{"id":8014,"date":"2009-10-02T21:16:37","date_gmt":"2009-10-02T18:16:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=8014"},"modified":"2009-10-03T12:26:41","modified_gmt":"2009-10-03T09:26:41","slug":"ciuma-lui-caragea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ciuma-lui-caragea\/","title":{"rendered":"Ciuma lui Caragea"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"ciuma7\"<\/a>\u00cen anul 1806, Rusia declara r\u0103zboi Imperiului Otoman. Care este relevan\u0163a acestui fapt pentru \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u015fi pentru \u0162\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne? Ei bine, teritoriul rom\u00e2nesc a fost teatrul opera\u0163iunilor militare din timpul conflictului dintre cele dou\u0103 imperii. Armata rus\u0103, autoproclamat\u0103 eliberatoare, a fost \u00eenregimentat\u0103 \u00een satele \u015fi ora\u015fele rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, iar capitala \u0162\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u015fti a devenit punctul strategic \u015fi preferat al ru\u015filor prin facilit\u0103\u0163ile pe care le oferea.<\/p>\n

Ciuma se apropia amenin\u0163\u0103tor de sudul Dun\u0103rii<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rechizi\u0163ion\u0103rile \u00eencepuser\u0103, oamenii erau obliga\u0163i s\u0103 furnizeze provizii armatei ruse care, chipurile, urma s\u0103 ne elibereze de sub tutela Imperiului Otoman. Jaful era ascuns sub o masc\u0103 de onorabilitate. Numai c\u0103, o dat\u0103 cu foametea care \u00eencepuse s\u0103 b\u00e2ntuie localit\u0103\u0163ile devenite cartiere generale ale armatei ruse\u015fti, spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul primului deceniu al secolului al XlX-lea \u00eencepuser\u0103 s\u0103 circule zvonuri \u00eengrozitoare despre prezen\u0163a \u00een zon\u0103 al celui mai terifiant flagel al lumii premoderne: ciuma. \u00cen Bulgaria \u015fi Turcia fuseser\u0103 anun\u0163ate cazuri de \u00eemboln\u0103viri de cium\u0103, iar armata rus\u0103, aflat\u0103 \u00een marea ei majoritate \u00een jurul Bucure\u015ftilor, avea nevoie din ce \u00een ce mai acut\u0103 de spitale de campanie, f\u0103r\u0103 a anun\u0163a, \u00eens\u0103, care era motivul acestei necesit\u0103\u0163i. Se \u00eencerca ascunderea molimei care se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndea, deja, cu repeziciune, \u00een raidurile solda\u0163ilor ru\u015fi. \u00cen martie 1809, comandantul \u015fef al armatei ruse confirm\u0103 zvonul c\u0103 peste Dun\u0103re b\u00e2ntuia ciuma, dar nu spune \u00eenc\u0103 nimic despre cei 5000 de solda\u0163i ru\u015fi care sufereau de o boal\u0103 r\u0103mas\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 nediagnosticat\u0103, dar care, dup\u0103 m\u0103surile luate de comandan\u0163ii ru\u015fi, era \u00een mod evident cium\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cine vroia s\u0103 intre \u00een \u0163ar\u0103…era afumat!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Domnul, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Divanul \u0162\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, hot\u0103r\u0103\u015fte ca grani\u0163ele \u0163\u0103rii s\u0103 fie \u201esecurizate”, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 se supravegheze traficul de persoane dinspre \u0163\u0103rile afectate: Bulgaria \u015fi Turcia. A\u015fadar, se instituie carantina, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t fiecare persoan\u0103 care ar fi vrut s\u0103 intre \u00een \u0163ar\u0103 trebuia s\u0103 fie \u00eent\u00e2i cercetat\u0103, \u00een \u201elazarete” special concepute pentru cei atin\u015fi de molim\u0103, \u201es\u0103 se vaz\u0103 de este s\u0103n\u0103tos \u015fi s\u0103 se afume, s\u0103 se aeriseasc\u0103 \u015fi c\u00e2nd se va slobozi s\u0103 vie, de va avea trebuin\u0163\u0103 aici \u00een \u0163ar\u0103, iar p\u00e2n\u0103 nu se va face urmarea aceasta cu paza lazaretului, s\u0103 nu se amestece nimeni cu d\u00e2n\u015fii…”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen aceast\u0103 vreme, solda\u0163ii ru\u015fi continuau s\u0103 se \u00eemboln\u0103veasc\u0103 alarmant, iar primele semne de cium\u0103 \u00eencep s\u0103 apar\u0103 \u015fi printre civilii bucure\u015fteni. Cum \u00eenc\u0103 nu se \u015ftiau cu certitudine simptomele, se \u00eentocme\u015fte o Comisie de medici care s\u0103 cerceteze dac\u0103 boala devastatoare ce se prefigura este cium\u0103 sau tifos. Iar solda\u0163ii ru\u015fi continuau s\u0103 moar\u0103 pe capete, \u00eentr-un raport preciz\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur an 1808-1809 au murit 17 000 de oameni \u201ede disenterie \u015fi febre epidemice…”,<\/em> f\u0103r\u0103 a se specifica despre ce fel de epidemii este vorba. \u015ei totu\u015fi, p\u00een\u0103 la pacea \u00eencheiat\u0103 \u00eentre turci \u015fi ru\u015fi la Bucure\u015fti, prin care Moldova pierde Basarabia \u00een favoarea Rusiei, molima a f\u0103cut ravagii numai printre solda\u0163ii ru\u015fi.<\/p>\n

Ciuma izbucne\u015fte cu furie…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 1812, \u00een toat\u0103 \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 plutea amenin\u0163area c\u0103 dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi \u015fi foametea care pustia \u0163ara, urma conform algoritmului sinistru, lovitura de gra\u0163ie a ciumei. \u00cenc\u0103 nu se prevestea nimic catastrofal. Oamenii erau \u00een pragul inani\u0163iei, dup\u0103 ravagiile f\u0103cute de ru\u015fi, iar iarna se apropia amenin\u0163\u0103tor. Dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi se instituise carantina, la principalele puncte de trecere, Br\u0103ila, C\u0103l\u0103ra\u015fi, Giurgiu \u015fi Zimnicea. Chiar \u015fi Vod\u0103 Caragea la sosirea \u00een \u0163ar\u0103 a stat \u00een carantin\u0103, spun unii, deoarece venea din regiunile b\u00eentuite de cium\u0103 ale Por\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

La 10 decembrie 1812, ciuma izbucne\u015fte cu furie \u00een Teleorman. Autorit\u0103\u0163ile de aici sunt \u00eengrozite de num\u0103rul mor\u0163ilor, c\u0103rora cioclii din regiune nu le puteau face fa\u0163\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t apeleaz\u0103 la autorit\u0103\u0163ile de la Bucure\u015fti cu rug\u0103mintea de a li se trimite un num\u0103r suplimentar de cioclii. R\u0103spunsul Bucure\u015ftiului este o amenin\u0163are cum c\u0103 dac\u0103 nu reu\u015fesc s\u0103 se descurce cu ce au la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103, \u201enu ve\u0163i avea cuv\u00e2nt de \u00eendreptare…”<\/em>, adic\u0103 nu vor putea sc\u0103pa nepedepsi\u0163i.<\/p>\n

Molima se \u00eentinde \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi \u00een Moldova unde domnea, de cur\u00e2nd, venit o dat\u0103 cu Caragea, Vod\u0103 Callimachi. \u00cen urma amenin\u0163\u0103rii ciumei, ru\u015fii \u00eenchid frontiera de peste Prut, dar se pare c\u0103 adev\u0103ratul motiv era \u00eempiedicarea circula\u0163iei \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 regiuni surori. Acest ra\u0163ionament este lansat de Fornetti, consulul francez la Ia\u015fi, care crede c\u0103 amenin\u0163area ciumei poate fi \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 prin venirea iernii ce va aduce \u015fi \u00eenghe\u0163ul, care ar \u00eempiedica, credea consulul, extinderea bolii.<\/p>\n

\u00cen \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, proasp\u0103tul principe, Ioan Caragea, stabile\u015fte un fel de Direc\u0163ie sanitar\u0103, Epistatul special al lazaretelor, \u00een fruntea c\u0103ruia \u00eel nume\u015fte pe Postelnicul Costache \u015eu\u0163u, centraliz\u00e2nd astfel informa\u0163iile privitoare la poten\u0163ialele cazuri de cium\u0103.<\/p>\n

La 6 mai 1813, domnitorul \u00eencepe s\u0103 simt\u0103 apropierea ciumei, vede cu ochii s\u0103i oameni plini de bube, \u015fi cere ca medicii s\u0103 cerceteze cazurile suspecte, pentru a da un verdict. \u00cen acest r\u0103stimp, grani\u0163ele sunt p\u0103zite de solda\u0163i, iar carantina este obligatorie, intrarea \u00een \u0163ar\u0103 neput\u00e2ndu-se face \u00een alte condi\u0163ii, dec\u00e2t sub amenin\u0163area pedepsei capitale. Se \u00eentrerupe orice comunica\u0163ie cu Turcia, paza sanitar\u0103 \u015fi militar\u0103 este drastic\u0103, \u015fi cu toate acestea, la 11 iunie, ciuma apare \u00een jurul m\u0103n\u0103stirii V\u0103c\u0103re\u015fti. Se interzice circula\u0163ia \u00eenspre \u015fi dinspre V\u0103c\u0103re\u015fti, numindu-se 13 oameni care s\u0103 stea de paz\u0103 pentru ca nimeni s\u0103 nu treac\u0103 fraudulos bariera. Se iau \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 to\u0163i cer\u015fetorii din Bucure\u015fti \u015fi este numit un al doilea Epistat, banul Radu Golescu, pentru a supraveghea ac\u0163iunile sanitare \u015fi m\u0103surile dictate de domnitor \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Postelnicul \u015eu\u0163u.<\/p>\n

\"ciuma8\"<\/a>Bolnavii sunt du\u015fi obligatoriu la azilele de cium\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oficial, epidemia de cium\u0103 a fost recunoscut\u0103 la 4 iulie 1813, c\u00e2nd se \u00eenchid toate barierele ora\u015fului, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd func\u0163ionale numai 8, \u015fi c\u00e2nd se numesc epista\u0163ii de mahalale, care erau obliga\u0163i ca \u00eempreun\u0103 cu preotul \u015fi cu v\u0103t\u0103\u015felul mahalalei s\u0103 intre din cas\u0103 \u00een cas\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 cerceteze dac\u0103 sunt bolnavi care prezint\u0103 simptomele ciumei. Bolnavii erau du\u015fi cu carele cu boi, la Dude\u015fti, unde era lazaretul. Ca m\u0103sur\u0103 de protec\u0163ie, la cele 8 puncte de intrare \u00een ora\u015f se va construi c\u00e2te o poart\u0103 p\u0103zit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Blestemul mitropolitului pentru cei ce nu respect\u0103 regulile de prevenire a ciumei<\/strong><\/p>\n

De la Domnie sunt emise o serie de decrete pe care telalii sunt pu\u015fi s\u0103 le citeasc\u0103 pe la r\u0103sp\u00e2ntiile ora\u015fului, \u00een care oamenilor li se spune cum s\u0103 se fereasc\u0103 de boal\u0103. Unul dintre aceste decret a fost \u00eenso\u0163it, la cererea expres\u0103 a lui Vod\u0103 Caragea, de un \u00eenfior\u0103tor blestem al mitropolitului care s\u0103 se abat\u0103 asupra celor care nu respectau instruc\u0163iunile. Principalele modalit\u0103\u0163i de evitare a \u00eemboln\u0103virii de groaznica maladie erau: afumarea obiectelor \u015fi a persoanelor, sp\u0103larea mai frecvent\u0103 a hainelor \u015fi a trupului, cur\u0103\u0163enia des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fit\u0103 a ogr\u0103zii \u015fi a casei. To\u0163i preo\u0163ii parohiilor sunt \u00eendemna\u0163i de Domn s\u0103 cear\u0103 \u00eendurare de la Cel de Sus, f\u0103c\u00e2nd slujbe \u015fi molifte pentru \u00eendep\u0103rtarea ciumei.<\/p>\n

Cadavre mutilate de c\u00e2ini<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar Dumnezeu nu a putut interveni \u00een derularea bolii. Totul depindea de oameni, iar oamenii erau \u00eengrozi\u0163i de priveli\u015ftile \u00eenfior\u0103toare: cadavre \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftiate pe drumuri, pe care nimeni nu le \u00eengropa, \u015fi care, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, deveneau hrana c\u00e2inilor r\u0103ma\u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2n, cioclii care \u00eei jefuiau pe cei mor\u0163i \u015fi pe cei muribunzi deopotriv\u0103, batjocorind f\u0103r\u0103 mil\u0103 trupurile tinerelor lovite de boala necru\u0163\u0103toare \u015fi tr\u0103g\u00e2nd s\u0103 moar\u0103.<\/p>\n

S\u0103lb\u0103ticia cioclilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

La flagelul bolii se ad\u0103uga s\u0103lb\u0103ticia cioclilor, pl\u0103ti\u0163i de st\u0103p\u00e2nire tocmai pentru a fi instrumentul de control al bolii. Despre cruzimea multora dintre ace\u015ftia, Ion Ghica scria: \u201eSpaima intrase \u00een toate inimele \u015fi f\u0103cuse s\u0103 dispar\u0103 orice sim\u0163\u0103m\u00e2nt de iubire \u015fi devotament. Muma \u00ee\u015fi p\u0103r\u0103sea copiii \u015fi d\u0103dea b\u0103rbatul pe m\u00e2inile cioclilor, ni\u015fte oameni f\u0103r\u0103 cuget \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 fric\u0103 de Dumnezeu. To\u0163i be\u0163ivii, to\u0163i destr\u0103ma\u0163ii \u00ee\u015fi at\u00e2rnau un \u015fervet ro\u015f de g\u00e2t, se urcau \u00eentr-un car cu boi \u015fi porneau pe ho\u0163ie din cas\u0103 \u00een cas\u0103, din curte \u00een curte. Ei se introduceau ziua \u015fi noaptea prin locuin\u0163ele oamenilor \u015fi puneau m\u00e2na pe ce g\u0103seau, luau bani, argint\u0103rii, ceasornice, scule, \u015faluri etc, f\u0103r\u0103 ca nimeni s\u0103 \u00eendr\u0103zneasc\u0103 a li se \u00eempotrivi. Fugea lumea de d\u00e2n\u015fii ca de moarte, c\u0103ci ei luau pe bolnavi sau pe mor\u0163i \u00een spinare, \u00eei tr\u00e2nteau \u00een car, claie peste gr\u0103mad\u0103 \u015fi plecau cu carul plin spre Dude\u015fti sau spre Cioplea, unde erau ordiile ciuma\u0163ilor. Se \u00eencre\u0163ea carnea pe trup auzindu-se groz\u0103viile \u015fi cruzimele f\u0103cute de ace\u015fti t\u00e2lhari asupra bie\u0163ilor cre\u015ftini c\u0103zu\u0163i \u00een ghearele lor. Rareori bolnavul ajungea cu via\u0163\u0103 la c\u00e2mpul ciuma\u0163ilor. De multe ori o m\u0103ciuc\u0103 peste cap f\u0103cea \u00eentr-o clip\u0103 ceea ce reu\u015fea s\u0103 fac\u0103 boala \u00een 2-3 zile! \u015ei poate c\u0103 acei uci\u015fi astfel erau mai pu\u0163in de pl\u00e2ns dec\u00e2t ceilal\u0163i, c\u0103ci mai mult erau de jale acei arunca\u0163i de vii \u00een c\u00e2mp, f\u0103r\u0103 a\u015fternut \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 acoper\u0103m\u00e2nt pe p\u0103m\u00e2ntul ud \u015fi \u00eenghe\u0163at. Cale de jum\u0103tate de ceas se auzeau \u0163ipetele \u015fi vaietele nenoroci\u0163ilor din c\u00e2mpul Dude\u015ftilor!…”<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi medicii fugiser\u0103 de cium\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

De\u015fi se interziseser\u0103 adun\u0103rile de oameni, t\u00e2rgurile, circula\u0163ia liber\u0103 \u015fi se impuseser\u0103 m\u0103suri drastice v\u00e2nz\u0103torilor \u015fi cump\u0103r\u0103torilor, de\u015fi fuseser\u0103 scoase din ora\u015f cu for\u0163a \u015fatrele de \u0163igani, ciuma a continuat s\u0103 fac\u0103 victime pe parcursul unui an \u00eentreg. \u00cen ciuda faptului c\u0103 oamenii au ob\u0163inut de la Vod\u0103 permisiunea de a pleca din ora\u015f pentru a se stabili temporar \u00een jurul acestuia, sper\u00e2nd c\u0103 astfel vor sc\u0103pa de boal\u0103, se poate ca ei s\u0103 fi r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit ciuma \u015fi \u00een satele din jurul Bucure\u015ftilor, c\u0103ci controalele impuse de Vod\u0103 erau f\u0103cute \u00een sil\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 con\u015ftiin\u0163a importan\u0163ei lor. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi medicii fugiser\u0103 din ora\u015f, ceea ce l-a determinat pe Caragea s\u0103 le taie salariile pl\u0103tite de vistierie.<\/p>\n

La un an de la dezl\u0103n\u0163uirea molimei, \u00eencet-\u00eencet, lucrurile au reintrat pe f\u0103ga\u015ful normal, cel pu\u0163in \u00een Bucure\u015fti, unde ciuma \u00eencepea s\u0103 dea \u00eenapoi. Activit\u0103\u0163ile zilnice \u015fi-au reluat cursul, \u00eens\u0103 satele din jurul Bucure\u015ftilor au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie b\u00e2ntuite, la r\u00e2ndul lor, de boala mortal\u0103. Deja trecut printr-o experien\u0163\u0103 de co\u015fmar cu ciuma bucure\u015ftean\u0103, Vod\u0103 le trimite ordine precise \u015fi eficiente. Ispravnicii nu trebuie dec\u00e2t s\u0103 le urmeze \u00eentocmai, altfel vor fi \u0163inu\u0163i vinova\u0163i de suferin\u0163ele \u015fi pagubele produse oamenilor din jude\u0163ele lor, d\u00e2nd socoteal\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163a lui Vod\u0103 \u00eensu\u015fi.<\/p>\n

40.000 de mor\u0163i, bilan\u0163ul ciumei lui Caragea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103 aceast\u0103 cium\u0103, cunoscut\u0103 sub denumirea de \u201eCiuma lui Caragea”, a f\u0103cut cele mai multe victime dintre toate molimele care au b\u00e2ntuit \u0163\u0103rile rom\u00e2ne. Un cronicar al vremurilor sus\u0163ine c\u0103 au murit peste 90 000 de oameni \u00eentr-un an de zile. \u00cens\u0103, se pare c\u0103 au fost \u00een jur de 40 000 de mor\u0163i \u00eentr-un an de zile \u00een \u00eentreaga \u0162ar\u0103 Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103. Dar aceast\u0103 cium\u0103 a continuat s\u0103 b\u00e2ntuie meleagurile rom\u00e2ne\u015fti mult spre jum\u0103tatea secolului al XlX-lea, sting\u00e2ndu-se cu des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fire de-abia \u00een anul 1830.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen anul 1806, Rusia declara r\u0103zboi Imperiului Otoman. Care este relevan\u0163a acestui fapt pentru \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u015fi pentru \u0162\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne? Ei bine, teritoriul rom\u00e2nesc a fost teatrul opera\u0163iunilor militare din timpul conflictului dintre cele dou\u0103 imperii. Armata rus\u0103, autoproclamat\u0103 eliberatoare, … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8018,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[827,2273,2274,324,9794,48,228,2275],"class_list":["post-8014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina","tag-bucuresti","tag-caragea","tag-ciocli","tag-ciuma","tag-medicina","tag-rusia","tag-tara-romaneasca","tag-vacaresti","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCiuma lui Caragea - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ciuma-lui-caragea\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ciuma lui Caragea\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen anul 1806, Rusia declara r\u0103zboi Imperiului Otoman. Care este relevan\u0163a acestui fapt pentru \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u015fi pentru \u0162\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne? Ei bine, teritoriul rom\u00e2nesc a fost teatrul opera\u0163iunilor militare din timpul conflictului dintre cele dou\u0103 imperii. Armata rus\u0103, autoproclamat\u0103 eliberatoare, ... 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