{"id":70971,"date":"2020-08-02T21:30:27","date_gmt":"2020-08-02T18:30:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=70971"},"modified":"2020-07-31T09:39:37","modified_gmt":"2020-07-31T06:39:37","slug":"taina-sumerienilor-cum-au-putut-ca-ei-sa-fie-atat-de-avansati-si-unde-au-disparut-fara-urme-au-fost-rapiti-de-extraterestri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/taina-sumerienilor-cum-au-putut-ca-ei-sa-fie-atat-de-avansati-si-unde-au-disparut-fara-urme-au-fost-rapiti-de-extraterestri\/","title":{"rendered":"Taina sumerienilor: cum au putut ca ei s\u0103 fie at\u00e2t de avansa\u0163i? \u015ei unde au disp\u0103rut f\u0103r\u0103 urme? Au fost r\u0103pi\u0163i de extratere\u015ftri?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/sumerieni.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-70972\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/sumerieni.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/sumerieni.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/sumerieni-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a>Urmele sumerienilor au fost descoperite la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XVIII-lea, \u00een urma unei expedi\u0163ii \u00een Mesopotamia. Acolo, arheologii au descoperit o pl\u0103cu\u0163\u0103 cu un text scris \u00een trei limbi, cu trei tipuri diferite de scriere. Una din scrieri era sumerian\u0103 \u015fi abia \u00een 1871, lingvistul Archibald Size a publicat primul text sumerian. Un timp \u00eendelungat, cercet\u0103torii filologi nu au vrut s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 existen\u0163a acestei limbi \u015fi culturi; se opina c\u0103 \u00een texte este folosit\u0103 limba artificial\u0103, sacr\u0103 a preo\u0163ilor. Abia la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XlX-lea a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se discute la modul serios despre civiliza\u0163ia sumerian\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De unde au venit sumerienii \u00eenc\u0103 nu se \u015ftie, \u00eens\u0103, la momentul apari\u0163iei lor, pe p\u0103m\u00e2nturile Mesopotamiei tr\u0103iau \u015fi alte triburi. Sumerienii au \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at s\u0103 asaneze mla\u015ftinile acelor locuri \u015fi au creat un imens sistem de iriga\u0163ii. Ei cuno\u015fteau v\u00e2n\u0103toarea \u015fi pescuitul, cre\u015fterea animalelor \u015fi agricultura; au \u00eensu\u015fit ol\u0103ritul \u015fi, mai t\u00e2rziu, arderea c\u0103r\u0103mizilor. La \u00eenceputul mileniului al III-lea \u00ee.Hr., sumerienii au descoperit cuprul, apoi &#8211; bronzul \u015fi staniul \u015fi, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit, fierul. Aceste descoperiri au stat la baza dezvolt\u0103rii lor economice.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen calcule, sumerienii foloseau sistemul de num\u0103rare \u00een baza \u015faizeci, not\u00e2nd cifrele cu doar dou\u0103 semne: \u201epana\u201d, care semnifica nivelele num\u0103rului 60, \u015fi \u201ecro\u015feta\u201d, care \u00eenmul\u0163ea cu 10. Sistemul acesta permitea sumerienilor s\u0103 calculeze frac\u0163iile \u015fi s\u0103 multiplice numerele p\u00e2n\u0103 la milioane, s\u0103 extrag\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cina p\u0103trat\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 ridice la putere. Astfel, cercul are 360 de grade, o zi \u015fi o noapte num\u0103r\u0103 24 de ore, iar anul &#8211; 12 luni. Pu\u0163ini dintre contemporani cunosc faptul c\u0103 noi folosim \u015fi azi descoperirile matematice.<\/p>\n<p>Alt\u0103 inova\u0163ie a sumerienilor este zodiacul, dar nu \u00een sens astrologic, ci astronomic, adic\u0103 \u00eenclina\u0163ia axei P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, a c\u0103rei mi\u015fcare \u00eemparte ciclul complet al precesiei de 25.920 de ani \u00een 12 perioade cu c\u00e2te 2160 de ani. P\u0103m\u00e2ntul face \u00eenconjurul Soarelui \u00een 12 luni, form\u00e2nd un cerc de 360 de grade, timp \u00een care tabloul cerului \u00eenstelat se schimb\u0103. Conceptul despre zodiac a ap\u0103rut atunci c\u00e2nd circumferin\u0163a a fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it\u0103 \u00een 12 segmente a c\u00e2te 30 de grade. Stelele fiec\u0103rui grup au fost numite constela\u0163ii, fiecare dintre acestea primind c\u00e2te o denumire; pe acestea \u015fi conturul semnelor zodiacale le folosim \u015fi \u00een prezent.<\/p>\n<p>Savan\u0163ii nu \u00een\u0163eleg de unde aveau sumerienii cuno\u015ftin\u0163e at\u00e2t de avansate. Noi am preluat de la ei toate conceptele astronomiei sferice contemporane. Termenii ca zenitul \u015fi orizontul, polii \u015fi ecliptica, echinoc\u0163iul \u015fi axele sferei cere\u015fti &#8211; to\u0163i au fost inventa\u0163i de c\u0103tre sumerieni. Ei au creat \u015fi primul calendar din lume, care \u00eencepe din anul 3760 \u00ce.Hr. \u00cen acest calendar anul era \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it \u00een 12 luni \u015fi 354 de zile, sumerienii ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd 11 zile suplimentare, pentru ca datele importante s\u0103 coincid\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna.<\/p>\n<p>Este uimitor, dar sumerienii au fost primii inventatori ai multor lucruri folosite de noi \u00een prezent: \u015fcolile, parlamentul, roata, banii, impozitele, legile. Tot lor se datoreaz\u0103 dezvoltarea medicinei; \u00een biblioteca din Ninive au fost g\u0103site mii de pl\u0103cu\u0163e cu texte sumeriene, dedicate medicinei. S-a dovedit c\u0103 \u00een Sumerul antic medicii puteau \u00eenl\u0103tura cataracta, foloseau alcoolul pentru dezinfec\u0163ie \u015fi respectau igiena.<\/p>\n<p>Sumerienii \u015fi-au \u00eensu\u015fit, de asemenea, metodele de \u00eembog\u0103\u0163ire a minereurilor, de topire \u015fi de turnare a metalelor. Savan\u0163ii au r\u0103mas frapa\u0163i: ei foloseau aceste tehnologii complicate doar la c\u00e2teva secole dup\u0103 apari\u0163ia civiliza\u0163iei sumeriene. \u015ei mai uimitor este c\u00e2t de rapid \u015fi-au \u00eensu\u015fit ei tehnologia aliajelor, care a permis ob\u0163inerea bronzului. Pentru asta, ei au trebuit s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 z\u0103c\u0103mintele de minereu de staniu, care nu existau \u00een Mesopotamia, apoi s\u0103 \u00eenve\u0163e s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 staniul pur \u015fi, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit, s\u0103-l topeasc\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cuprul, \u00een cantit\u0103\u0163i egale, rezult\u00e2nd bronzul. Unii consider\u0103 aceasta drept argument c\u0103 zeii le-au oferit sumerienilor tehnologia respectiv\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>R\u0103m\u00e2ne o enigm\u0103 faptul cum a putut s\u0103 dispar\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 urm\u0103 o civiliza\u0163ie care avea tehnologia, economia, cultura \u015fi limba at\u00e2t de dezvoltate. Conform altor teorii, sumerienii au fost asimila\u0163i de egipteni; exist\u0103 \u015fi teorii dintre cele mai extravagante, care sus\u0163in c\u0103 sumerienii ar fi fost lua\u0163i de ni\u015fte fiin\u0163e extraterestre, care ini\u0163ial le transmiseser\u0103 cuno\u015ftin\u0163ele lor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Urmele sumerienilor au fost descoperite la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XVIII-lea, \u00een urma unei expedi\u0163ii \u00een Mesopotamia. Acolo, arheologii au descoperit o pl\u0103cu\u0163\u0103 cu un text scris \u00een trei limbi, cu trei tipuri diferite de scriere. Una din scrieri era sumerian\u0103 &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Taina sumerienilor: cum au putut ca ei s\u0103 fie at\u00e2t de avansa\u0163i? \u015ei unde au disp\u0103rut f\u0103r\u0103 urme? Au fost r\u0103pi\u0163i de extratere\u015ftri?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/taina-sumerienilor-cum-au-putut-ca-ei-sa-fie-atat-de-avansati-si-unde-au-disparut-fara-urme-au-fost-rapiti-de-extraterestri\/#more-70971\" aria-label=\"Cite\u0219te mai multe despre Taina sumerienilor: cum au putut ca ei s\u0103 fie at\u00e2t de avansa\u0163i? \u015ei unde au disp\u0103rut f\u0103r\u0103 urme? Au fost r\u0103pi\u0163i de extratere\u015ftri?\">Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":70972,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[238,945,102,1433,464,2752,342,103,4514,11772,1167,51,9302,1532,1342,107,10205,3507,105,1705,4149,4559,1757,865,6188,3175,1166,2799,15181,1095],"class_list":["post-70971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-alcool","tag-astrologie","tag-astronomie","tag-bani","tag-biblioteca","tag-bronz","tag-calendar","tag-constelatie","tag-cupru","tag-echinoctiu","tag-egipteni","tag-extraterestri","tag-impozite","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-legi","tag-medici","tag-ninive","tag-numar","tag-pamant","tag-parlament","tag-poli","tag-roata","tag-scoala","tag-soare","tag-staniu","tag-stele","tag-sumerieni","tag-tehnologie","tag-zenit","tag-zodiac","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.3 (Yoast SEO v24.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Taina sumerienilor: cum au putut ca ei s\u0103 fie at\u00e2t de avansa\u0163i? \u015ei unde au disp\u0103rut f\u0103r\u0103 urme? 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Acolo, arheologii au descoperit o pl\u0103cu\u0163\u0103 cu un text scris \u00een trei limbi, cu trei tipuri diferite de scriere. Una din scrieri era sumerian\u0103 ... 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