{"id":7457,"date":"2009-09-09T09:19:59","date_gmt":"2009-09-09T06:19:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=7457"},"modified":"2019-10-14T22:34:57","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T19:34:57","slug":"al-ukhaidir-misteriosul-palat-al-celor-1001-de-nopti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/al-ukhaidir-misteriosul-palat-al-celor-1001-de-nopti\/","title":{"rendered":"Al-Ukhaidir, misteriosul palat al celor „1001 de nop\u0163i”"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Imagine:<\/strong> wikimedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen de\u015fertul Mesopotamiei se \u00eenal\u0163\u0103 o fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103, imens\u0103, uluitoare, care captiveaz\u0103 \u015fi emo\u0163ioneaz\u0103 pe to\u0163i cei care apreciaz\u0103 arhitectura militar\u0103. Structura fortifica\u0163iilor, frumuse\u0163ea lor impun\u0103toare \u00eenc\u00e2nt\u0103 vizitatorul, iar vechimea construc\u0163iei (secolul IX) dovede\u015fte superioritatea Orientului fa\u0163\u0103 de Occident, \u00een acest domeniu.<\/p>\n

Al-Ukhaidir este situat la aproximativ 150 km sud-vest de Bagdad \u015fi la vest de Babilon; \u015faizeci de kilometri \u00eel despart de Eufrat. Stranie apari\u0163ie \u00een mijlocul unui de\u015fert monoton \u015fi ne\u00eendur\u0103tor! Nicio a\u015fezare, nicio oaz\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 imensitate, str\u0103b\u0103tut\u0103 rareori de c\u00e2\u0163iva p\u0103stori cu turmele lor de oi.<\/p>\n

Un castel situat \u00een mijlocul de\u015fertului<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0103ile de acces la acest castel izolat nu sunt prea u\u015foare: mai \u00eent\u00e2i, se ajunge la Karbala, ora\u015f principal, foarte populat, unul dintre l\u0103ca\u015furile sacre ale musulmanilor sii\u0163i; apoi trebuie parcurs\u0103 o distan\u0163\u0103 de 50 de kilometri pe un drum local din de\u015fert, uneori plin de nisip. P\u0103r\u0103sind Karbala, ariditatea locului se face sim\u0163it\u0103 tot mai mult, usc\u0103ciunea de\u015fertului fiind cople\u015fitoare.<\/p>\n

Cadrul acesta golit de orice urm\u0103 de via\u0163\u0103 preg\u0103te\u015fte \u00een mod spectaculos ivirea castelului, pun\u00e2ndu-l \u015fi mai bine \u00een valoare. La orizont se deta\u015feaz\u0103, ca \u00eentr-un miraj, forma sa masiv\u0103, cu mult timp \u00eenainte de a fi aproape de el. \u00cencetul cu \u00eencetul, liniile sunt tot mai clare, contururile mai precise, turnurile \u015fi contraforturile compun stria\u0163ii mari de umbre \u015fi lumini.<\/p>\n

Un profesor francez de arheologie a fost atacat de o band\u0103 local\u0103 \u00een exploatarea castelului<\/strong> Al-Ukhaidir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Primii europeni care au izbutit s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la Al-Ukhaidir pot fi considera\u0163i exploratori autentici. \u00cen secolul XVIII, un c\u0103l\u0103tor englez care-l v\u0103zuse a prezentat, la \u00eenapoiere, o descriere sumar\u0103, dar, p\u00e2n\u0103 la sosirea unui alt european s-a scurs un secol \u015fi jum\u0103tate.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1908, Louis Massignon, orientalist foarte cunoscut, profesor la College de France, primise, din partea Institutului francez de Arheologie Oriental\u0103, o misiune \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 de cercetare \u00een Mesopotamia. Auzise despre castelul situat \u00een de\u015fert \u015fi dorea s\u0103-l vad\u0103 de aproape; a\u015fadar, a f\u0103cut toate demersurile \u015fi preg\u0103tirile necesare. Nu era o problem\u0103 minor\u0103, fiecare detaliu era important.<\/p>\n

Profesorul vorbea curent limba arab\u0103 \u015fi poseda recomand\u0103ri c\u0103lduroase ale oficialit\u0103\u0163ilor; \u015fi-a alc\u0103tuit o escort\u0103 \u015fi, dup\u0103 un lung drum c\u0103lare, au ajuns la Al-Ukhaidir. Acolo, lucrurile au luat o \u00eentors\u0103tur\u0103 nepl\u0103cut\u0103: Massignon a fost atacat de un grup de indigeni ca m\u0103sur\u0103 de represalii \u00eempotriva unei ac\u0163iuni poli\u0163iene\u015fti, \u00een care c\u00e2\u0163iva partizani ai acestei grup\u0103ri de r\u0103zvr\u0103ti\u0163i fuseser\u0103 uci\u015fi.<\/p>\n

\u201eEscorta mea s-a risipit la prima salv\u0103, spune el, \u015fi am r\u0103mas aproape singur; din fericire, mica \u015fi insuficienta mea escort\u0103 s-a regrupat cur\u00e2nd \u015fi am reu\u015fit s\u0103 p\u0103trundem \u00een castel; ne-am instalat \u015fi am preg\u0103tit planul de releveuri \u015fi fotografii. Am \u00eencercat s\u0103 parlament\u0103m cu grupul ostil care ne \u00eempresura. Mi-am dat seama c\u0103 nu le puteam \u0163ine piept, din cauza inferiorit\u0103\u0163ii noastre numerice… Am p\u0103r\u0103sit, a\u015fadar, castelul, dar c\u00e2nd am revenit, escorta mea era mai bine preg\u0103tit\u0103 \u015fi mult mai numeroas\u0103…”<\/em><\/p>\n

Am citat acest pasaj pentru a sublinia faptul c\u0103 unele investiga\u0163ii arheologice nu erau lipsite de riscuri. Actualmente, singurul risc pe care-l poate avea cineva care se \u00eendreapt\u0103 spre Al-Ukhaidir este cel de a-\u015fi vedea ma\u015fina \u00eempotmolit\u0103 \u00een nisip.<\/p>\n

Cum arat\u0103 acest castel?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen Iraq vestigiile civiliza\u0163iilor antice re\u0163in aten\u0163ia c\u0103l\u0103torului \u015fi-i st\u00e2rnesc admira\u0163ia, dar castelul de la Al-Ukhaidir \u00eel \u00eenc\u00e2nt\u0103 nespus. Fascina\u0163ia pe care o exercit\u0103 este explicabil\u0103: ciud\u0103\u0163enia apari\u0163iei unei construc\u0163ii de acest gen \u00een mijlocul de\u015fertului, amploarea \u015fi rigurozitatea construc\u0163iei, structurile \u015fi lucr\u0103rile de fortifica\u0163ii dat\u00e2nd dintr-o epoc\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103, care au fost aplicate mult mai t\u00e2rziu la castelele din Occident.<\/p>\n

S-au f\u0103cut multe conexiuni \u00een privin\u0163a aceasta, unele chiar tulbur\u0103toare, dar Al-Ukhaidir dateaz\u0103 din secolul IX, anterior, deci, cu trei sau patru secole unor construc\u0163ii similare europene. Castelul atrage \u015fi prin faptul c\u0103 a fost construit numai din piatr\u0103, c\u0103r\u0103mida fiind folosit\u0103 doar \u00een mod secundar. Natura solului irakian a f\u0103cut s\u0103 predomine construc\u0163iile din c\u0103r\u0103mid\u0103, a c\u0103ror monotonie obose\u015fte c\u0103l\u0103torul care str\u0103bate Iraqul.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t despre Al-Ukhaidir… el este din piatr\u0103 (datorit\u0103 c\u0103reia fa\u0163ada a c\u0103p\u0103tat o frumoas\u0103 patin\u0103 aurie), ceea ce explic\u0103 conservarea foarte bun\u0103 a castelului pe care-l admir\u0103m \u015fi \u00een ziua de azi. Planul a fost conceput conform celor mai stricte reguli ale simetriei: castelul este \u00eenconjurat de un zid de ap\u0103rare p\u0103trat, totaliz\u00e2nd aproximativ 800 de metri, flancat alternativ de turnuri semicilindrice \u015fi de contraforturi. La fiecare unghi se afl\u0103 un mare tum rotund. O poart\u0103 \u00eent\u0103rit\u0103 se deschide la mijlocul fiec\u0103rei laturi ale p\u0103tratului; cea dinspre nord reprezint\u0103 intrarea principal\u0103, permi\u0163\u00e2nd accesul direct la palatul reziden\u0163ial care se \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103, \u00een interiorul incintei, ca un vast ansamblu arhitectonic.<\/p>\n

S\u0103 facem mai \u00eent\u00e2i \u00eenconjurul acestui zid de ap\u0103rare foarte \u00eentins (bine conservat pe o mare parte a lungimii sale) care las\u0103 o impresie deosebit\u0103 de tr\u0103inicie, de for\u0163\u0103. Constat\u0103m c\u0103 nu lipse\u015fte niciunul din posturile de ap\u0103rare: creneluri \u00een mari arcade sus\u0163inute pe contraforturi, grupate c\u00e2te dou\u0103, \u00eentre turnurile semicirculare; deasupra lor, \u00een zidul de ap\u0103rare, un \u015fir de deschideri verticale \u00eenguste, ca ni\u015fte ferestruici, pentru a trage cu arcul.<\/p>\n

Planul, construc\u0163ia, dotarea cu mijloace ofensive \u015fi defensive a unei cet\u0103\u0163i fortificate medievale, ca s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte asaltul oamenilor \u015fi al vremurilor, pot fi studiate la Al-Ukhaidir, ridicat \u00een secolul IX, cu multe secole \u00eenaintea castelelor din apusul Europei. Faptul este cu totul remarcabil!<\/p>\n

Accesul \u00een interiorul incintei se face pe poarta principal\u0103, din aripa de nord. Se intr\u0103 \u00eentr-o sal\u0103 vast\u0103, monumental\u0103, sub\u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it\u0103 \u00een patru naosuri formate de coloane masive care sus\u0163in arcade solide. Imediat, pe dreapta, se trece printr-o curte m\u0103rginit\u0103 de un portic, din care au r\u0103mas doar c\u00e2teva fragmente de coloane: e locul unde fusese ridicat\u0103 o moschee.<\/p>\n

Palatul fortului: locul unde s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat povestirile din „1001 de nop\u0163i”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Palatul reziden\u0163ial se \u00eenal\u0163\u0103 \u00een centrul dreptunghiului imens, conturat de incint\u0103. Conceput dup\u0103 un plan dreptunghiular, dimensiunile sale sunt impresionante: 90 m lungime pe 75 m l\u0103\u0163ime. Un zid gros, flancat din loc \u00een loc de contraforturi circulare masive, \u00eel \u00eenconjoar\u0103 din toate p\u0103r\u0163ile. Un asediator care ar fi izbutit s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een curte s-ar fi izbit, astfel, de a doua linie de ap\u0103rare.<\/p>\n

Fort\u0103rea\u0163a, de fapt un palat imens, se \u00eentinde \u00een lungime, conform unui plan arhitectonic simplu: totul este r\u00e2nduit \u00een jurul cur\u0163ii centrale dreptunghiulare, de 33 m pe 27 m. Parterul acesta impun\u0103tor este ap\u0103rat de o teras\u0103; nenum\u0103ratele cur\u0163i, s\u0103li \u015fi coridoare – adev\u0103rat labirint – sunt cufundate \u00eentr-o binef\u0103c\u0103toare semiobscuritate, absolut necesar\u0103 \u00een acest loc, unde temperatura atinge cele mai ridicate cote \u00een anotimpul cald.<\/p>\n

S\u0103 nu uit\u0103m c\u0103 pove\u015ftile cuprinse \u00een O mie \u015fi una de nop\u0163i<\/strong> se petrec \u00een mare parte la Bagdad, care nu se afla prea departe de Al-Ukhaidir; nu puteau izvor\u00ee \u00een alt\u0103 parte, dec\u00e2t pe t\u0103r\u00e2mul acesta al mirajurilor, \u00een care ivirea castelului din de\u015fert pare ireal\u0103, \u00eembin\u00e2nd ciud\u0103\u0163enia provocatoare cu feeria.<\/p>\n

Misterul datei de construire al castelului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce reprezenta un asemenea castel \u015fi c\u00e2nd fusese construit? Nicio inscrip\u0163ie nu tr\u0103da vreo dat\u0103, stabilind epoca \u00een care fusese cl\u0103dit; cu toate acestea, un arheolog francez \u00eel \u00eencadra \u00eentre secolele IV \u015fi VII ale erei noastre. Se atribuia, a\u015fadar, castelului o considerabil\u0103 vechime. Ulterior, au ap\u0103rut c\u00e2teva modific\u0103ri \u00een privin\u0163a dat\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

Serviciile arheologice irakiene s-au ocupat cu mult\u0103 grij\u0103 de acest monument uimitor, efectu\u00e2nd s\u0103p\u0103turi \u015fi restaur\u0103ri importante: s-a descoperit c\u0103 una din camerele palatului fusese ini\u0163ial o moschee. \u00cen consecin\u0163\u0103 trebuia admis\u0103 ideea c\u0103 Al-Ukhaidir fusese ridicat \u00eentr-o epoc\u0103 \u00een care era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit cultul islamic, deci \u00eentre anii 820 – 860.<\/p>\n

De ce a fost \u00een\u0103l\u0163at acest fort?<\/strong><\/p>\n

O ipotez\u0103, destul de plauzibil\u0103, i-a atribuit lui Ibn-Mussa, nepotul califului El Mansur – \u00eentemeietorul Bagdadului – proiectul de a \u00een\u0103l\u0163a un castel \u00eent\u0103rit, pentru c\u0103 el fusese for\u0163at s\u0103 renun\u0163e la califat. \u00cen felul acesta, Al-Ukhaidir, adev\u0103rat palat din O mie \u015fi una de nop\u0163i<\/strong>, reprezenta un fel de \u00eenchisoare fastuoas\u0103 rezervat\u0103 celui constr\u00e2ns s\u0103 se retrag\u0103.<\/p>\n

O singur\u0103 ipotez\u0103 nu ajungea pentru justificarea masivului sistem de ap\u0103rare a castelului. De\u015fertul a nelini\u015ftit \u00eentotdeauna puterea instalat\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2mpia mesopotamian\u0103. Al-Ukhaidir reprezenta o fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103 puternic\u0103, de unde putea fi supravegheat\u0103 o zon\u0103 pe o raz\u0103 de cincizeci de kilometri \u00eenainte de a se ajunge la Eufrat; eventualii n\u0103v\u0103litori puteau fi \u0163inu\u0163i la distan\u0163\u0103 cu ajutorul mijloacelor ofensive \u015fi defensive de care dispunea castelul.<\/p>\n

\u00cen fa\u0163a aripei de nord a intr\u0103rii monumentale se \u00eentinde o cl\u0103dire vast\u0103, destul de deteriorat\u0103; sunt cl\u0103dirile-anex\u0103 ale castelului, care cuprindeau, probabil, cazarma, grajdurile, caravanseraiul (han mare la care poposeau caravanele). Era nevoie de o garnizoan\u0103 numeroas\u0103, bine dotat\u0103, pentru a p\u0103stra Al-Ukhaidir-ul.<\/p>\n

Problema apei, at\u00e2t de necesar\u0103, fusese rezolvat\u0103 printr-o re\u0163ea de rezervoare \u015fi de canale subterane de drenare (asem\u0103n\u0103toare subteranelor capt\u00e2nd apa din locurile plantate cu palmieri, \u00een Sahara), din care au r\u0103mas c\u00e2teva vestigii.<\/p>\n

E ciudat c\u0103 exist\u0103 at\u00e2tea \u00eendoieli cu privire la apartenen\u0163a castelului: cel care l-a ctitorit va r\u0103m\u00e2ne ve\u015fnic p\u0103rinteie necunoscut. Cine a fost oare acest constructor genial – \u015fi de unde venea? – care a \u00een\u0103l\u0163at \u00een de\u015fert acest palat grandios, dotat cu mijloace de ap\u0103rare des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fite, unice pe vremea aceea? \u00centrebare st\u0103ruitoare, la care am dori s\u0103 afl\u0103m r\u0103spunsul!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen de\u015fertul Mesopotamiei se \u00eenal\u0163\u0103 o fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103, imens\u0103, uluitoare, care captiveaz\u0103 \u015fi emo\u0163ioneaz\u0103 pe to\u0163i cei care apreciaz\u0103 arhitectura militar\u0103. Structura fortifica\u0163iilor, frumuse\u0163ea lor impun\u0103toare \u00eenc\u00e2nt\u0103 vizitatorul, iar vechimea construc\u0163iei (secolul IX) dovede\u015fte superioritatea Orientului fa\u0163\u0103 de Occident, \u00een acest … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64552,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1770],"tags":[1065,2148,55,2138,1773,325,983,9807,1063,2149],"class_list":["post-7457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geografie-feologie","tag-1001-nopti","tag-al-ukhaidir","tag-arheologie","tag-bagdad","tag-calif","tag-castel","tag-desert","tag-geografie-geologie","tag-iraq","tag-palat","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nAl-Ukhaidir, misteriosul palat al celor "1001 de nop\u0163i" - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/al-ukhaidir-misteriosul-palat-al-celor-1001-de-nopti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Al-Ukhaidir, misteriosul palat al celor "1001 de nop\u0163i"\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen de\u015fertul Mesopotamiei se \u00eenal\u0163\u0103 o fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103, imens\u0103, uluitoare, care captiveaz\u0103 \u015fi emo\u0163ioneaz\u0103 pe to\u0163i cei care apreciaz\u0103 arhitectura militar\u0103. 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