{"id":80086,"date":"2022-05-09T14:10:05","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T11:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=80086"},"modified":"2022-05-09T14:10:05","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T11:10:05","slug":"celebrele-si-enigmaticele-manuscrise-de-la-marea-moarta-o-istorie-fascinanta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/celebrele-si-enigmaticele-manuscrise-de-la-marea-moarta-o-istorie-fascinanta\/","title":{"rendered":"Celebrele \u015fi enigmaticele Manuscrise de la Marea Moart\u0103 – o istorie fascinant\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine: flickr.com<\/a><\/strong> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mult\u0103 lume a auzit de „Manuscrisele de la Marea Moart\u0103”, care sunt ni\u015fte texte religioase, vechi de circa 2.000 de ani, scrise \u00een ebraic\u0103 \u0219i aramaic\u0103 pe piei t\u0103b\u0103cite \u0219i papirusuri. Dar, care este adev\u0103rata lor istorie?<\/p>\n

E prim\u0103vara anului 1947. Un p\u0103stor arab, pe nume Muhamad ed Dib, \u00ee\u015fi c\u0103uta capra r\u0103t\u0103cit\u0103 printre st\u00e2ncile falezei din partea de miaz\u0103noapte a M\u0103rii Moarte. Obosit de c\u0103utare, s-a a\u015fezat pu\u0163in \u015fi \u00een joac\u0103 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 arunce cu pietricele \u00eentr-o grot\u0103 din peretele st\u00e2ncii, l\u00e2ng\u0103 care se a\u015fezase. La aruncarea unei pietre mai mari, un zgomot de cioburi sparte \u00eei r\u0103spunde din interiorul grotei. Cuprins de team\u0103, a plecat de acolo, c\u0103ut\u00eendu-\u015fi mai departe capra pierdut\u0103.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, curiozitatea de-a \u015fti ce era \u00een grot\u0103 l-a f\u0103cut s\u0103 vin\u0103 a doua zi, \u00eenso\u0163it de v\u0103rul s\u0103u Ahmed Muhamad. Am\u00e2ndoi s-au strecurat \u00een caverna din st\u00e2nc\u0103, printr-un orificiu destul de str\u00e2mt, unde au dat peste multe cioburi de vase, iar \u00een fund de tot au g\u0103sit opt vase intacte, acoperite cu o \u0163es\u0103tur\u0103 de in. Toate erau goale, afar\u0103 de unul, din care cei doi beduini au scos trei suluri din piele de capr\u0103, unul mai mare, iar dou\u0103 mai mici. Ei au luat toate ulcioarele g\u0103site \u00een grot\u0103 \u015fi le-au dus la un anticar din Bethleem, numit Khalil Iskandar Sahin.<\/p>\n

Ulterior, beduinii au cercetat mai cu aten\u0163ie grota \u015fi, printre d\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103turi, au mai dat peste resturi de manuscrise, \u00een stare mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in bun\u0103, ca \u015fi peste o serie de fragmente.<\/p>\n

Anticarul \u015fi al\u0163i speciali\u015fti consulta\u0163i, d\u00e2ndu-\u015fi seama c\u0103 scrierea de pe suluri este siriac\u0103, manuscrisele au fost duse la m\u0103n\u0103stirea siriac\u0103 „Sf. Marcu”, aflat\u0103 \u00een Ierusalimul vechi. \u00cen decembrie 1947, Universitatea ebraic\u0103 din Ierusalim achizi\u0163iona trei dintre suluri. Profesorul E. L. Sukenik de la aceast\u0103 universitate a fost primul care \u015fi-a dat seama de data foarte veche a manuscriselor, b\u0103nuind chiar originea lor esenian\u0103.<\/p>\n

Episcopul siriac Mar Athanase Iosua Samuel, de la m\u0103n\u0103stirea „Sf. Marcu”, a cump\u0103rat 4 manuscrise \u015fi, \u00een februarie 1948, le-a ar\u0103tat unor profesori de la \u015ecoala arheologic\u0103 american\u0103 din Ierusalim: J. C. Trever \u015fi W. H.Brownlee, care \u015fi-au dat seama de importan\u0163a excep\u0163ional\u0103 a manuscriselor \u015fi au ob\u0163inut autoriza\u0163ia de a le fotografia. Tot \u00een 1948, aceste manuscrise ale episcopului siriac au fost cump\u0103rate de statul Israel, pentru suma de 250 000 de dolari. Pentru p\u0103strarea lor, statul Israel a construit un edificiu special, „Palatul c\u0103r\u0163ii”, unde ele pot fi vizionate de oricine, \u00een fotografii bine reu\u015fite.<\/p>\n

Tenta\u0163i de pre\u0163ul ridicat, oferit pe centimetru p\u0103trat de manuscris, beduinii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 cutreiere grotele din jurul Qumranului \u015fi alte zone ale de\u015fertului Iudeii, \u00een c\u0103utare de manuscrise vechi.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Una din grotele unde au fost gasite manuscrisele. Imagine<\/strong>: wikimedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La \u00eenceput, lumea savan\u0163ilor a fost foarte rezervat\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de descoperirea manuscriselor, dar dup\u0103 \u00eenceperea s\u0103p\u0103turilor rezerva a fost repede \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftiat\u0103, mai ales dup\u0103 descoperirea altor manuscrise \u00een grotele explorate. Repede, de asemenea, de\u015fi \u00een urma unor furtunoase discu\u0163ii, a intervenit acordul asupra mai multor chestiuni controversate. Acum manuscrisele sunt socotite ca \u00eentinz\u00e2ndu-se pe o perioad\u0103 de timp ce \u00eencepe \u00een secolul al II-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u015fi \u0163ine p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een sec. I d.Hr.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce arheologii erau ocupa\u0163i, \u00een decembrie 1951, cu cercetarea primei grote de la Qumran, beduinii aduceau \u00een Ierusalim un alt lot de manuscrise, descoperite \u00een Wadi \/ Murabba’at, la 25 km sud de Ierusalim. Dup\u0103 cercet\u0103rile \u00eentreprinse de speciali\u015fti, s-a constatat c\u0103, \u00een cea mai mare parte, documentele coboar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la cea de-a doua revolt\u0103 iudaic\u0103 (132-135 d.Hr.). \u00cen acela\u015fi timp, beduinii mai descoperiser\u0103 \u00een regiunea Qumran o a doua grot\u0103 cu manuscrise, situat\u0103 la sud de prima. Aceasta nu a furnizat dec\u00e2t foarte pu\u0163ine fragmente, iar con\u0163inutul lor era de aceea\u015fi natur\u0103 ca \u015fi cel al manuscriselor g\u0103site \u00een prima grot\u0103.<\/p>\n

Institu\u0163iile \u015ftiin\u0163ifice din Ierusalim au \u00eenceput s\u0103 cerceteze pe\u015fterile de pe faleza M\u0103rii Moarte, din jurul Qumran-ului, pe o \u00eentindere de 8 kmp. O descoperire mai nea\u015fteptat\u0103 a fost cea dintr-o a treia grot\u0103, \u00een care s-au aflat manuscrise, dou\u0103 din ele fiind suluri din aram\u0103. Textul lor este gravat cu caractere ebraice p\u0103trate, ce apar \u00een relief pe metalul rulat.<\/p>\n

Descoperirea cea mai senza\u0163ional\u0103, dup\u0103 cea din grota prim\u0103, a avut loc la \u00eenceputul lui septembrie 1952. Mai mul\u0163i beduini, afl\u00e2nd de la un b\u0103tr\u00e2n un indiciu important, lega\u0163i cu fr\u00e2nghii, au cobor\u00e2t \u00eentr-o grot\u0103 \u015fi au \u00eenceput s\u0103 sape solul. Dup\u0103 s\u0103parea a mai mul\u0163i metri de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, s-au g\u0103sit \u00een fa\u0163a fragmentelor de manuscrise. Sosind arheologii autoriza\u0163i, au fost cercetate scorburile din vecin\u0103tate, g\u0103sindu-se sute de mici fragmente de manuscrise. Cele dou\u0103 grote care le ad\u0103posteau au primit nr. 4 \u015fi 5.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> wikimedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen anii urm\u0103tori, au fost g\u0103site mai multe manuscrise aflate \u00een alte grote. Pe la \u00eenceputul anului 1956, beduinii care cercetau cu febrilitate cele mai mici cr\u0103p\u0103turi \u00een st\u00e2nc\u0103, de pe imensa falez\u0103 a M\u0103rii Moarte, reperau a 11-a grot\u0103 cu manuscrise. Aceast\u0103 descoperire avea s\u0103 confirme p\u0103rerea c\u0103 aridul de\u015fert al Iudeii nu a epuizat \u00eenc\u0103 surprizele pe care le poate oferi savan\u0163ilor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1967, profesorul Y. Yadin, de la Universitatea ebraic\u0103 din Ierusalim, a achizi\u0163ionat de la un anticar din Bethleem cel mai mare manuscris g\u0103sit p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi. Manuscrisul achizi\u0163ionat a fost numit \u015fi Manuscrisul Templului, deoarece trateaz\u0103 despre modul \u00een care trebuie s\u0103 fie construit Templul \u015fi despre venera\u0163ia care trebuie s\u0103 i se acorde.<\/p>\n

\u00cen grotele din jurul Qumran-ului au fost descoperite peste 600 de manuscrise, dar abia o duzin\u0103 din ele pot fi considerate complete. Dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea cercet\u0103torilor, majoritatea grotelor erau locuite de schimnici, a\u015fa c\u0103 manuscrisele g\u0103site aici reprezentau biblioteci personale. Dar dou\u0103 dintre grote, cel pu\u0163in cele purt\u00e2nd numerele 1 \u015fi 4, sunt veritabile ascunz\u0103tori, unde se punea \u00een siguran\u0163\u0103 biblioteca comunit\u0103\u0163ii sau cea a unui grup de astfel de pustnici.<\/p>\n

Dar, \u00een ce constau documentele descoperite la Qumran \u015fi \u00een \u00eemprejurimile lui? Pe scurt, este vorba de o colec\u0163ie de manuscrise, pe piele, pe foi de aram\u0103 \u015fi pe papirus, dintre care numai c\u00e2teva sunt complete, cele mai multe, fiind fragmentate \u015fi ating\u00e2nd, uneori, dimensiuni foarte reduse. Dup\u0103 modul \u00een care au fost p\u0103strate, au primit \u015fi denumirea de „suluri”, sub care, \u00een paralel cu cea de „documente” sau de „manuscrise” sunt cunoscute \u00een literatura de specialitate. \u00cen majoritatea lor, manuscrisele au fost probabil redactate \u00een secolul I \u00ee.Hr., iar c\u00e2teva dintre ele pot s\u0103 provin\u0103 din secolul al II-lea ori chiar al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. Sunt \u00eens\u0103 c\u00e2teva care ar putea apar\u0163ine secolului I d.Hr.<\/p>\n

Oricum, Manuscrisele de la Marea Moart\u0103 fascineaz\u0103 \u015fi \u00een ziua de ast\u0103zi, \u00een special datorit\u0103 textelor care par s\u0103 releve \u015fi altceva dec\u00e2t ceea ce este cunoscut \u00een mod oficial.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mult\u0103 lume a auzit de „Manuscrisele de la Marea Moart\u0103”, care sunt ni\u015fte texte religioase, vechi de circa 2.000 de ani, scrise \u00een ebraic\u0103 \u0219i aramaic\u0103 pe piei t\u0103b\u0103cite \u0219i papirusuri. Dar, care este adev\u0103rata lor istorie? E prim\u0103vara anului … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":80087,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[8263,7801,9516,1028,464,2127,983,115,2112,5404,2095,118,5094,3520,1620,456,5024,4717,2785,9796,1514,17660,2478,7836,1205,17661,1466,2250],"class_list":["post-80086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-arama","tag-arheologi","tag-beduini","tag-bethleem","tag-biblioteca","tag-capra","tag-desert","tag-dolari","tag-episcop","tag-grota","tag-ierusalim","tag-israel","tag-limba-aramaica","tag-limba-ebraica","tag-manastire","tag-manuscris","tag-manuscrisele-de-la-marea-moarta","tag-marea-moarta","tag-papirus","tag-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-piatra","tag-piei","tag-profesor","tag-qumran","tag-stanca","tag-suluri","tag-templu","tag-universitate","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCelebrele \u015fi enigmaticele Manuscrise de la Marea Moart\u0103 - o istorie fascinant\u0103 - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/celebrele-si-enigmaticele-manuscrise-de-la-marea-moarta-o-istorie-fascinanta\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Celebrele \u015fi enigmaticele Manuscrise de la Marea Moart\u0103 - o istorie fascinant\u0103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mult\u0103 lume a auzit de „Manuscrisele de la Marea Moart\u0103”, care sunt ni\u015fte texte religioase, vechi de circa 2.000 de ani, scrise \u00een ebraic\u0103 \u0219i aramaic\u0103 pe piei t\u0103b\u0103cite \u0219i papirusuri. 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