{"id":7976,"date":"2009-09-30T18:48:49","date_gmt":"2009-09-30T15:48:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=7976"},"modified":"2009-10-01T07:25:45","modified_gmt":"2009-10-01T04:25:45","slug":"enigmele-bolilor-faraonilor-din-egipt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigmele-bolilor-faraonilor-din-egipt\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigmele bolilor faraonilor din Egipt"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"faraon8\"<\/a>\u00cen scrierea hieroglific\u0103 egiptean\u0103 omul \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 este figurat ca un om \u00eencovoiat, sprijinit \u00een baston. Ptah-Hotep care a ajuns la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 \u00eenaintat\u0103 se lamenteaz\u0103 astfel: \u201eSuveran, St\u0103p\u00e2nul meu, marea v\u00e2rst\u0103 a venit, b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0163ea a cobor\u00e2t asupra mea, \u00eencetineala a sosit, sl\u0103biciunea copil\u0103riei a reap\u0103rut \u015fi ea face ca cel care a redevenit copil s\u0103 doarm\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencetare. Bra\u0163ele sunt slabe, picioarele au renun\u0163at s\u0103 mai urmeze inima care a obosit. Gura este mut\u0103, ea nu mai poat\u0103 vorbi, ochii sunt slabi, urechile sunt surde, nasul este astupat, el nu mai poate respira. Gustul a disp\u0103rut cu des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fire. Spiritul a devenit uit\u0103tor \u015fi el nu-\u015fi poate aminti de ziua de ieri”.<\/em> Aceasta nu-i \u00eempiedica pe egipteni s\u0103-\u015fi ureze unul altuia s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani.<\/p>\n

\u015etim despre Ramses al II-lea c\u0103 a atins v\u00e2rsta de nou\u0103zeci \u015fi \u015fase de ani, dup\u0103 o domnie de \u015faizeci \u015fi cinci de ani. Haremul s\u0103u num\u0103ra dou\u0103 sute de so\u0163ii, de la care a avut nou\u0103zeci \u015fi \u015fase de b\u0103ie\u0163i \u015fi \u015faizeci de fete. Ne \u00eentreb\u0103m \u00eens\u0103, ceilal\u0163i supu\u015fi ai acestui faraon cu o s\u0103n\u0103tate excep\u0163ional\u0103, oameni de r\u00e2nd, nu mureau la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 mijlocie? Este foarte greu s\u0103 apreciem mortalitatea \u00een Egiptul antic, deoarece copiii mici, identifica\u0163i \u00een num\u0103r redus \u00een cimitire, trebuiau \u00eenmorm\u00e2nta\u0163i altfel dec\u00e2t adul\u0163ii. Radiografiile mumiilor arat\u0103 adesea persisten\u0163a cartilajului de conjugare, semn c\u0103 scheletul apar\u0163ine unui adolescent.<\/p>\n

Vechii egipteni tr\u0103iau 36 de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen muzeul din Turin, cele \u015fapte sute nou\u0103 cranii de adul\u0163i, provenind din mormintele dinastice din Gebelen \u015fi Assiout, i-au permis lui Chiarelli s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 v\u00e2rsta medie de via\u0163\u0103 la treizeci \u015fi \u015fase ani. Probabil c\u0103 v\u00e2rsta medie real\u0103 era \u015fi mai mic\u0103, dac\u0103 se \u0163ine seama de mortalitatea infantil\u0103 ridicat\u0103. Complica\u0163iile obstetricale coborau de asemenea v\u00e2rsta medie de via\u0163\u0103 a femeilor. Se poate \u00eencerca, de exemplu, s\u0103 se compare acest num\u0103r mediu, cu speran\u0163a de via\u0163\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre a unui nou-n\u0103scut suedez \u015fi anume de 76 de ani pentru un b\u0103iat \u015fi de 78 de ani pentru o fat\u0103, cu aceea a unui nou-n\u0103scut \u00een India – de aproximativ 34 de ani. \u00cen Egipt, \u00een ultimele decenii, v\u00e2rsta medie a fost de 52 de ani la b\u0103rba\u0163i \u015fi de 54 de ani la femei. Ne putem face astfel o imagine asupra lungului drum parcurs \u00een 3.000 de ani, c\u00e2nd \u00een afara unei alimenta\u0163ii mai bune \u015fi mai ra\u0163ionale, s-au f\u0103cut eforturi pentru prelungirea vie\u0163ii cu ajutorul igienei \u015fi al medicinei!<\/p>\n

Aveau din\u0163i foarte pro\u015fti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Denti\u0163ia vechilor egipteni era \u00eentr-o stare foarte proast\u0103: cariile \u015fi tocirea fe\u0163elor masticatoiii ale m\u0103selelor afectau deopotriv\u0103 at\u00e2t pe faraon c\u00e2t \u015fi pe cel mai umil dintre supu\u015fii s\u0103i. Suprafa\u0163a e\u015fantioanelor de p\u00e2ine g\u0103sit\u0103 \u00een morminte era pres\u0103rat\u0103 cu boabe de gr\u00e2u \u00eentregi, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s-a crezut la \u00eenceput c\u0103 mestecarea lor era singura responsabil\u0103 de tocirea din\u0163ilor. Dar examinarea mai atent\u0103 a unei p\u00e2ini rupte a pus imediat \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103, pe suprafa\u0163a t\u0103ieturii, numeroase puncte str\u0103lucitoare care reflectau lumina. Cercetarea mineralogic\u0103 a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 era vorba de bobi\u0163e rotunjite de nisip \u015fi de mici fragmente ascu\u0163ite de feldspat, mic\u0103 \u015fi gresie.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ceea ce prive\u015fte cariile, frecven\u0163a acestora era mai rar\u0103 \u015fi prezenta o alt\u0103 cauz\u0103 \u00een producerea lor. Un cercet\u0103tor a g\u0103sit destul de pu\u0163ine carii la oamenii care au tr\u0103it \u00een perioadele predinastice \u015fi mai pu\u0163ine chiar la oamenii de r\u00e2nd. Cu trecerea timpului ele au devenit foarte frecvente, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t \u00een perioada de decaden\u0163\u0103 acestea erau r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een toate p\u0103turile popula\u0163iei. Se pare c\u0103 erau mai ales legate de obiceiurile alimentare; astfel o hran\u0103 mai bogat\u0103, mai abundent\u0103, mai variat\u0103 precum \u015fi consumul de alimente coapte a sf\u00e2r\u015fit prin a se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi \u015fi \u00een clasele mai s\u0103race. Tocirea \u015fi caria au avut drept consecin\u0163e: deschiderea camerei pulpare, infec\u0163ia \u015fi formarea de abcese \u015fi chisturi \u00een jurul r\u0103d\u0103cinii.
\nUnele mumii prezint\u0103 cavit\u0103\u0163i \u00een maxilare, constituite dup\u0103 procese de osteit\u0103 sau osteomielit\u0103. C\u00e2nd infec\u0163ia se generalizeaz\u0103, survine septicemia; a\u015fa pare s\u0103 fi murit Amenophis al IH-lea a c\u0103rui denti\u0163ie se afla \u00eentr-o stare deplorabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Lapte de vac\u0103 \u015fi smochine \u00eempotriva cariilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen papirusul lui Anastasi al IV-lea era descris comportamentul unui om care suferea de nevralgie dentar\u0103; acesta nu era desigur un caz unic \u015fi descrierea simptomatologiei denot\u0103 existen\u0163a unui corp medical competent. Aceasta rezult\u0103 \u015fi din relatarea lui Herodot: \u201e\u0162ara este plin\u0103 de medici, unii pentru ochi, al\u0163ii pentru din\u0163i, al\u0163ii pentru abdomen, al\u0163ii pentru boli ascunse”.<\/em> Ne-au parvenit chiar numele unora dintre ei, cum ar fi Ni-anuk-Sekhmet, medic \u015fi \u015feful denti\u015ftilor palatului regal, sau ca Hesi-Re din dinastia a III-a. Totu\u015fi mijloacele terapeutice de care dispuneau erau destul de s\u0103race. Papirusul Ebers<\/em>, vast\u0103 enciclopedie medical\u0103, culegere de re\u0163ete cu eficacitate pu\u0163in verificat\u0103, descria numeroase metode pentru a alina durerile de din\u0163i; iat\u0103 un exemplu: \u201eSe amestec\u0103 lapte de vac\u0103, smochine proaspete \u015fi ro\u015fcove pisate. Se las\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00een timpul nop\u0163ii, apoi se amestec\u0103 timp de nou\u0103 zile”<\/em> (cu acestea se spera vindecarea cariei sau a unui abces al maxilarului!)<\/p>\n

Faraoni cu din\u0163i artificiali din filde\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

La c\u00e2teva mumii s-a g\u0103sit chiar c\u00e2te un dinte artificial, t\u0103iat din filde\u015f \u015fi montat pe un pivot de lemn. E greu de imaginat c\u0103 aceast\u0103 lucrare s\u0103 fi fost func\u0163ional\u0103 \u015fi se poate presupune c\u0103 \u0163inea mai mult de grija pe care o aveau vechii egipteni pentru integritatea corpului sortit unei vie\u0163i viitoare. Mumiile regale, a c\u0103ror denti\u0163ie este cea mai deteriorat\u0103, nu prezint\u0103 nicio urm\u0103 de interven\u0163ie stomatologic\u0103. S\u0103 fi fost l\u0103sa\u0163i s\u0103 sufere faraonii? Sau, mai cur\u00e2nd denti\u015ftii din acele timpuri erau neputincio\u015fi \u00een fa\u0163a puternicilor lor st\u0103p\u00e2ni?<\/p>\n

\"faraon7\"<\/a>\u015ei faraonii f\u0103ceau infarcte…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ateroscleroza, infarctul miocardic, accidentele vasculare, arterita – considerate boli ale civiliza\u0163iei – \u00eei afectau \u015fi pe egipteni, de\u015fi ei tr\u0103iau \u00een condi\u0163ii incomparabil mai pu\u0163in stresante dec\u00e2t noi. Semnele de angin\u0103 pectoral\u0103 \u015fi infarct – durerea iradiat\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2ini – reies din urm\u0103torul text de… semiologie: \u201eDac\u0103 tu examinezi un bolnav care sufer\u0103 de stomac, \u00een timp ce el are dureri \u00een bra\u0163e, \u00een piept, de o parte a stomacului s\u0103u \u015fi dac\u0103 spune despre el: are boala uadj, tu s\u0103 spui despre el: ceva i-a intrat pe gur\u0103, este moartea care \u00eel amenin\u0163\u0103!”<\/em><\/p>\n

Corectitudinea observa\u0163iei poate fi controlat\u0103 pe mumii, dar modific\u0103rile \u0163esuturilor datorate \u00eemb\u0103ls\u0103m\u0103rii fac interpretarea mai dificil\u0103. De exemplu, inima lui Ramses al II- lea, de\u015fi nu p\u0103rea afectat\u0103, era redus\u0103 la dimensiunea unei chifle de 8\/4 cm, fiind dur\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t a trebuit s\u0103 fie t\u0103iat\u0103 cu fer\u0103str\u0103ul. \u00cen aceste condi\u0163ii a fost greu s\u0103 se pun\u0103 un diagnostic retrospectiv exact. Totu\u015fi, se poate afirma c\u0103 Teye, a c\u0103rui mumie a fost descoperit\u0103 la Deir-el-Bahari, a suferit de coronarit\u0103, c\u0103ci la disec\u0163ie s-a constatat \u00eengro\u015farea arterelor coronare \u015fi zona de fibroz\u0103 \u00een peretele inimii, dovezi ale unui infarct cicatrizat.<\/p>\n

Vechii egiptenii tu\u015feau foarte mult<\/strong><\/p>\n

Egiptenii tu\u015feau f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 foarte mult: \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, papirusul Ebers con\u0163inea nu mai pu\u0163in de 21 de po\u0163iuni \u015fi o inhala\u0163ie pentru combaterea acestui simptom. Nu trebuie s\u0103 ne induc\u0103 \u00een eroare climatul cald \u015fi sec al Egiptului, c\u0103ci nop\u0163ile erau totu\u015fi reci, constituind o permanent\u0103 surs\u0103 de r\u0103ceal\u0103 \u015fi bron\u015fite.<\/p>\n

Semnele tuberculozei osteoarticulare, vizibile pe schelete, ne fac s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim c\u0103 \u015fi tuberculoza pulmonar\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fi fost frecvent\u0103, de\u015fi nu s-au g\u0103sit dovezi directe \u00een acest sens. Perioadele de foamete contribuiau probabil la cre\u015fterea morbidit\u0103\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

\u00cens\u0103 cele mai frecvente leziuni descoperite erau cauzate de antracoza \u015fi silicoz\u0103 prezente mai ales la cei ce lucrau \u00een cariere, preg\u0103tind terenul tuberculozei. Procentul de siliciu con\u0163inut \u00een pl\u0103m\u00e2nii lui Pum al II-lea este de 0,22, \u00een timp ce procentul \u201enormal” este sub 0,05%. Cristalele de siliciu, provenind f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 din inhalarea nisipului din de\u015fert \u00een timpul furtunilor, pot fi \u00eencriminate de fibrozarea \u0163esutului pulmonar. De asemenea, s-au constatat leziuni pulmonare de antracoz\u0103, dovad\u0103 a modului de locuit al unui mare num\u0103r de egipteni: \u00een camere mici, prost aerisite, unde opai\u0163ele \u015fi focul din vetre degajau mult fum.<\/p>\n

\"faraon9\"<\/a>Alte boli ale faraonilor egipteni<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foarte rare par s\u0103 fi fost cazurile de colici hepatice, c\u0103ci descrierea lor nu se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een papirusul Ebers \u015fi nici \u00een cele peste treizeci de mii de corpuri autopsiate. Smith \u015fi Dawson nu au g\u0103sit calculi ai veziculei biliare dec\u00e2t \u00eentr-un singur caz, la o preoteas\u0103 a lui Amon. Calculii renali par s\u0103 fi fost ceva mai frecven\u0163i, dar se pune \u00eentrebarea pentru ce \u00eemb\u0103ls\u0103m\u0103torii au pus unul dintre ace\u015fti calculi \u00een nara proprietarului? O femeie s\u0103rman\u0103, care a tr\u0103it \u00een timpul dinastiei a XXX-a, a trebuit s\u0103 fi suferit mult \u00een timpul vie\u0163ii de dureri lombare provocate de o cistit\u0103, c\u0103ci cei doi rinichi ai s\u0103i erau ciurui\u0163i de cavit\u0103\u0163i din cauza abceselor.<\/p>\n

Lepra \u015fi ciuma erau cunoscute \u015fi \u00een antichitate: prima mutilase m\u00e2inile \u015fi picioarele unei femei copte, a doua determinase leziuni ale pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor \u015fi ficatului la un egiptean din perioada greac\u0103.<\/p>\n

Bilharzioza, numit\u0103 \u00een papirusul Ebers maladia \u201e\u00e2a\u00e2”, este o maladie parazitar\u0103 care provoac\u0103 leziuni ale c\u0103ilor urinare, dar se mai cunoa\u015fte \u015fi o varietate a intestinului \u015fi pancreasului. Ruffer a pus \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 ou\u0103le calcifiate ale acestui parazit \u00een c\u0103ile urinare ale unei mumii din cea de a XX-a dinastie.<\/p>\n

Marii faraoni aveau limbrici sau erau \u015fchiopi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ou\u0103 de Ascaris (limbrici) au fost descoperite \u00een intestinul lui Pum al Il-lea. Nici faraonii nu erau ocoli\u0163i de boli. Astfel, Ramses al V-lea a suferit de variol\u0103 \u015fi apoi de o imens\u0103 hernie inguinal\u0103 care cobor\u00e2se \u00een burs\u0103 \u015fi \u00eei dublase volumul scrotului. Regele Siptah, care i-a urmat lui Sethi al II-lea, era \u015fchiop \u015fi prezenta o deformare a piciorului c\u0103p\u0103tat\u0103 \u00een copil\u0103rie: toat\u0103 gamba dreapt\u0103 \u00eei era atrofiat\u0103 \u015fi se termina cu un \u201epied-bot”, sechel\u0103 evident\u0103 a unei poliomielite.
\nPrintre mumiile de maimu\u0163e care au fost descoperite la Hermapolis, s-a g\u0103sit \u015fi o mic\u0103 fiin\u0163\u0103 uman\u0103, evident n\u0103scut\u0103 moart\u0103, lipsit\u0103 de calota cranian\u0103 \u015fi de creier.<\/p>\n

Piticii nu erau nici ei rari \u00een Egipt: s-au g\u0103sit schelete din perioada predinastic\u0103. Se pare c\u0103 erau foarte bine v\u0103zu\u0163i \u015fi sarcofagele sau mormintele luxoase ale piticilor Seneb \u015fi Puoinhetef stau m\u0103rturie despre condi\u0163ia lor social\u0103 ridicat\u0103. Poate c\u0103 ace\u015ftia jucau rolul de bufoni la Curte, c\u0103ci \u00een titlurile purtate la palat exist\u0103 \u015fi acela de \u201edirector al piticilor” \u015fi un \u201emaestru al piticilor”, denumiri \u00eenscrise pe ve\u015fmintele pe care le purtau.<\/p>\n

\u015ei vechii egiptenii aveau hernii de disc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Examenul scheletelor \u015fi radiografiile mumiilor au pus \u00een eviden\u0163\u0103 un fapt surprinz\u0103tor: artroza vertebral\u0103 era tot at\u00e2t de frecvent\u0103 \u00een vremea aceea ca \u015fi \u00een zilele noastre. Din optzeci \u015fi opt de adul\u0163i, Gray a g\u0103sit \u201eciocuri de papagal” la mai mult de un sfert. Dac\u0103 \u0163inem seama de durata de via\u0163\u0103 destul de sc\u0103zut\u0103, acest procent ne apare impresionant. Herniile de disc, pe care acum le punem pe seama deplas\u0103rii cu automobilul \u015fi a sedentarismului, erau frecvente la vechii egipteni.<\/p>\n

Scolioza copil\u0103riei, reumatismele inflamatorii ale coloanei la adultul t\u00e2n\u0103r, au l\u0103sat urme u\u015for de recunoscut. Un b\u0103rbat \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, cu p\u0103r lung \u015fi barb\u0103 alb\u0103, membru probabil al comunit\u0103\u0163ii locale a cre\u015ftinilor stabili\u0163i \u00een apropiere de templul Pilae, este unul din cele mai vechi cazuri de gut\u0103: articula\u0163iile, degetele mari. \u015fi genunchii sunt sediul unor enorme concre\u0163iuni albe de urat de calciu.<\/p>\n

Multe dintre mumiile examinate au urme de fracturi: unele dintre ele, mai ales acelea din epoca t\u00e2rzie, fiind cauzate de manipularea neglijent\u0103 de c\u0103tre \u00eemb\u0103ls\u0103m\u0103tori sau chiar datorit\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103rii de a face s\u0103 \u00eencap\u0103 un trup prea lung sau prea voluminos \u00eentr-un sarcofag prost croit. Altele sunt consecin\u0163a unor accidente.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii au fost surprin\u015fi de num\u0103rul considerabil de c\u0103lu\u015furi osoase pe care le-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een mormintele tuturor dinastiilor. Se cunosc, de asemenea, fracturi de col ale femurului, dintre care unele au fost perfect consolidate iar altele, din contr\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 nici o urm\u0103 de consolidare \u015fi care au antrenat \u00een mod sigur moartea. Fracturi ca acelea ale colului humeral, dificil de tratat, au fost reg\u0103site perfect sudate \u015fi vindecate. Din contr\u0103, reducerea fracturilor claviculei,\u00a0 opera\u0163ie totu\u015fi relativ u\u015foar\u0103,\u00a0 este\u00a0 adesea mediocru realizat\u0103.<\/p>\n

B\u0103taia cu bastonul, mai ales \u00een \u015fcoli, explic\u0103 marele num\u0103r de fracturi ale antebra\u0163ului st\u00e2ng: individul amenin\u0163at ridica bra\u0163ul pentru a-\u015fi ap\u0103ra fa\u0163a, \u00eentr-un gest reflex. Sunt fracturi care au condus la concluzii nea\u015fteptate. De pild\u0103, cazul unui b\u0103ie\u0163a\u015f de zece ani din Theba, av\u00e2nd craniul sf\u0103r\u00e2mat, ochiul st\u00e2ng smuls din orbit\u0103 \u015fi genunchiul luxat. Se poate deduce dup\u0103 reconstituirea crimei c\u0103 acest copil, apucat de picioare, a fost proiectat contra unui zid masiv de piatr\u0103. Motivul poate c\u0103 trebuie c\u0103utat \u00een dorin\u0163a de a sc\u0103pa de un ipotetic pretendent la tron…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen scrierea hieroglific\u0103 egiptean\u0103 omul \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 este figurat ca un om \u00eencovoiat, sprijinit \u00een baston. Ptah-Hotep care a ajuns la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 \u00eenaintat\u0103 se lamenteaz\u0103 astfel: \u201eSuveran, St\u0103p\u00e2nul meu, marea v\u00e2rst\u0103 a venit, b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0163ea a cobor\u00e2t asupra mea, \u00eencetineala … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7977,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[145,386,385,1532],"class_list":["post-7976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-boli","tag-egipt","tag-faraon","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigmele bolilor faraonilor din Egipt - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigmele-bolilor-faraonilor-din-egipt\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigmele bolilor faraonilor din Egipt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen scrierea hieroglific\u0103 egiptean\u0103 omul \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 este figurat ca un om \u00eencovoiat, sprijinit \u00een baston. 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