cele mai conving\u0103toare dovezi despre existen\u021ba scheletelor gigantice \u00een Sicilia au fost documentate de nimeni altul dec\u00e2t de Tommaso Fazello – p\u0103rintele istoriei siciliene – care scrisese prima istorie tip\u0103rit\u0103 a Siciliei – „De Rebus Siculis Decades Duae”<\/em><\/strong>, publicat\u0103 la Palermo \u00een 1558. \u00een limba latin\u0103. Fazello a fost un c\u0103lug\u0103r \u0219i istoric dominican italian \u0219i, de-a lungul multor ani, a redescoperit cu minu\u021biozitate multe dintre siturile antice ale Siciliei \u2013 precum Akrai, Selinus, Heraclea Minoa \u0219i altele \u2013 pe baza informa\u021biilor \u00eenregistrate de autorii antici.<\/p>\n

Fazello ne spune c\u0103, cu aproximativ 200 de ani \u00eenainte de vremea lui, a fost descoperit\u0103 \u00een Muntele Eryx o pe\u0219ter\u0103, \u00een care a fost g\u0103sit cadavrul unui uria\u0219 a\u0219ezat cu un toiag \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103; \u00eentregul cadavru s-a transformat \u00een cenu\u015f\u0103 de \u00eendat\u0103 ce a fost atins, \u00een afar\u0103 de trei din\u0163i, care au fost p\u0103stra\u0163i de magistratul ora\u015fului Eryx, care fusese chemat la spectacol. Fazellus considera c\u0103 acest trup gigant a fost ucis de Hercule.<\/p>\n

Acela\u0219i scriitor (Fazellus) ne spune c\u0103 \u00een 1516, Ioan Franciforte, Contele de Mazarine, dup\u0103 ce a s\u0103pat o groap\u0103, s-a g\u0103sit un morm\u00e2nt, \u00een care se g\u0103sea corpul unui gigant care m\u0103sura 10 metri. \u00cen 1547, Paul Leontino, examin\u00e2nd solul de la poalele unui munte de pe teritoriul Palermo, a dat peste corpul uria\u0219 de 9 metri lungime. Fazellus spune, de asemenea, c\u0103 \u00eentr-un mic sat dintre Siracuza \u0219i Leontium, au fost descoperite un num\u0103r mare de morminte \u0219i schelete gigantice \u0219i c\u0103 multe altele de acest fel au fost \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00een apropierea satului antic Hicara, pe care sicilienii \u00eel numesc Carini.<\/p>\n

Unii arheologi sus\u021bin c\u0103 Fazellus a confundat probabil oasele animalelor disp\u0103rute din Pleistocen, cum ar fi mamu\u021bii, cu cele ale gigan\u021bilor legendari – ceea ce este destul de absurd, deoarece Sicilia a fost \u00eentotdeauna locuit\u0103 de „elefan\u021bi pitici”. Existau dou\u0103 specii de elefan\u021bi pitici \u00een Sicilia, ambii care descindeau din elefan\u021bii gargantuani, cu col\u021bi drepti, din epoca Pleistocenului, cu o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de peste 5 metri, care au migrat \u00een Sicilia cu mai bine de 500.000 de ani \u00een urm\u0103. Speciile mai mici de elefan\u021bi pitici, numite Palaeoloxodon falconeri, m\u0103surau doar 1,8 metri \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime. Ambele specii de elefan\u021bi pitici acum sunt disp\u0103rute \u00een Sicilia. Evident, Lazellus, sau oricine altcineva, nu ar fi putut confunda oasele unui elefant de sub 2 metri \u00een\u0103l\u021bime cu cele ale unui gigant de 10 metri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Istoria Siciliei a fost \u00eentotdeauna \u00eempletit\u0103 cu legendele uria\u0219ilor care au fost cei mai timpurii locuitori ai insulei. Credin\u021ba cultural\u0103 ad\u00e2nc \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat\u0103 \u00een uria\u0219i este confirmat\u0103 \u00een procesiunea numit\u0103 „Passeggiata dei giganti”, care \u00eenseamn\u0103 „Mersul uria\u0219ilor”. Acest festival este s\u0103rb\u0103torit … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":83136,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[237,7801,171,7627,892,3400,2327,12320,197,211,2039,4278,17940,1121,1171,5264,6468,375,17936,3097,13640,2338,1784,4430,1532,86,1899,3924,4015,56,17935,8572,6743,315,3783,5667,1500,151,2456,105,1169,418,2890,17938,17941,4741,16216,17937,7120,3456,739,1014,1375,184,1203,17939,968,1080],"class_list":["post-83132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-animale","tag-arheologi","tag-cadavru","tag-calcar","tag-calugar","tag-caravaggio","tag-cenusa","tag-ciclopi","tag-conte","tag-crestinism","tag-elefant","tag-etna","tag-fazellus","tag-femeie","tag-fulger","tag-general","tag-greci","tag-grecia","tag-grifone","tag-hercule","tag-hesiod","tag-homer","tag-insula","tag-istoric","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-italia","tag-legenda","tag-lemn","tag-limba-latina","tag-mamuti","tag-mata","tag-messina","tag-metale","tag-mormant","tag-munte","tag-oase","tag-odiseea","tag-oras","tag-palermo","tag-pamant","tag-par","tag-peru","tag-pestera","tag-philostratus","tag-pleistocen","tag-plinius","tag-poeti","tag-polifem","tag-schelete","tag-siracuza","tag-statuie","tag-trup","tag-ulise","tag-ureche","tag-uriasi","tag-virgil","tag-zeu","tag-zeus","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nIncredibilii gigan\u021bi din Sicilia antic\u0103: Homer avea dreptate \u00een privin\u021ba existen\u0163ei ciclopilor? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/incredibilii-giganti-din-sicilia-antica-homer-avea-dreptate-in-privinta-existentei-ciclopilor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Incredibilii gigan\u021bi din Sicilia antic\u0103: Homer avea dreptate \u00een privin\u021ba existen\u0163ei ciclopilor?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Istoria Siciliei a fost \u00eentotdeauna \u00eempletit\u0103 cu legendele uria\u0219ilor care au fost cei mai timpurii locuitori ai insulei. 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