{"id":68963,"date":"2020-04-29T15:05:29","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T12:05:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=68963"},"modified":"2020-04-29T15:05:29","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T12:05:29","slug":"sa-invatam-o-lectie-imperiul-roman-a-supravietuit-unei-pandemii-mortale-de-variola-din-secolul-al-2-lea-d-hr-dupa-pandemie-imperiul-a-devenit-mult-mai-puternic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/sa-invatam-o-lectie-imperiul-roman-a-supravietuit-unei-pandemii-mortale-de-variola-din-secolul-al-2-lea-d-hr-dupa-pandemie-imperiul-a-devenit-mult-mai-puternic\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m o lec\u0163ie: Imperiul Roman a supravie\u0163uit unei pandemii mortale de variol\u0103 din secolul al 2-lea d.Hr.! Dup\u0103 pandemie, imperiul a devenit mult mai puternic"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> wikimedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free) + prelucrare proprie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen jurul anului 165, ora\u0219ul anatolian Hierapolis a ridicat o statuie zeului Apollo, pentru ca oamenii s\u0103 fie ap\u0103ra\u0163i de o nou\u0103 \u015fi teribil\u0103 boal\u0103 infec\u021bioas\u0103, cu simptome groaznice. Victimele aveau parte de febr\u0103, frisoane, deranjamente la stomac \u0219i diaree. De asemenea, ei dezvoltau cicatrici negri peste corpul, at\u00e2t \u00een \u200b\u200binterior c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een exterior. Victimele sufereau circa 2-3 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni; unele din ele mureau, iar altele r\u0103m\u00e2neau cu cicatrici pentru tot restul vie\u0163ii. Circa 10% din cei 75 de milioane de oameni care tr\u0103iau \u00een Imperiul Roman nu \u0219i-au revenit niciodat\u0103. \u201eCa o fiar\u0103\u201d<\/em>, scria un contemporan, „boala a distrus nu numai oamenii, ci a f\u0103cut ravagii \u00een ora\u0219e \u00eentregi, distrug\u00e2ndu-le\u201d. <\/em>Variola lovise Imperiul Roman.<\/p>\n

Boala infec\u021bioas\u0103 a f\u0103cut parte din via\u021ba roman\u0103. Nici cei mai boga\u021bi romani nu puteau sc\u0103pa de aceast\u0103 teroare. Desigur, au mai existat alte boli infec\u0163ioase care au devastat imperiul, ca malaria, dar variola era diferit\u0103. Ea se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndea oral, de la om la om, iar persoanele infectate prezentau simptomele la dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni dup\u0103 ce contractau virusul.<\/p>\n

Epidemia de variol\u0103 a durat mult, ating\u00e2nd un maxim \u00een anul 189, c\u00e2nd un martor a amintit c\u0103 2.000 de oameni au murit \u00eentr-o zi \u00een aglomera\u021bia ora\u0219ului Roma. Variola a devastat o mare parte din societatea roman\u0103; a decimat aristocra\u021bia \u00eentr-o asemenea m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t majoritatea administra\u0163iei a devenit paralizat\u0103. Ora\u0219ele imperiului au devenit depopulate, mul\u0163i oameni fugind din Egipt p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Germania.<\/p>\n

Efectele psihologice au fost chiar mai profunde, dec\u00e2t cele de la nivelul societ\u0103\u0163ii romane. Boala a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit frica: variola a ucis masiv, \u00eenfior\u0103tor \u0219i \u00een valuri. Frica a devenit at\u00e2t de accentuat\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t arheologii au g\u0103sit amulete \u0219i pietre mici sculptate de oameni care \u00eencearcau disperat s\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rteze boala.<\/p>\n

\u00cen fa\u021ba atacului sus\u021binut al virusului variolei, romanii au r\u0103spuns uluitor. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, au apelat la zei, aduc\u00e2nd ofrande zeului Apollo, prin ridicarea de statui \u015fi alte monumente. Acest lucru a ridicat moralul \u00een societate. Apoi, \u00eemp\u0103ratul Marcus Aurelius a rezolvat problema mor\u021bilor at\u00e2tor solda\u021bi, recrut\u00e2nd sclavi \u0219i gladiatori \u00een legiuni. De asemenea, el a umplut ora\u0219ele depopulate, invit\u00e2nd popoarele migratoare din afara imperiului s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 \u00een limitele sale. Ora\u0219ele care au pierdut un num\u0103r mare de aristocra\u021bi, au rezolvat problema administra\u0163iei, posturile vacante fiind ocupate de fiii sclavilor elibera\u021bi. Astfel, o noua aristocra\u0163ie lua loc. Imperiul Roman continua s\u0103 supravie\u0163uiasc\u0103, \u00een ciuda mor\u021bii \u0219i a terorii la o scar\u0103 pe care nimeni nu o mai v\u0103zuse vreodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Societatea roman\u0103 s-a redresat at\u00e2t de bine din epidemia de variol\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t, 1.600 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, istoricul Edward Gibbon c\u00e2nd a scris opera sa despre c\u0103derea Imperiului Roman, a \u00eenceput nu cu variola din timpul lui Marcus Aurelius, ci cu evenimentele de dup\u0103 moartea \u00eemp\u0103ratului. Domnia lui Marcus a fost, pentru Gibbon, \u201eperioada din istoria lumii \u00een care starea rasei umane a fost cea mai fericit\u0103 \u0219i prosper\u0103\u201d.<\/em> Dar Gibbon nu a inventat aceast\u0103 fraz\u0103; el a citat din senatorul \u0219i istoricul roman contemporan Cassius Dio, care scria c\u0103 „imperiul de sub Marcus a fost un regat de aur, care s-a descurcat admirabil, \u00een mijlocul unor dificult\u0103\u021bi extraordinare\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cassius Dio a fost martorul epidemiei de variol\u0103 de la Roma, cunosc\u00e2nd ororile \u0219i devast\u0103rile pe care le-a produs. Dar, a v\u0103zut c\u0103 aceast\u0103 epidemie poate fi dep\u0103\u0219it\u0103 dac\u0103 o societate bine guvernat\u0103 lucreaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 pentru a se reconstrui. Iar societatea care iese din aceste dificult\u0103\u0163i, poate deveni mai puternic\u0103 dec\u00e2t ceea ce a fost \u00eenainte.<\/p>\n

Poate c\u0103 acest exemplu istoric ar trebui s\u0103 fie urmat de oameni \u015fi \u00een zilele noastre, c\u00e2nd ne confrunt\u0103m cu o alt\u0103 pandemie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen jurul anului 165, ora\u0219ul anatolian Hierapolis a ridicat o statuie zeului Apollo, pentru ca oamenii s\u0103 fie ap\u0103ra\u0163i de o nou\u0103 \u015fi teribil\u0103 boal\u0103 infec\u021bioas\u0103, cu simptome groaznice. Victimele aveau parte de febr\u0103, frisoane, deranjamente la stomac \u0219i diaree. … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":68965,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[5755,2990,7801,5067,170,8662,5238,4087,386,2171,7485,1012,203,295,116,4430,1532,906,14254,108,151,4723,13082,553,684,739,1002,1019,1150,968],"class_list":["post-68963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-amuleta","tag-apollo","tag-arheologi","tag-aristocrat","tag-boala","tag-cassius-dio","tag-corp","tag-diaree","tag-egipt","tag-epidemie","tag-febra","tag-frica","tag-germania","tag-imparat","tag-imperiul-roman","tag-istoric","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-malarie","tag-marcus-aurelius","tag-moarte","tag-oras","tag-pandemie","tag-piatra-pretioasa","tag-roma","tag-sclavi","tag-statuie","tag-stomac","tag-variola","tag-virus","tag-zeu","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m o lec\u0163ie: Imperiul Roman a supravie\u0163uit unei pandemii mortale de variol\u0103 din secolul al 2-lea d.Hr.! 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