{"id":78465,"date":"2021-12-11T18:08:04","date_gmt":"2021-12-11T16:08:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=78465"},"modified":"2021-12-11T18:08:04","modified_gmt":"2021-12-11T16:08:04","slug":"misterul-din-spatele-potopului-magdalena-cea-mai-devastatoare-inundatie-din-europa-in-ultimul-mileniu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterul-din-spatele-potopului-magdalena-cea-mai-devastatoare-inundatie-din-europa-in-ultimul-mileniu\/","title":{"rendered":"Misterul din spatele „Potopului Magdalena”, cea mai devastatoare inunda\u0163ie din Europa \u00een ultimul mileniu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u00cen iulie 1342 un dezastru se cobor\u00ee asupra omenirii, mai precis \u00een zona Europei Centrale: un potop cum n-a mai fost v\u0103zut \/ \u00eenregistrat vreodat\u0103 cel pu\u021bin \u00een ultimul mileniu. Acest potop care a devastat \u00een primul r\u00e2nd terenurile agricole \u0219i ora\u0219ele germane s-a numit „Potopul Magdalena”, fiind nevoie de luni \u00eentregi pentru ca nivelul ridicat ale apei r\u00e2urilor s\u0103 coboare. Masele de ap\u0103, care au transportat material de eroziune, au schimbat demografia \u0219i au marcat definitiv topografia Germaniei.<\/p>\n

Istoricii \u015fi al\u0163i speciali\u015fti au stabilit c\u0103 at\u00e2t pe parcursul anului 1342, dar \u015fi \u00een 1343, s-a \u00eenregistrat un val de inunda\u021bii \u00een Europa. Au fost semnalate inunda\u021bii din nordul Greciei p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een nordul Italiei, \u00een bazinul Carpa\u021bilor, dar \u015fi \u00een teritoriile de sud ale Germaniei. De asemenea, s-au mai \u00eenregistrat inunda\u0163ii \u015fi \u00een vestul \u015fi nordul Europei. Marea Mediteran\u0103 a fost, de asemenea, puternic afectat\u0103 de inunda\u021bii extreme sau de valuri mari \u00een ace\u0219ti doi ani.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t prive\u015fte Germania, \u00een iulie 1342, apa din r\u00e2urile Rin, Weser, Elba \u015fi Dun\u0103re au dep\u0103\u0219it cele mai mari inunda\u021bii din secolul al XX-lea, de 10 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 100 ori. Volumele de ap\u0103 au fost enorme: au fost de 50 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 100 de ori mai mari dec\u00e2t \u00een \u200b\u200btimpul inunda\u021biei Oder (\u00een 1997) sau Elba (\u00een 2002 \u0219i 2013). Anul 1342 a \u00eenceput cu z\u0103pad\u0103 abundent\u0103 \u00een Germania, dup\u0103 care a urmat o \u00eenc\u0103lzire brusc\u0103 \u00een februarie. Apoi z\u0103pada \u0219i gerul au revenit, pentru a fi apoi \u00eenlocuite cu o stare a vremii foarte capricioas\u0103 \u015fi umed\u0103. Mai multe inunda\u021bii locale afectaser\u0103 popula\u021bia din sudul Germaniei, Elve\u021bia \u0219i Austria, \u00eenainte de evenimentul principal din 19 iulie 1342. O mare parte din recolt\u0103 a fost distrus\u0103, dar satele \u0219i-au pierdut p\u00e2n\u0103 la jum\u0103tate din terenul agricol din cauza eroziunii solului. Adic\u0103, pe jum\u0103tate din c\u00e2mpuri nu a mai r\u0103mas p\u0103m\u00e2nt fertil pentru plantare \u00een anii urm\u0103tori.<\/p>\n

Relat\u0103rile martorilor oculari sus\u0163in urm\u0103toarele: „\u00cen aceast\u0103 var\u0103, a fost o mare inunda\u021bie a apelor \u00een toat\u0103 zona noastr\u0103. Aceasta nu a fost cauzat\u0103 de precipita\u021bii, dar p\u0103rea c\u0103 apele \u021b\u00e2\u0219neau de peste tot, chiar \u0219i din v\u00e2rfurile mun\u021bilor (…) Apele au trecut peste zidurile ora\u0219ul Koln, care era traversat cu b\u0103rcile. (…) \u0218i s-au deschis por\u021bile cerurilor, \u0219i ploaia c\u0103zut pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt ca pe timpul lui Noe (…)”.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen unele ora\u0219e, nivelul apei era cu p\u00e2n\u0103 la 10 metri peste normal, iar bisericile au fost inundate p\u00e2n\u0103 la acoperi\u0219. De-a lungul tuturor marilor r\u00e2uri ale Europei \u0219i a micilor afluen\u021bi, Potopul Magdalena a distrus complet ora\u0219e, oameni, copaci, c\u00e2mpuri \u0219i paji\u0219ti.<\/p>\n

Daunele cauzate de ap\u0103 asupra solului au fost groaznice: cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de sol agricol au fost pierdute \u00een c\u00e2teva zile – aproximativ 13 miliarde de tone de sol. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce supravie\u021buitorii s-au refugiat \u00een zone \u00eenalte, \u00een multe cazuri fermierii nu s-au mai \u00eentors, terenurile agricole au fost abandonate definitiv.<\/p>\n

Cicatricile uria\u0219elor fluxuri de ap\u0103 sunt vizibile \u0219i ast\u0103zi. \u00cen mijlocul p\u0103durilor, au fost sculptate mici canioane de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 14 metri ad\u00e2ncime \u0219i, \u00een multe cazuri, pere\u021bii lor fragili, satura\u0163i de ap\u0103, s-au pr\u0103bu\u0219it, acest lucru devast\u00e2nd mul\u0163i versan\u021bi de deal. Aceste chei pot fi v\u0103zute \u0219i la poalele nordice ale Alpilor \u2013 canioane unde ast\u0103zi nu curge niciun r\u00e2u\/p\u00e2r\u00e2u \u0219i unde vegeta\u021bia nu e deloc vizibil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, \u00een special la altitudinile inferioare \u0219i mijlocii, multe din terenuri nu mai sunt utilizabile pentru agricultur\u0103 nici \u00een prezent. Speciali\u015ftii estimeaz\u0103 c\u0103 abia \u00een 10.000 de ani terenurile vor putea fi redate circuitului agricol.<\/p>\n

\u021a\u0103rile de Jos (Belgia, Olanda, Luxemburg) au fost aparent devastate mai pu\u021bin direct de masele de ap\u0103, adic\u0103 nu de precipita\u021bii, ci de r\u00e2urile germane \u0219i, \u00een mod ciudat, \u0219i de valurile m\u0103rii \u00een acela\u0219i timp.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Vene\u021bia, apa a crescut at\u00e2t de mult, \u00eenc\u0103 nimeni n-o v\u0103zuse vreodat\u0103 at\u00e2t de mare p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci – povestesc cronicile. \u00cen cazul Vene\u021biei este ciudat, \u00eentruc\u00e2t apa nu poate poveni din precipita\u021bii, din moment ce ora\u0219ul se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o lagun\u0103 \u0219i este legat direct de mare. Inunda\u021biile cunoscute din lagun\u0103 („aqua alta”) sunt cauzate fie de mareele \u00eenalte din v\u00e2nturile persistente din sud (sirocco) care \u00eempinge Marea Adriatic\u0103, fie de furtuni, sau ambele.<\/p>\n

A fost nevoie de s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni \u00eentregi pentru ca nivelul apei s\u0103 scad\u0103 la nivelul lor normal. Num\u0103rul mor\u021bilor este estimat la zeci de mii. Dar consecin\u021bele au fost \u0219i mai dezastruoase. \u00cen multe regiuni, agricultura era imposibil\u0103. Au urmat pierderi de recolte \u0219i foamete, popula\u021bia fiind \u0219i mai sl\u0103bit\u0103. Unii speciali\u015fti au sugerat sugereze c\u0103 Potopul Magdalena ar fi putut contribui la apari\u0163ia „Ciumei\u00a0 \/ Mor\u0163ii Negre” din 1347-1348. Re\u021bine\u021bi c\u0103, dup\u0103 ce jum\u0103tate din terenul agricol a disp\u0103rut, au urmat 4 ani f\u0103r\u0103 var\u0103, \u00eenainte de izbucnirea epidemiei de cium\u0103 din 1347-1348.<\/p>\n

Oricum, acest potop mai este numit \u015fi „potopul mileniului”. \u015ei, pe bun\u0103 dreptate…<\/p>\n

Sursa<\/strong> <\/em>(traducerea \u015fi adaptarea proprie): studiul „Hidden behind Magdalena: extreme floods in Europe in 1342 and 1343” \/ ui.adsabs.harvard.edu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen iulie 1342 un dezastru se cobor\u00ee asupra omenirii, mai precis \u00een zona Europei Centrale: un potop cum n-a mai fost v\u0103zut \/ \u00eenregistrat vreodat\u0103 cel pu\u021bin \u00een ultimul mileniu. Acest potop care a devastat \u00een primul r\u00e2nd terenurile agricole … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":78466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[4658,601,1391,17410,3726,253,4153,324,6819,17409,113,341,492,2487,4705,203,375,6541,1532,86,5683,11411,5006,1605,1352,2766,3842,815,8785,4066,62,429,151,550,635,17408,3042,5427,586,3530],"class_list":["post-78465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-agricultura","tag-apa","tag-austria","tag-barci","tag-belgia","tag-biserica","tag-canion","tag-ciuma","tag-dunare","tag-elba","tag-elvetia","tag-europa","tag-foamete","tag-furtuna","tag-ger","tag-germania","tag-grecia","tag-inundatie","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-italia","tag-koln","tag-laguna","tag-luxemburg","tag-mare","tag-marea-adriatica","tag-marea-mediterana","tag-maree","tag-munti","tag-muntii-alpi","tag-muntii-carpati","tag-noe","tag-olanda","tag-oras","tag-paduri","tag-potop","tag-potopul-magdalena","tag-rau","tag-rin","tag-venetia","tag-zapada","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMisterul din spatele "Potopului Magdalena", cea mai devastatoare inunda\u0163ie din Europa \u00een ultimul mileniu - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterul-din-spatele-potopului-magdalena-cea-mai-devastatoare-inundatie-din-europa-in-ultimul-mileniu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Misterul din spatele "Potopului Magdalena", cea mai devastatoare inunda\u0163ie din Europa \u00een ultimul mileniu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen iulie 1342 un dezastru se cobor\u00ee asupra omenirii, mai precis \u00een zona Europei Centrale: un potop cum n-a mai fost v\u0103zut \/ \u00eenregistrat vreodat\u0103 cel pu\u021bin \u00een ultimul mileniu. 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Acest potop care a devastat \u00een primul r\u00e2nd terenurile agricole ... 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