{"id":7322,"date":"2009-09-03T19:26:39","date_gmt":"2009-09-03T16:26:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=7322"},"modified":"2017-04-21T10:45:06","modified_gmt":"2017-04-21T07:45:06","slug":"inchizitia-600-de-ani-de-crime-in-numele-crestinismului-partea-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/inchizitia-600-de-ani-de-crime-in-numele-crestinismului-partea-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Inchizi\u0163ia, 600 de ani de crime \u00een numele cre\u015ftinismului (partea 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Inchizitie23\"<\/a>Continuare a articolului precedent: Inchizi\u0163ia, 600 de ani de crime \u00een numele cre\u015ftinismului (partea 1)<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Cum a ap\u0103rut Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie \u015fi \u00een Portugalia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Portugalia nu cuno\u015ftea dec\u00e2t pu\u0163in Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie, cu toate c\u0103, de la \u00eenceputul secolului al XV-lea, papa Bonifaciu al IX-lea avusese acolo delega\u0163i fra\u0163i predicatori, care mergeau din ora\u015f \u00een ora\u015f s\u0103-i ard\u0103 pe eretici, pe musulmani \u015fi pe evrei. Ei erau \u00eens\u0103 ambulan\u0163i \u015fi chiar regii se pl\u00e2ngeau de abuzurile lor. Papa Clement al VII-lea a vrut s\u0103 le dea posibilitatea s\u0103 se fixeze \u00een Portugalia, cum era \u00een Aragon \u015fi Castilia. Au existat dispute \u00eentre pontificatele de la Roma \u015fi cel din Lisabona. Spiritele s-au \u00eencins, Inchizi\u0163ia era \u00een suferin\u0163\u0103 \u015fi nu era instalat\u0103 perfect.<\/p>\n

Regele Portugaliei a fost p\u0103c\u0103lit de un escroc \u00een numele Inchizi\u0163iei<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1539 a ap\u0103rut la Lisabona un legat al papei care – spunea el – dorea s\u0103 instaureze Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie pe baze de neclintit. El aducea regelui scrisori din partea papei Paul al III-lea, av\u00e2nd scrisori \u015fi pentru principalii ofi\u0163eri de la curte. Patentele lui erau parafate \u015fi sigilate. El pretindea c\u0103 are cele mai mari drepturi pentru a numi un mare inchizitor \u015fi pe to\u0163i judec\u0103torii sf\u00e2ntului oficiu. Era un om viclean, pe nume Saavedra, care \u015ftia s\u0103 falsifice orice semn\u0103tur\u0103, s\u0103 fabrice \u015fi s\u0103 aplice sigilii false. \u00cenv\u0103\u0163ase aceast\u0103 meserie la Roma \u015fi se perfec\u0163ionase la Sevilla, de unde venea \u00eempreun\u0103 cu al\u0163i doi escroci. Avea o mare suit\u0103, format\u0103 din 120 slujitori. Pentru a subven\u0163iona aceste imense cheltuieli pentru el \u015fi oamenii lui, a \u00eemprumutat sume mari, la Sevilla, \u00een numele camerei apostolice de la Roma. Totul era pus la cale cu \u015firetlicurile cele mai orbitoare.<\/p>\n

\"Inchizitie20\"<\/a>Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, regele Portugaliei a fost mirat c\u0103 papa i-a trimis un legat f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103-l fi prevenit. Acesta i-a r\u0103spuns cu demnitate c\u0103 \u00eentr-o chestiune at\u00e2t de grabnic\u0103 cum era instituirea Inchizi\u0163iei, sfin\u0163ia sa nu putea accepta nicio am\u00e2nare \u015fi c\u0103 regele ar fi trebuit s\u0103 fie onorat c\u0103 primul curier care \u00eei aducea noutatea era un legat al sf\u00e2ntului p\u0103rinte. Regele nu a \u00eendr\u0103znit s\u0103 se opun\u0103. Chiar \u00een aceea\u015fi zi, legatul a numit un mare inchizitor, trimi\u0163\u00e2nd peste tot s\u0103 se str\u00e2ng\u0103 impozite. \u015ei \u00eenainte ca regele s\u0103 aib\u0103 un r\u0103spuns de la Roma, acesta str\u00e2nsese mai mult de 200.000 de scuzi.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acest timp, marchizul de Villanova, senior spaniol, de la care legatul \u00eemprumutase bani, cu semn\u0103turi false, s-a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 se descurce singur, dec\u00e2t s\u0103 se compromit\u0103 cu acest punga\u015f la Lisabona. Legatul \u00ee\u015fi f\u0103cea atunci turneul la frontierele Spaniei. El l-a ajuns \u00eempreun\u0103 cu 50 de oameni \u00eenarma\u0163i, l-a legat \u015fi l-a dus la Madrid. Escrocheria a fost descoperit\u0103 la Lisabona. Consiliul de la Madrid l-a condamnat pe legatul Saavedra s\u0103 fie biciuit \u015fi la 10 ani de galer\u0103.<\/p>\n

Opinia filozofului Voltaire despre Inchizi\u0163ie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Iat\u0103 ceea ce filozoful Voltaire despre Inchizi\u0163ie: „Se cunosc toate procedurile acestui tribunal: e\u015fti arestat pe baza unei simple denun\u0163\u0103ri, din partea unei persoane oric\u00e2t de infame; un fiu \u00ee\u015fi poate denun\u0163a tat\u0103l, o femeie, so\u0163ul. Apoi, niciodat\u0103 nu e\u015fti confruntat \u00een fa\u0163a acuzatorilor; bunurile sunt confiscate \u00een profitul judec\u0103torilor. \u00cen felul acesta s-a comportat Inchizi\u0163ia p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre: ea s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een toat\u0103 lumea cre\u015ftin\u0103, ceea ce l-a f\u0103cut pe Luigi Paramo s\u0103 spun\u0103, \u00een cartea sa despre originile Inchizi\u0163iei, c\u0103 acel arbore \u00eenflorit \u015fi verde \u015fi-a \u00eentins r\u0103d\u0103cinile \u015fi crengile peste tot p\u0103m\u00e2ntul produc\u00e2nd fructele cele mai dulci.<\/em><\/p>\n

Legile pe care Sf\u00e2ntul Dominic le-a dat Sf\u00e2ntului Oficiu nu le-a luat din Evanghelie, ci din codul vizigo\u0163ilor, c\u0103rora le-a ad\u0103ugat noi orori. Au fost g\u0103site toate aceste opere \u00eengrozitoare, care au revoltat omenirea la g\u00e2ndul c\u0103 li s-ar putea supune. Germania \u015fi Anglia s-au revoltat, \u0162\u0103rile de Jos s-au ridicat \u015fi ele \u015fi 200.000 de oameni au pierit ap\u0103r\u00e2ndu-\u015fi \u0163ara de invazia Sf\u00e2ntului Oficiu. Republica Olanda a luat na\u015ftere ca urmare a acestor r\u0103zboaie. Dar lucrurile nu s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat la fel \u00een Germania, Fran\u0163a \u015fi Anglia. Se cunosc cruzimile lui Carol Quintul, masacrele care s-au petrecut \u00een Anglia pe vremea domniei reginei Maria \u015fi s-ar putea spune c\u0103 dac\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Oficiu n-ar fi avut \u00een Anglia \u015fi Germania forma aceea impun\u0103toare pe care Spania o g\u0103sea at\u00e2t de reu\u015fit\u0103, clericii n-ar fi exterminat mai pu\u0163ini eretici \u015fi necredincio\u015fi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sf\u00e2ntul Ludovic a fost acela care a stabilit Inchizi\u0163ia \u00een Fran\u0163a. A fost o mare mul\u0163ime de oameni condamna\u0163i la moarte \u015fi la cele mai cumplite torturi, la cererea inchizitorilor. Persecu\u0163iile din timpul lui Francisc I, \u015fi a urma\u015filor s\u0103i, masacrele din noaptea sf\u00e2ntului Bartolomeu, revocarea edictului de la Nantes, m\u0103celurile de la Cevennes, toate aceste atrocit\u0103\u0163i sunt acte pe care Inchizi\u0163ia trebuie s\u0103 le recunoasc\u0103 ca oper\u0103 a sa.” <\/em><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 citeai o carte interzis\u0103 sau m\u00e2ncai carne de porc, puteai fi ars pe rug!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se \u00een\u0163elegea sub numele de erezie orice gre\u015feal\u0103 neacceptat\u0103 de concilii, orice opinie contrar\u0103 deciziilor papei, orice fel de ne\u00eencredere \u00een decretele Inchizi\u0163iei, faptul c\u0103 papa nu este infailibil, ca nu are o putere f\u0103r\u0103 margini asupra timpului de domnie al regilor, c\u0103 bulele pe care le d\u0103 nu sunt tocmai bune. Lectura unor c\u0103r\u0163i condamnate de Inchizi\u0163ie, faptul c\u0103 nu \u0163i-ai denun\u0163at tat\u0103l, mama, so\u0163ia, \u00een caz de erezie, faptul c\u0103 dai un sfat unei persoane aflat\u0103 sub observa\u0163ia Sf\u00e2ntului Oficiu, faptul c\u0103 scrii o scrisare de comapasiune unui prieten prizonier…toate acestea erau condamnate. De asemenea, trebuia s\u0103 nu m\u0103n\u00e2nci carne de porc pentru c\u0103 nu se diger\u0103, s\u0103 nu faci ceva care miroase a evreu etc, c\u0103ci, la fel, toate acestea erau considerate erezii, pentru care erai ars, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00eentr-o c\u0103ma\u015f\u0103 \u00eembibat\u0103 cu pucioas\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cine nu recuno\u015ftea acuza\u0163iile, era torturat<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd acuzatul nu-\u015fi recunoa\u015ftea vina de la \u00eenceput, dup\u0103 ce era introdus \u00een subteranele Sf\u00e2ntului Oficiu, era adus \u00een fa\u0163a tribunalului a doua oar\u0103. \u015ei dac\u0103 se \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103\u0163\u00e2na s\u0103 nu recunoasc\u0103 nici acum, i se d\u0103deau \u00een scris am\u0103nunte despre tic\u0103lo\u015fiile pe care le-a comis, dar nu i se spunea cine sunt delatorii, nici nu era confruntat cu ei, pentru c\u0103 ace\u015ftia erau de fapt spioni ai Inchizi\u0163iei sau un fiu, o so\u0163ie, un so\u0163, un frate, care-\u015fi denun\u0163\u0103 tat\u0103l, so\u0163ul, so\u0163ia, sora.<\/p>\n

Tortura funiei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 acuzatul nu recuno\u015ftea actul acuzator era supus torturilor. Prima era aceea a funiei. I se legau bra\u0163ele la spate, apoi era ridicat la \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime cu ajutorul unui scripete \u015fi l\u0103sat s\u0103 cad\u0103 de la o \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime considerabil\u0103, dup\u0103 ce o vreme a fost \u0163inut suspendat. Aceast\u0103 tortur\u0103, care de obicei fr\u00e2ngea membrele acuzatului, dura c\u00e2teva ore, mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in, dup\u0103 cum considerau inchizitorii, care asistau la torturi, \u00eentrerup\u00e2ndu-le atunci c\u00e2nd omul era gata s\u0103-\u015fi dea duhul \u015fi s\u0103 le scape astfel din m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n

Tortura apei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 \u00een timpul acestui supliciu acuzatul nu recuno\u015ftea nimic, era supus la a doua tortur\u0103, aceea a apei. I se d\u0103dea acuzatului s\u0103 \u00eenghit\u0103 o cantitate imens\u0103 de ap\u0103 cald\u0103. Apoi era culcat \u00eentr-o albie de lemn, care se str\u00e2ngea \u015fi se \u00eenchidea dup\u0103 nevoi. Aceast\u0103 albie era traversat\u0103 \u00een mijloc de o pies\u0103 de lemn care apleca spre spate corpul \u015fi, \u00een cazul c\u0103 inchizitorul poruncea, \u00eei fr\u00e2ngea coloana vertebral\u0103…<\/p>\n

Tortura focului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar tortura cea mai util\u0103 pentru p\u0103c\u0103to\u015fii \u00eenr\u0103i\u0163i era cea a focului. Prizonierului i se frecau picioarele cu unt, gr\u0103sime, ulei sau orice materie absorbant\u0103 \u015fi combustibil\u0103; era \u00eentins la p\u0103m\u00e2nt, cu picioarele \u00eentoarse spre un foc de c\u0103rbuni, care \u00eel ardeau, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd el m\u0103rturisea tot ce Inchizi\u0163ia vroia.<\/p>\n

Aceste torturi aveau loc \u00eentr-un subteran foarte ad\u00e2nc, unde se ajungea dup\u0103 nenum\u0103rate ocoluri, pentru ca strig\u0103tele \u00eengrozitoare ale tortura\u0163ilor s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 fi auzite. Subteranul nu era luminat dec\u00e2t de f\u0103clii a c\u0103ror lumin\u0103 l\u0103sa s\u0103 se vad\u0103 instrumentele supliciului, pe c\u0103l\u0103i, ca \u015fi pe inchizitorii care interogau. C\u0103l\u0103ii erau \u00eembr\u0103ca\u0163i cu rob\u0103 neagr\u0103, aveau obrazul mascat de un capi\u015fon din aceea\u015fi stof\u0103, t\u0103iat \u00een dreptul ochilor, nasului \u015fi a gurii.<\/p>\n

Inchizi\u0163ia tortura \u015fi femei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Legile omene\u015fti au exceptat \u00eentotdeauna femeile de la tortur\u0103, oricare ar fi fost crimele lor, menaj\u00e2ndu-le fragilitatea \u015fi respect\u00e2nd pudoarea. Sf\u00e2ntul Oficiu s-a situat deasupra acestor considerente \u015fi s-a v\u0103zut, de exemplu, cum judec\u0103torii eclezia\u015fti au supus la tortur\u0103 de trei ori la r\u00e2nd o fat\u0103 t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103.<\/p>\n

Metoda \u015fireteniei, ultima metod\u0103 \u00een cazul e\u015fecului metodelor de tortur\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd supliciul nu a ob\u0163inut rezultate \u015fi au fost epuizate toate metodele de tortur\u0103 imaginate, prizonierii erau du\u015fi \u00een carcer\u0103 \u015fi atunci se aplica metoda \u015fireteniei. Li se trimiteau spioni ai tribunalului, care simul\u00e2nd c\u0103 ei \u00een\u015fi\u015fi sunt prizonieri \u015fi nevinova\u0163i, criticau Inchizi\u0163ia \u015fi metodele ei condamnabile. Prin aceste discursuri pe c\u00e2t de adev\u0103rate pe at\u00e2t de mincinoase, agen\u0163ii aposta\u0163i \u00eei atr\u0103geau pe condamna\u0163i \u00een capcan\u0103, cu at\u00e2t mai u\u015for cu c\u00e2t nu puteau s\u0103 nu-\u015fi amestece pl\u00e2nsetele, ace\u015ftia crez\u00e2nd c\u0103 le \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fesc soarta. Atunci, tot ce se vorbea de r\u0103u despre Inchizi\u0163ie era memorat, amplificat, iar judec\u0103torii nu aveau nevoie de alte probe ca s\u0103-i condamne la moarte prin foc.<\/p>\n

\u00cenainte de arderea pe rug…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Preo\u0163ii \u015fi c\u0103lug\u0103rii care erau judec\u0103tori \u015fi p\u0103r\u0163i \u00een aceste tribunale nu se mul\u0163umeau s\u0103 pronun\u0163e condamnarea la moarte, ei asistau la torturile mor\u0163ii \u015fi d\u0103deau acestei ceremonii toat\u0103 importan\u0163a pompei ecleziastice. Ei au dus at\u00e2t de departe barbaria, \u00eenc\u00e2t aceste execu\u0163ii \u00eens\u00e2ngerate f\u0103ceau parte din distrac\u0163iile publicului…Celor care trebuiau s\u0103 fie ar\u015fi li se citea sentin\u0163a cu 15 zile \u00eenainte, pentru a li se oferi timpul necesar s\u0103-\u015fi simt\u0103 groaznicul destin. \u00cen noaptea care preceda \u00abactul de credin\u0163\u0103\u00bb, li se aduceau hainele destinate acestei s\u0103rb\u0103tori. Ele consistau dintr-o vest\u0103 cu m\u00e2neci lungi \u015fi un pantalon de p\u00e2nz\u0103 neagr\u0103 cu dungi albe. Apoi erau condu\u015fi \u00eentr-o galerie lung\u0103, unde erau a\u015feza\u0163i dup\u0103 gravitatea crimelor \u015fi felul torturii ce li se preg\u0103tea.<\/p>\n

Aici li se d\u0103deau principalele piese de \u00eembr\u0103cat. Acestea erau un scapular de p\u00e2nz\u0103, care sem\u0103na pu\u0163in cu un patrafir preo\u0163esc. Erau de trei feluri: san-benifo, f\u0103cut din p\u00e2nz\u0103 galben\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 \u015fi \u00een spate prins\u0103 o cruce a sf\u00e2ntului Andrei, pictat\u0103 \u00een ro\u015fu. Aceasta se d\u0103dea necredincio\u015filor, evreilor, mahomedanilor \u015fi ereticilor. Cei care persistau s\u0103 nege faptele de care erau acuza\u0163i, \u015fi care totu\u015fi erau dovedi\u0163i vinova\u0163i prin depozi\u0163iile martorilor Sf\u00e2ntului Oficiu, primeau o samarra din p\u00e2nz\u0103 cenu\u015fie. At\u00e2t \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 c\u00e2t \u015fi pe spate avea pictat portretul vinovatului, a\u015fezat sau \u00een picioare, pe t\u0103ciuni \u00eencin\u015fi, \u00eenv\u0103luit \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u015fi \u00eenconjurat de demoni. Cei care au recunoscut crimele care li s-a ordonat s\u0103 le m\u0103rturiseasc\u0103, purtau o samarra acoperit\u0103 cu fl\u0103c\u0103ri r\u0103sturnate. De obicei ace\u015ftia nu erau ar\u015fi, ci condamna\u0163i la o pedeaps\u0103 pe care nu o cuno\u015fteau p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een momentul ceremoniei.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 scapularul de uniform\u0103, condamna\u0163ilor li se mai punea pe cap o bonet\u0103 de carton numit\u0103 carrochas, \u00een form\u0103 de c\u0103p\u0103\u0163\u00e2n\u0103 de zah\u0103r, acoperit\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u015fi de demoni \u00een miniatur\u0103. Procesiunea era deschis\u0103 de o mul\u0163ime de c\u0103lug\u0103ri. Apoi veneau condamna\u0163ii purt\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 o lum\u00e2nare de cear\u0103 galben\u0103. Li se d\u0103dea c\u00e2te un na\u015f, c\u0103ci ace\u015ftia vor fi boteza\u0163i \u00een s\u00e2ngele victimelor, pentru gloria credin\u0163ei. Dup\u0103 cei vinova\u0163i \u015fi care au rezistat torturilor erau adu\u015fi cei care au murit deja sau chiar au fost dezgropa\u0163i. Li se aduceau \u00een cufere osemintele, iar \u00een v\u00e2rful unei pr\u0103jini efigia cu numele fiec\u0103ruia, coafat\u0103 cu carrochas-ul \u015fi ornat\u0103 cu tot echipamentul pe care-l au \u015fi cei vii. Acest \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103tor mar\u015f era \u00eencheiat de marele inchizitor, urmat de to\u0163i ofi\u0163erii s\u0103i \u015fi de o mul\u0163ime imens\u0103 de curio\u015fi care sperau \u00een indulgen\u0163ele papale.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd procesiunea ajungea la biseric\u0103, se f\u0103cea o rug\u0103ciune cu privire la utilitatea \u015fi bl\u00e2nde\u0163ea Sf\u00e2ntului Oficiu. Apoi se citea tuturor condamna\u0163ilor sentin\u0163a, iar un preot tr\u0103gea c\u00e2te o nuia tuturor celor care \u015fi-au recunoscut vina, pentru a le ridica excomunicarea pe care au riscat-o prin erezia lor. Dup\u0103 aceea se f\u0103cea \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea torturii finale: erau \u015ftrangula\u0163i \u015fi ar\u015fi cei ce mureau cre\u015ftine\u015fte \u015fi erau ar\u015fi la foc mic cei care refuzaser\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 vreo m\u0103rturisire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Continuare a articolului precedent: Inchizi\u0163ia, 600 de ani de crime \u00een numele cre\u015ftinismului (partea 1) Cum a ap\u0103rut Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie \u015fi \u00een Portugalia Portugalia nu cuno\u015ftea dec\u00e2t pu\u0163in Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie, cu toate c\u0103, de la \u00eenceputul secolului al XV-lea, papa … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1288,211,2112,218,202,1906,1532,97,1858,826,318,2117,1517],"class_list":["post-7322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-ars-pe-rug","tag-crestinism","tag-episcop","tag-evrei","tag-franta","tag-inchizitie","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-papa","tag-pedeapsa-cu-moartea","tag-portugalia","tag-spania","tag-tortura","tag-voltaire","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nInchizi\u0163ia, 600 de ani de crime \u00een numele cre\u015ftinismului (partea 2) - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/inchizitia-600-de-ani-de-crime-in-numele-crestinismului-partea-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Inchizi\u0163ia, 600 de ani de crime \u00een numele cre\u015ftinismului (partea 2)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Continuare a articolului precedent: Inchizi\u0163ia, 600 de ani de crime \u00een numele cre\u015ftinismului (partea 1) Cum a ap\u0103rut Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie \u015fi \u00een Portugalia Portugalia nu cuno\u015ftea dec\u00e2t pu\u0163in Sf\u00e2nta Inchizi\u0163ie, cu toate c\u0103, de la \u00eenceputul secolului al XV-lea, papa ... 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