{"id":7593,"date":"2009-09-13T18:48:04","date_gmt":"2009-09-13T15:48:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=7593"},"modified":"2009-09-13T18:48:04","modified_gmt":"2009-09-13T15:48:04","slug":"enigma-corabiei-lui-polyon-cea-mai-veche-nava-din-lume","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-corabiei-lui-polyon-cea-mai-veche-nava-din-lume\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigma corabiei lui Polyon, cea mai veche nav\u0103 din lume"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"corabia<\/a>Era odat\u0103 un navigator pe nume Polyon, care avea o corabie…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Corabia lui Polyon din Samos nu era mare \u015fi nici prea nou\u0103, dar destul de \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103toare. Polyon o mo\u015ftenise de la tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u015fi acesta, la r\u00e2ndul lui, o cump\u0103rase de la un b\u0103tr\u00e2n navigator. Dar lemnul de pin de Alep, din care era construit\u0103, bine dat cu catran, sfida cel aproape un secol care se scursese de c\u00e2nd\u00a0 nava \u00eencepuse s\u0103 pluteasc\u0103 pe Mediterana.<\/p>\n

Polyon era bucuros. Plecase de acas\u0103 cu o \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tur\u0103 de ulei din cel mai fin, \u00een insula Kios, unde a reu\u015fit s\u0103 schimbe marfa, pe pietre de moar\u0103, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd din aceast\u0103 afacere cu un c\u00e2\u015ftig bunicel. Apoi, profit\u00e2nd de un v\u00e2nt bun \u015fi de o mare ospitalier\u0103, s-a repezit la Rhodos, d\u00e2nd pietrele de moar\u0103 pe 300 de amfore cu vin ro\u015fu \u015fi dulce \u015fi 200 de ulcioare cu migdale, delicatese foarte c\u0103utate la Kyrenia, \u00een Cipru.<\/p>\n

…ce fu atacat\u0103 de ni\u015fte pira\u0163i<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0103l\u0103toria spre aceast\u0103 insul\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 a decurs cu bine, o und\u0103 de v\u00e2nt, prins\u0103 \u00een vela mare, dreptunghiular\u0103, \u00eemping\u00e2nd corabia peste valurile moi. \u201eP\u0103m\u00e2nt!” a strigat unul din cei trei marinari z\u0103rind insula \u00een dep\u0103rtare. Polyon se b\u0103tu u\u015furel cu m\u00e2na peste punga cu monezi, g\u00e2ndind la c\u00e2\u015ftigul frumu\u015fel pe care-l a\u015ftepta. Acum soarele abia r\u0103s\u0103rise, dar – la amiaz\u0103 – spera s\u0103 lege c\u00e2rma la cheiul cet\u0103\u0163ii Kyrenia. Bucuro\u015fi navigatorii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 c\u00e2nte, preg\u0103tindu-se de acostare. Dar s-au oprit cu to\u0163ii, deodat\u0103. Ca din senin, foarte aproape de ei, s-a ivit o nav\u0103 rapid\u0103. Venea repede in \u00eent\u00e2mpinarea micu\u0163ei cor\u0103bii grece\u015fti cu inten\u0163ii prea vizibile pentru Polyon, care \u015fi-a dat seama c\u0103 urmau s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte o nav\u0103 de pira\u0163i.<\/p>\n

Polyon \u015ftia multe despre ho\u0163ii m\u0103rilor, deoarece Policrate, tiranul Samosului, el \u00eensu\u015fi fusese pirat. Dar vremurile se schimbaser\u0103 de atunci, c\u0103ci Alexandru Machedon instaurase lini\u015ftea pe m\u0103ri. Ultimul pirat, Anstonicos din Chios, fusese judecat de \u00eensu\u015fi marele rege. Aristonicos avea at\u00e2t faima de om crud, dar \u015fi cea de \u00een\u0163elept. C\u00e2nd Alexandru l-a \u00eentrebat pentru ce jefuia, siluia \u015fi ucidea, aceasta i-a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 se comport\u0103 \u00een mic la fel ca regele, numai c\u0103 el, neav\u00e2nd la dispozi\u0163ie o armat\u0103, era numit\u00a0 nu domn, ci pirat.<\/p>\n

Polyon hot\u0103r\u00ee s\u0103 se lupte cu pira\u0163ii<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00e2ndind la toate acestea, Polyon hot\u0103r\u00ee s\u0103 se opun\u0103 pira\u0163ilor, cu arma \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103, dec\u00e2t s\u0103 ajung\u0103 rob, de\u015fi num\u0103rul acestora era de c\u00e2teva ori mai mare dec\u00e2t al echipajului cor\u0103biei sale. Lupta a fost inegal\u0103 \u015fi s-a sf\u00e2r\u015fit rapid cu jaful f\u0103ptuit de nelegiui\u0163i. Tot ce era de furat pe mica nav\u0103 de comer\u0163 a fost luat: bani, cupe de aur, c\u00e2teva amfore cu vin \u015fi bine\u00een\u0163eles marinarii care urmau s\u0103 fie v\u00e2ndu\u0163i la t\u00e2rgul de sclavi. Apoi corabia a fost scufundat\u0103, pira\u0163ii urm\u0103rind a li se pierde urma.<\/p>\n

O descoperire senza\u0163ional\u0103 veche de 22 de secole<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dramatica \u00eent\u00e2mplare petrecut\u0103 \u00een largul insulei Cipru ar fi r\u0103mas necunoscut\u0103 pentru totdeauna dac\u0103, dup\u0103 22 de secole, scafandrul Andreas Cariolou nu era trimis s\u0103 cerceteze fundul m\u0103rii, \u00een zona portului de ast\u0103zi al localit\u0103\u0163ii Kyrenia. El a descoperit \u00een fundul m\u0103rii o str\u0103veche amfor\u0103 de vin.<\/p>\n

Aventura scafandrului din Kyrenia a st\u00eernit vii comentarii \u00een Cipru, dar \u015fi interesul speciali\u015ftilor Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Pennsylvania (S.U.A.), care – cu acordul autorit\u0103\u0163ilor cipriote – au declan\u015fat una dintre cele mai temerare expedi\u0163ii arheologice submarine, la care s-au angajat peste o sut\u0103 de arheologi, studen\u0163i \u015fi scafandri amatori. Aceasta se petrecea \u00een anul 1968. De atunci, var\u0103 de var\u0103, colectivul de cercet\u0103tori a studiat cu r\u0103bdare fundul m\u0103rii, p\u00e2n\u0103 la o ad\u00e2ncime de 50 de metri, sco\u0163\u00e2nd mereu din nisip ba o amfor\u0103, ba alta, toate pline cu vin, perfect conservat, considerat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi de c\u0103tre cei mai rafina\u0163i degust\u0103tori, drept excep\u0163ional calitativ.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, explor\u00e2nd cu minu\u0163iozitate locurile, cercet\u0103torii au dat peste corabia nefericitului Polyon, care z\u0103cea sub un strat de sedimente. Descoperirea unei cor\u0103bii antice era un eveniment \u015ftiin\u0163ific deosebit, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t echipa \u015fi-a concentrat toate eforturile pentru a o aduce la suprafa\u0163\u0103 \u00een cea mai bun\u0103 stare. Mai \u00eent\u00e2i au fost f\u0103cute fotografii, apoi a \u00eenceput degajarea navei, opera\u0163ie \u00eentreprins\u0103 cu migal\u0103 \u015fi aten\u0163ie, spre a nu se deteriora nimic. C\u00e2nd corpul cor\u0103biei a fost integral dezgropat din nisip, arheologii au adus la suprafa\u0163\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura acesteia: amfore cu vin, vase cu migdale \u015fi c\u00e2teva pietre de moar\u0103. Dar nava nu putea fi tras\u0103 sus, ca o cutie, exist\u00e2nd pericolul de a fi sf\u0103r\u00e2mat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s-a hot\u0103r\u00e2t ca ea s\u0103 fie desf\u0103cut\u0103 \u00een buc\u0103\u0163i acolo, pe fundul m\u0103rii, \u015fi ref\u0103cut\u0103 pe uscat. O var\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103 a fost necesar\u0103 pentru aceast\u0103 delicat\u0103 munc\u0103. Apoi, timp de mai multe luni, lemnul a fost cur\u0103\u0163at perfect de depuneri. Alte zece luni, piesele componente au fost \u0163inute \u00eentr-o baie de cear\u0103 sintetic\u0103. C\u00e2nd toate aceste opera\u0163ii au fost gata s-a trecut la reasamblarea cor\u0103biei, care acum se g\u0103se\u015fte expus\u0103 \u00eentr-o galerie a fort\u0103re\u0163ei de la Kyrenia.<\/p>\n

Enigmele privind cor\u0103bia lui Polyon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar asupra navei continuau s\u0103 pluteasc\u0103 o serie de enigme. Cercet\u0103torii se \u00eentrebau de c\u00e2nd se aflase ea sub ap\u0103, de unde venea, \u00een ce condi\u0163ii se scufundase, ce na\u0163ionalitate aveau navigatorii? Apoi, cum a fost posibil\u0103 conservarea b\u0103uturilor \u015fi migdalelor, perfect comestibile dup\u0103 at\u00e2ta vreme? R\u0103spunsurile la aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri au fost date de cur\u00e2nd de c\u0103tre \u00eens\u0103\u015fi con\u0163inutul navei antice.<\/p>\n

Cel mai vechi jurnal de bord din lume<\/strong><\/p>\n

Continu\u00e2nd cercetarea obiectelor g\u0103site la bord, un arheolog s-a ocupat de o l\u0103di\u0163\u0103, al c\u0103rui capac \u00eencerca de mult s\u0103-l deblocheze, f\u0103r\u0103 a-i strica \u00eencuietoarea \u015fi forma. \u00cen fine, str\u0103dania i-a reu\u015fit. C\u00e2nd a privit \u00een interiorul cutiei, mare i-a fost mirarea descoperind mai multe pl\u0103cu\u0163e de lemn, pe care se aflau o serie de \u00eensemn\u0103ri f\u0103cute cu un v\u00e2rf ascu\u0163it. Ulterior, cercet\u0103torul \u015fi-a dat seama c\u0103 se afla \u00een fa\u0163a celui mai vechi jurnal de bord cunoscut \u00een istoria naviga\u0163iei. Pe pl\u0103cu\u0163ele de lemn, Polyon din Samos notase cu grij\u0103 cum se desf\u0103\u015furase cea din urm\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torie a cor\u0103biei sale. Ultimele cuvinte consemnau bucuria marinarilor c\u00e2nd au z\u0103rit coastele Ciprului. Dar ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat dup\u0103 aceasta, r\u0103m\u00e2nea un mister. Explica\u0163ia naufragiului a g\u0103sit-o un alt cercet\u0103tor. El a descoperit \u00eenfipte \u00een catargul cor\u0103biei mai multe v\u00e2rfuri metalice de s\u0103ge\u0163i. Cum \u00een nav\u0103 a mai fost g\u0103sit\u0103 o lance cu v\u00e2rful \u00eendoit, acum devenea clar c\u0103 la bord avusese loc o lupt\u0103. Coroborat\u0103 cu faptul c\u0103 toate obiectele de aur, precum \u015fi punga lui Polyon, men\u0163ionate \u00een \u201ejurnalul de bord” disp\u0103ruser\u0103, ca de altfel \u015fi \u00eentregul echipaj (deoarece arheologii submarini nu au aflat niciun schelet uman \u00een zon\u0103), devenea limpede c\u0103 nava fusese atacat\u0103 de pira\u0163i. Deoarece fundul cor\u0103biei era vizibil spart cu un corp contondent, se elimina un naufragiu datorat furtunei, \u00eent\u0103rind ideia unei scufund\u0103ri for\u0163ate, deci a atacului pirateresc.<\/p>\n

Corabia lui Polyon este singura nav\u0103 de pe vremea lui Alexandru cel Mare g\u0103sit\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 acum. Ea permite studierea tehnicilor de naviga\u0163ie \u015fi a obiceiurilor acelor vremi \u00eendep\u0103rtate, precum \u015fi a procedeelor de conservare a alimentelor practicate cu at\u00e2ta succes de antici, care au r\u0103mas necunoscute p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Era odat\u0103 un navigator pe nume Polyon, care avea o corabie… Corabia lui Polyon din Samos nu era mare \u015fi nici prea nou\u0103, dar destul de \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103toare. Polyon o mo\u015ftenise de la tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u015fi acesta, la r\u00e2ndul lui, o … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7594,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[2169,1532,291,683,2168],"class_list":["post-7593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-cipru","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-nava","tag-pirati","tag-polyon","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigma corabiei lui Polyon, cea mai veche nav\u0103 din lume - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-corabiei-lui-polyon-cea-mai-veche-nava-din-lume\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigma corabiei lui Polyon, cea mai veche nav\u0103 din lume\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Era odat\u0103 un navigator pe nume Polyon, care avea o corabie… Corabia lui Polyon din Samos nu era mare \u015fi nici prea nou\u0103, dar destul de \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103toare. 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Polyon o mo\u015ftenise de la tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u015fi acesta, la r\u00e2ndul lui, o ... 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