{"id":8033,"date":"2009-10-03T12:26:22","date_gmt":"2009-10-03T09:26:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=8033"},"modified":"2009-10-04T08:48:10","modified_gmt":"2009-10-04T05:48:10","slug":"cine-dracu-e-carol-cel-mare-imparatul-charlemagne-se-pare-ca-n-a-existat-niciodata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cine-dracu-e-carol-cel-mare-imparatul-charlemagne-se-pare-ca-n-a-existat-niciodata\/","title":{"rendered":"Cine dracu e Carol cel Mare? \u00cemp\u0103ratul Charlemagne se pare c\u0103 n-a existat niciodat\u0103!"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Charlemagne12\"<\/a>Dr. Herbert Illig, profesor de istorie german, a lansat \u00een 1996 teoria „timpului fantom\u0103”, prin care a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 \u00eentre anii 614 \u015fi 911 nu s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat absolut nimic \u00een istorie, \u00eentruc\u00e2t ace\u015fti ani au fost inventa\u0163i (cite\u015fte mai multe \u00een acest articol: https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/teoria-timpului-fantoma-acum-nu-suntem-in-anul-2009-ci-in-1712\/<\/a>). Criticii acestei teorii vin \u00eens\u0103 cu un argument forte: existen\u0163a lui Carol cel Mare (Charlemagne), marele \u00eemp\u0103rat al Sf. Imperiului Roman, cel care ar fi tr\u0103it \u00eentre anii 742 \u015fi 814. Astfel, dac\u0103 acest \u00eemp\u0103rat ar fi domnit \u015fi existat cu adev\u0103rat \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, atunci toat\u0103 teoria „timpului fantom\u0103” cade.<\/p>\n

Dar chiar a existat acest celebru \u00eemp\u0103rat? E posibil s\u0103-l elimin\u0103m din istorie? Desigur c\u0103 nu e u\u015for, dar nici imposibil. Sunt multe lucruri stranii \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Carol cel Mare, dintre care vom aminti c\u00e2teva:<\/p>\n

1) Nesiguran\u0163a datei \u015fi locului de na\u015ftere a \u00eemp\u0103ratului. <\/strong>Nu se \u015ftie exact unde s-a n\u0103scut Carol cel Mare, exist\u00e2nd de-a lungul timpului o mul\u0163ime de locuri de na\u015ftere. De asemenea, \u015fi data na\u015fterii a variat foarte mult (\u00eentre 742 \u015fi 747). Despre mama lui Charlemagne, Betrada, s-a spus ba c\u0103 a fost o prin\u0163es\u0103 bretonian\u0103, ba c\u0103 o nobil\u0103 ungar\u0103, sau membr\u0103 a familiei imperiale bizantine.<\/p>\n

2) Neclarit\u0103\u0163i privind \u00eencoronarea ca \u00eemp\u0103rat a lui Carol cel Mare.<\/strong> Nu este clar dac\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Carol a cerut s\u0103 fie \u00eencoronat, sau a fost \u00eencoronat pe nea\u015fteptate de c\u0103tre Pap\u0103. De asemenea, nu se \u015ftie dac\u0103 a fost o \u00eencoronare formal\u0103 sau o aclama\u0163ie. Einhard, biograful oficial al \u00eemp\u0103ratului, sus\u0163ine c\u0103 a fost o „acceptare a titlului imperial”.<\/p>\n

3) Mari istorici \u015fi cronicari de dup\u0103 perioada domniei lui Charlemagne nu scriu nimic despre acesta. <\/strong>E curios faptul cum unii istorici \u015fi cronicari n-au auzit nimic despre un \u00eemp\u0103rat „Charlemagne”. E vorba de Andreas din Bergamo (sec.9), Bonizo din Sutri (sec.11), Gero din Reichersberg (sec.12), Nicolaus Cusanus (sec.15).<\/p>\n

4) Num\u0103rul incredibil de mic de vasali ai \u00eemp\u0103ratului identifica\u0163i. <\/strong>\u00cen 1966, Bollough a reu\u015fit s\u0103 identifice doar 2 vasali ai \u00eemp\u0103ratului, din cei peste 1.000 raporta\u0163i a fi „vassi dominici” \u00een cronici, \u015fi din cei 30.000 de vasali nobili. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1990, Walther Kienast a reu\u015fit s\u0103 identifice 24 de vasali. Chiar \u015fi a\u015fa, este un num\u0103r foarte mic.<\/p>\n

5) Rela\u0163iile \u00eemp\u0103ratului cu al\u0163i conduc\u0103tori, neconfirmate din alte surse. <\/strong>Se spune \u00een istorie c\u0103 Charlemagne ar fi \u00eentre\u0163inut rela\u0163ii diplomatice cu Harun al-Raschid, califul Bagdadului (personajul din „1001 de nop\u0163i”<\/em>), care i-a trimis drept cadou un elefant alb, cu care \u00eemp\u0103ratul ar fi participat \u00een toate ac\u0163iunile militare desf\u0103\u015furate \u00eentre anii 802 \u015fi 810. Surpriz\u0103, \u00eens\u0103! Nicio surs\u0103 arab\u0103 nu men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 existen\u0163a unei asemenea rela\u0163ii diplomatice.<\/p>\n

6) Ce cl\u0103diri a ridicat Charlemagne?<\/strong> Precum \u015ftim din textele vechi, \u00eentre 476 \u015fi 855 au fost ridicate 1.695 de cl\u0103diri \u00een toat\u0103 Europa (cl\u0103diri ce au supravie\u0163uit p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent), dintre care 312 catedrale, 1.254 de m\u0103n\u0103stiri \u015fi 129 de palate regale. Iat\u0103 ce afirm\u0103 istoricul Harald Braunfels: „Dintre toate aceste cl\u0103diri, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1991 doar 215 au fost examinate de arheologi, iar din acestea, construc\u0163iile originale au fost g\u0103site \u00een maximum 10 cl\u0103diri, restul cl\u0103dirilor existente p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een ziua de azi, fiind de fapt reconstruc\u0163ii”. <\/em>
\n
\n7) Capela din Aachen, atribuit\u0103 lui Charlemagne, a fost de fapt construit\u0103 mult mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/strong> Capodopera arhitecturii caroligiene, capela din Aachen, se spune c\u0103 a fost ridicat\u0103 \u00eentre anii 792 \u015fi 799, sub \u00eendrumarea direct\u0103 a lui Carol cel Mare. Totu\u015fi, cl\u0103diri comparabile cu Aachen, ca stil \u015fi tehnologie, n-au mai fost ridicate p\u00e2n\u0103 la apari\u0163ia stilului romanesc (din secolul 11). Istoricul Herbert Illig afirm\u0103 astfel c\u0103 aceast\u0103 capel\u0103 a fost ridicat\u0103 \u00een secolul 11.<\/p>\n

\"Charlemagne10\"<\/a>8 ) Contradic\u0163iile economice din perioada vie\u0163ii lui Charlemagne. <\/strong>Descoperirile istorice privind starea economic\u0103 din timpul lui Carol cel Mare arat\u0103 multe contradic\u0163ii. \u00cen timp ce unii vorbesc de o perioad\u0103 de bel\u015fug, al\u0163ii spun c\u0103 a fost o perioad\u0103 de profund\u0103 dec\u0103dere economic\u0103. Un arheolog german, pe nume Heinsohn, a demonstrat recent c\u0103 monezile atribuite lui Carol cel Mare, nu pot fi distinse de monezile atribuite lui Carol cel Simplu (898-929). De altfel, Illig afirm\u0103 c\u0103 acest Carol cel Simplu a fost un personaj real \u015fi a fost folosit ca model \u00een construirea legendei despre Charlemagne.<\/p>\n

9) Locul de \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare al lui Carol cel Mare ridic\u0103 semne de \u00eentrebare.<\/strong> Se spune c\u0103 Charlemagne ar fi fost \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat \u00een capela din Aachen (asta \u00een contradic\u0163ie cu testamentul s\u0103u de a fi \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat la catedrala din Saint Denis). Acest lucru ar contrazice prohibi\u0163iile de \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare \u00een interiorul bisericilor, proclamate de Carol \u00een anii 809 \u015fi 813.<\/p>\n

10) Cum a disp\u0103rut totu\u015fi morm\u00e2ntul lui Charlemagne? <\/strong>Morm\u00e2ntul lui Carol cel Mare a fost camuflat at\u00e2t de bine, \u00eenc\u00e2t n-a mai putut s\u0103 fie descoperit dec\u00e2t dup\u0103 dou\u0103 secole, tocmai \u00een anul 1.000 de c\u0103tre \u00eemp\u0103ratul Otto al III-lea. Dup\u0103 aceasta, morm\u00e2ntul a devenit iar\u0103\u015fi uitat, \u015fi a fost redescoperit \u015fi deschis de c\u0103tre \u00eemp\u0103ratul Friedrich Barbarossa (1123-1190). Apoi, iar\u0103\u015fi a fost uitat, iar morm\u00e2ntul n-a mai fost descoperit niciodat\u0103, nici p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een ziua de azi. Interesant e faptul c\u0103 morm\u00e2ntul lui Otto I, din domul din Magdeburg, a fost dintotdeauna onorat, \u00een ciuda distrugerilor \u015fi reconstruc\u0163iilor bisericii.<\/p>\n

11) \u00cemp\u0103ratul Barbarossa, falsificatorul lui Charlemagne?<\/strong> Se spune c\u0103 Friedrich Barbarossa (1152-1190) a fost cel care a introdus termenul de „Sacrum Romanum Imperium” (adic\u0103, Sf. Imperiu Roman). Atunci, cum se face c\u0103 Charlemagne, care ar fi tr\u0103it cu vreo 4 secole \u00eenainte era cunoscut sub titlu de „\u00eemp\u0103rat al Sf. Imperiu Roman”? Barbarossa a ordonat exhumarea lui Carol cel Mare, pe care l-a canonizat. Se \u015ftie c\u0103 multe din falsurile referitoare la Charlemagne provin din timpul \u00eemp\u0103ratului Barbarossa.<\/p>\n

12) Biografia lui Charlemagne, plin\u0103 de erori. <\/strong>Istoricul Leopold von Ranke, afirm\u0103 despre biografia lui Carol cel Mare, scris\u0103 de cronicarul s\u0103u Einhard: „Volumul este plin de erori istorice (…) Adeseori, anii s\u0103i de domnie sunt fal\u015fi (…) exist\u0103 date false \u015fi \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea imperiului \u00eentre cei doi fra\u0163i ai lui Carol (…) numele papilor sunt confunda\u0163i, so\u0163iile \u015fi copiii lui Carol n-au fost \u00eenregistra\u0163i corect, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t autenticitatea biografiei a fost pus\u0103 de multe ori la \u00eendoial\u0103”.<\/em><\/p>\n

13) Charlemagne, „tat\u0103l Europei”, doar o legend\u0103 romantic\u0103?<\/strong> Interesant e faptul c\u0103 Angilbert, ginerele lui Carol cel Mare, scrie \u00een anul 799 o epopee \u00een care \u00eel nume\u015fte pe Charlemagne ca fiind „lumina Europei, capul lumii, p\u0103rintele Europei”<\/em>. Dar \u00een 799, Charlemagne nu era \u00eemp\u0103rat, fiind \u00eencoronat \u00een anul 800. Johannes Fried, \u00eentr-un articol publicat \u00een revista „Der Spiegel”<\/em> arat\u0103 c\u0103 mitul lui Carol cel Mare ca „p\u0103rintele Europei” a ap\u0103rut mult mai t\u00e2rziu, ca un produs al napoleonismului romantic sau hitlerismului german.<\/p>\n

Carol cel Mare, o simpl\u0103 legend\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toate acestea de mai sus sunt \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u015fi dubii legitime cu privire la via\u0163a lui Carol cel Mare. \u00cen final, s\u0103 facem o mic\u0103 analiz\u0103 a tuturor faptelor \u00eenf\u0103ptuite de Charlemagne. Compar\u00e2nd toate biografiile \u015fi c\u0103r\u0163ile scrise despre Carol cel Mare, se poate observa cu u\u015furin\u0163\u0103 c\u0103 ceea ce a ob\u0163inut acest conduc\u0103tor \u00een doar 44 ani de domnie, ar fi necesitat cu u\u015furin\u0163\u0103 vie\u0163ile a 3 sau 4 genera\u0163ii de oameni obi\u015fnui\u0163i. \u00cemp\u0103ratul se duce la r\u0103zboaie, \u0163ine la curtea sa din Aachen pe cei \u00een\u0163elep\u0163i oameni din toat\u0103 lumea. Este un f\u0103c\u0103tor de legi perfect; \u00een toat\u0103 via\u0163a sa, a dat peste 1.000 de decrete \u015fi a creat un sistem juridic performant. Dar a fost \u015fi un mare folclorist \u015fi mitologist; a fost un mare lingvist, at\u00e2t \u00een limba german\u0103, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een cea latin\u0103. De asemenea, a ordonat (de\u015fi era analfabet!) o nou\u0103 versiune a Bibliei, c\u0103ci, dac\u0103 nu \u015fti\u0163i, el a fost \u015fi un excep\u0163ional teolog, el singur conduc\u00e2nd sinodurile ecleziastice. El a creat \u015fcoli, biblioteci \u015fi universit\u0103\u0163i, \u015fi asta cu mult \u00eenainte ca ele s\u0103 fie men\u0163ionate \u00een Europa.Totodat\u0103, el a fost un fel de ministru al agriculturii; e considerat str\u0103mo\u015ful fizic \u015fi spiritual a jum\u0103tate din Europ\u0103. Era \u015fi mare arhitect, c\u0103ci, dac\u0103 n-a\u0163i aflat p\u00e2n\u0103 acum, ei bine, el ar fi proiectat minunata capel\u0103 de la Aachen. Era de asemenea \u015fi un str\u0103lucit astronom. Nu vi se pare totu\u015fi, cam multe caracteristici pentru un singur om? Da, genii au mai existat \u00een lume (ca de exemplu Leonardo da Vinci), dar acest Charlemagne, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 c\u0103 era un geniu, mai avea \u015fi timpul necesar s\u0103 conduc\u0103 regiuni \u00eentinse din Europa, ceea ce pare absolut imposibil. Totul, pentru a crea o legend\u0103…o legend\u0103 despre un erou \u015fi un „tat\u0103 al Europei”, care se pare c\u0103 n-a existat niciodat\u0103…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Herbert Illig, profesor de istorie german, a lansat \u00een 1996 teoria „timpului fantom\u0103”, prin care a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 \u00eentre anii 614 \u015fi 911 nu s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat absolut nimic \u00een istorie, \u00eentruc\u00e2t ace\u015fti ani au fost inventa\u0163i (cite\u015fte mai multe … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8034,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[2277,785,1565,295,1532,1568],"class_list":["post-8033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-aachen","tag-carol-cel-mare","tag-illig","tag-imparat","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-sf-imperiu-romano-german","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCine dracu e Carol cel Mare? \u00cemp\u0103ratul Charlemagne se pare c\u0103 n-a existat niciodat\u0103! - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/cine-dracu-e-carol-cel-mare-imparatul-charlemagne-se-pare-ca-n-a-existat-niciodata\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cine dracu e Carol cel Mare? \u00cemp\u0103ratul Charlemagne se pare c\u0103 n-a existat niciodat\u0103!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Herbert Illig, profesor de istorie german, a lansat \u00een 1996 teoria „timpului fantom\u0103”, prin care a sus\u0163inut c\u0103 \u00eentre anii 614 \u015fi 911 nu s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat absolut nimic \u00een istorie, \u00eentruc\u00e2t ace\u015fti ani au fost inventa\u0163i (cite\u015fte mai multe ... 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