{"id":66517,"date":"2020-02-10T12:15:33","date_gmt":"2020-02-10T10:15:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=66517"},"modified":"2020-02-10T12:15:33","modified_gmt":"2020-02-10T10:15:33","slug":"marea-enigma-a-atlantidei-unde-se-afla-de-fapt-acest-taram-mitic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-enigma-a-atlantidei-unde-se-afla-de-fapt-acest-taram-mitic\/","title":{"rendered":"Marea enigm\u0103 a Atlantidei – unde se afla de fapt acest t\u0103r\u00e2m mitic?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Din timpuri str\u0103vechi \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, Atlantida, misterioasa \u021bar\u0103 disp\u0103rut\u0103, a aprins imagina\u021bia multora, mai ales a oamenilor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, a scriitorilor \u0219i arti\u0219tilor. Atlantidei i s-au consacrat mii de articole, \u0219tiin\u021bifice sau mai pu\u021bin \u0219tiin\u021bifice, sute de c\u0103r\u021bi serioase sau fanteziste. Dat\u0103 la iveal\u0103 cu mai bine de dou\u0103 milenii \u00een urm\u0103, legenda cu privire la existen\u021ba Atlantidei aprinde \u0219i ast\u0103zi imagina\u021bia oamenilor, st\u00e2rne\u0219te dispute aprige.<\/p>\n

Vestitul Solon din Atena vorbe\u015fte pentru prima dat\u0103 de Atlantida<\/strong><\/p>\n

Primele ve\u0219ti despre Atlantida le dator\u0103m marelui Platon (427-347 \u00ee.Hr.). \u00cen dou\u0103 din cunoscutele lui dialoguri, Platon vorbe\u0219te despre Atlantida, utiliz\u00e2nd \u00eensemn\u0103rile f\u0103cute cu dou\u0103 secole mai \u00eenainte de Solon, din care Platon descindea pe linie matern\u0103. Vestitul Solon din Atena (a tr\u0103it \u00eentre anii 635 \u0219i 559 \u00ee.Hr.) a auzit legenda cu prilejul unei c\u0103l\u0103torii \u00een Egipt \u0219i \u0219i-a notat-o. Dou\u0103 secole mai t\u00e2rziu, Platon a inclus legenda Atlantidei \u00een dialogurile \u201eTimaios” \u0219i \u201eCriton”. \u00cen cel dint\u00e2i, Platon face o prim\u0103 descriere, incomplet\u0103, a Atlantidei; \u00een al doilea, r\u0103mas neterminat, el reia povestirea cu mai multe am\u0103nunte.<\/p>\n

Potrivit acestor relat\u0103ri, Atlantida ar fi fost o insul\u0103 imens\u0103, situat\u0103 dincolo de Coloanele lui Hercule (a\u0219a se numeau \u00een antichitate st\u00e2ncile Gibraltarului) \u0219i apar\u021bin\u00e2nd lui Poseidon, c\u0103ruia i-a revenit ca urmare a \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birii P\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u00eentre zei.<\/p>\n

Atlantida era mai mare dec\u00e2t Africa de Nord \u015fi Asia Mic\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eInsula era mai mare dec\u00e2t Libia <\/em>(nume dat pe atunci Africii) \u0219i Asia <\/em>(adic\u0103 peninsula Asia Mic\u0103) luate la un loc”<\/em>. Atlan\u021bii, scrie \u00een continuare Platon, aveau o \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bie puternic\u0103, ce se \u00eentindea pe un teritoriu imens, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Egipt. Ei au \u00eencercat s\u0103 cucereasc\u0103 Atena, dar au fost \u00eenfr\u00e2n\u021bi. Armata atenienilor se g\u0103sea aproape de \u021b\u0103rmul Atlantidei, unde a pierit din cauza unui cutremur puternic. Din aceea\u0219i pricin\u0103, Atlantida \u00eens\u0103\u0219i s-a scufundat, \u00eentr-o zi \u0219i o noapte.<\/p>\n

\u015ei Herodot vorbe\u015fte despre Atlantida…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Care este adev\u0103rul? Ce este Atlantida: inven\u021bie, legend\u0103 sau realitate? Herodot, \u201ep\u0103rintele istoriei”, care a tr\u0103it \u00een secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr., aminte\u0219te, cu o jum\u0103tate de veac \u00eenaintea lui Platon, de atlan\u021bi, popor care locuia o zona vast\u0103 de pe continentul african, de la mun\u021bii Atlas p\u00e2n\u0103 la litoralul atlantic. Totu\u0219it de-abia la Platon este men\u021bionat\u0103 insula Atlantida.<\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, a crescu interesul pentru Atlantida<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen epoca Rena\u0219terii, interesul pentru \u021bara misterioas\u0103 a crescut brusc, dup\u0103 ce dialogurile lui Platon au intrat \u00eentr-un circuit larg. Dar adev\u0103rata explozie a interesului general fa\u021b\u0103 de aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 s-a produs c\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea, c\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput s\u0103 apar\u0103 o bogat\u0103 literatur\u0103 de specialitate \u0219i popular\u0103. Au fost emise cele mai diverse, cele mai nea\u0219teptate \u0219i uneori cele mai fanteziste ipoteze cu privire la locul unde s-ar fi aflat Atlantida, dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Atlantida a fost \u00een Oceanul Atlantic?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 \u00eel urm\u0103m exact pe Platon (cu toate c\u0103 \u00een cele dou\u0103 dialoguri amintite s\u00eent multe contraziceri), cea mai logic\u0103 apare ipoteza c\u0103 Atlantida se afla \u00een Oceanul Atlantic. Unii partizani ai acestei ipoteze sunt ferm convin\u0219i c\u0103 insula a fost \u00eenghi\u021bit\u0103 de mare \u00een urma unui cataclism natural. Potrivit afirma\u021biilor acestora, Insulele Azore \u0219i Canare, precum \u0219i Insulele Capului Verde, sunt vestigii ale continentului disp\u0103rut, \u0219i anume v\u00e2rfuri de mun\u021bi, care au r\u0103mas deasupra nivelului oceanului din cauza \u00een\u0103l\u021bimii lor considerabile.<\/p>\n

Situarea Atlantidei \u00een acest perimetru ar oferi argumente \u00een plus celor care ap\u0103r\u0103 existen\u021ba unei leg\u0103turi \u00eentre flora \u0219i fauna Lumii Vechi \u0219i flora \u0219i fauna Lumii Noi, asem\u0103narea culturii indiene americane cu culturile egiptean\u0103 \u0219i minoic\u0103. \u00cens\u0103 cercet\u0103rile geologice au ar\u0103tat \u0219ubrezenia ipotezei cu privire la existen\u021ba Atlantidei \u00een zona respectiv\u0103 a Atlanticului.<\/p>\n

Au fost luate \u00een considera\u021bie \u0219i alte por\u021biuni, mai ales periferice, ale oceanului men\u021bionat. Astfel, omul de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 german G. Wierth a elaborat o teorie potrivit c\u0103reia Atlantida s-ar fi aflat la nordul Groenlandei, unde pe atunci, cu peste 10 milenii \u00een urm\u0103, clima era cu mult mai bl\u00e2nd\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een zilele noastre. Savantul a sus\u021binut c\u0103 atlan\u021bii, care au tr\u0103it in locul indicat, sunt str\u0103mo\u0219ii celor mai multe grupuri de popoare indo-europene \u0219i chiar ai unor popoare din Africa r\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103. R\u0103cirea brusc\u0103 a climei i-a obligat s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 aceast\u0103 regiune cu 10.000 de ani \u00een urm\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 \u00een Europa \u0219i, par\u021bial, \u00een America. Unii eschimo\u0219i albi ar fi, dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea omului de \u0219tiin\u021ba german, descenden\u021bi ai atlan\u021bilor r\u0103ma\u0219i pe locurile natale. Foarte interesant\u0103 \u0219i ispititoare, \u00eentruc\u00e2t existen\u021ba atlan\u021bilor \u00een acea zon\u0103 nordic\u0103 ar da r\u0103spuns la multe \u00eentreb\u0103ri. Teoretic posibil\u0103, ipoteza acestui savant n-a fost, din p\u0103cate, confirmat\u0103 de nicio descoperire arheologic\u0103 demn\u0103 de crezare.<\/p>\n

Atlantida a existat \u00een Africa?<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd, \u00een 1910, cunoscutul etnograf german Leo Frobenius a descoperit \u00een Nigeria civiliza\u021bia neagr\u0103 Ife, s-a n\u0103scut ideea c\u0103 de fapt acolo s-ar fi aflat Atlantida. Au urmat numeroase s\u0103p\u0103turi arheologice, \u00een Ife \u0219i \u00een \u00eemprejurimi. Ele au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 era vorba de o civiliza\u021bie foarte dezvoltat\u0103. \u201eClasicismul” excep\u021bionalelor sculpturi ale acestor civiliza\u021bii, i-a condus pe unii savan\u021bi la presupunerea c\u0103 operele respective prezint\u0103 urme ale unei influen\u021be ad\u00e2nci a artei grece\u0219ti. Totu\u0219i, s-a l\u0103murit cur\u00e2nd c\u0103 civiliza\u021bia descoperit\u0103 dateaz\u0103 din secolele XII-XVI d.Hr. Prin urmare, nu exist\u0103 nicio \u00eendrept\u0103\u021bire ca ea s\u0103 fie legat\u0103 de un mit al c\u0103rui autor a tr\u0103it cu 15 veacuri mai \u00eenainte.<\/p>\n

Apoi, s-au f\u0103cut \u00eencerc\u0103ri de a se stabili puncte comune \u00eentre atlan\u021bi \u0219i tuaregi, locuitori din de\u0219ertul Saharei. Romanul lui Pierre Benoit \u201eAtlantida”<\/em>, ap\u0103rut \u00een 1918, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 povestea a doi ofi\u021beri francezi, lua\u021bi prizonieri de legendara regin\u0103 a tuaregilor, ai c\u0103ror str\u0103mo\u0219i ar fi fost vechii atlan\u021bi. Dup\u0103 \u0219ase ani de la apari\u021bia romanului a fost descoperit la Abalessa un morm\u00e2nt antic, care a slujit multa vreme drept fort, iar pe urm\u0103 a devenit mausoleu. Aici a fost g\u0103sit un schelet, presupus a fi al reginei tuaregilor. Totu\u0219i, \u0219i de aceast\u0103 dat\u0103 nu s-au g\u0103sit niciun fel de dovezi \u00een sprijinul existen\u021bei reale a Atlantidei.<\/p>\n

… sau \u00een Spania?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Din relat\u0103rile diferi\u021bilor autori greci se \u0219tie c\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 Coloanele lui Hercule \u0219i delta fluviului Guadalquivir, \u00een sud-vestul Spaniei, se afla ora\u0219ul Tartes, capitala unui regat prosper. Bog\u0103\u021bia se datora minelor care se g\u0103seau \u00een diferite p\u0103r\u021bi ale \u021b\u0103rii. Vistieria se umplea \u0219i pe seama comer\u021bului cu popula\u021bia de pe litoralul Atlanticului. Acest ora\u0219 a fost considerat de unii autori ca fiind biblicul Tarsis, unde fenicienii \u00ee\u0219i trimiteau cor\u0103biile cu argint. Tarsisul s-a aliat cu coloniile grece\u0219ti apusene \u00eempotriva cartaginezilor. Dar biruitori au ie\u0219it cartaginezii, \u0219i ei au distrus ora\u0219ul la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al VI-lea \u00ee.Hr. Arheologii au c\u0103utat f\u0103r\u0103 succes ruinele acestui ora\u0219 \u0219i au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 ele se afl\u0103 undeva, pe fundul deltei Guadalquivirului. Un alt specialist german, Adolf Schulten, care a f\u0103cut mai multe s\u0103p\u0103turi \u00een Spania \u00een primele trei decenii ale secolului XX, a propus ca legenda consemnat\u0103 de Platon s\u0103 fie privit\u0103 ca un \u201eecou\u201c deformat al istoriei regatului distrus de cartaginezi, care au devenit dup\u0103 aceea st\u0103p\u00e2nii Gibraltarului, \u00eenchiz\u00e2ndu-l pentru greci.<\/p>\n

Oare Atlantida se afl\u0103 \u00een Creta?<\/strong><\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, datorit\u0103 s\u0103p\u0103turilor arheologice f\u0103cute \u00een Creta de englezi \u0219i de italieni, a fost descoperit\u0103 o civiliza\u021bie necunoscut\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, apar\u021bin\u00e2nd epocii de bronz. Arheologul englez Arthur John Evans a numit-o civiliza\u021bia minoic\u0103, dup\u0103 numele legendarului rege al Cretei, Minos. Arthur Evans \u0219i-a \u00eenceput lucr\u0103rile la Knosos \u00een martie 1900 \u0219i, foarte cur\u00e2nd, a descoperit ruinele unui palat cu fresce minunate \u0219i opere de art\u0103 aplicat\u0103 care nu sem\u0103nau nici cu cele grece\u0219ti, nici cu cele romane. S\u0103p\u0103turile f\u0103cute ulterior au dus la descoperirea c\u00e2torva ansambluri de palate la Knosos, Feste, Malli \u0219i Kato Zacros. \u00cen principal, aceste palate au fost construite la \u00eenceputul mileniului II \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i definitiv distruse \u00een anii 1500-1400 \u00ee.Hr., \u00een urma unor cutremure puternice.<\/p>\n

At\u00e2t aceste s\u0103p\u0103turi arheologice, c\u00e2t \u0219i cercet\u0103rile geologice \u0219i oceanografice au permis s\u0103 se descopere o nou\u0103 cultur\u0103, necunoscut\u0103 mai \u00eenainte, deosebit de dezvoltat\u0103, cultura minoic\u0103. S\u0103p\u0103turile \u0219i cercet\u0103rile dau, de asemenea, posibilitatea de a stabili cauzele \u0219i \u00eemprejur\u0103rile dec\u0103derii civiliza\u021biei, victim\u0103 a unui cataclism natural: erup\u021bia nemaipomenit de puternic\u0103, unic\u0103 \u00een istoria omenirii, a unui vulcan – vulcanul din insula Santorin din Marea Egee, care a erupt \u00een secolul al XV-lea \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\n

Astfel, a ap\u0103rut ipoteza c\u0103 Atlantida nu este altceva dec\u00e2t Creta minoic\u0103. \u00cen cartea „Atlantida, dup\u0103 legend\u0103, adev\u0103rul”<\/em>, seismologul grec Anghelos Galanopoulos \u0219i istoricul \u0219i arheologul englez Edward Bacon stabilesc o leg\u0103tur\u0103 str\u00e2ns\u0103 \u00eentre textele lui Platon \u0219i faptele reale referitoare la civiliza\u021bia minoic\u0103. Dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea lor, \u201eMetropola antic\u0103” despre care vorbe\u0219te Platon \u0219i \u201eOra\u0219ul regilor” sunt dou\u0103 lucruri diferite. Prima este \u201eo insul\u0103 mic\u0103, rotund\u0103”, \u00een care ei v\u0103d Thira; al doilea ar fi valea Messara, din sudul Cretei. Prin urmare, at\u00e2t Creta, c\u00e2t \u0219i Santorin, ar putea s\u0103 fi fost Atlantida lui Platon.<\/p>\n

Dar, niciuna dintre ipoteze n-a putut fi dovedit\u0103. Iat\u0103 de ce enigma Atlantidei, n\u0103scut\u0103 o dat\u0103 cu scrierile amintite ale vestitului filozof, r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00eentreag\u0103. Dar exist\u0103 speran\u0163e c\u0103, \u00eentr-un viitor nu prea \u00eendep\u0103rtat, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021ba vor putea s\u0103 fac\u0103 lumin\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 problem\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Din timpuri str\u0103vechi \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, Atlantida, misterioasa \u021bar\u0103 disp\u0103rut\u0103, a aprins imagina\u021bia multora, mai ales a oamenilor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, a scriitorilor \u0219i arti\u0219tilor. Atlantidei i s-au consacrat mii de articole, \u0219tiin\u021bifice sau mai pu\u021bin \u0219tiin\u021bifice, sute de c\u0103r\u021bi serioase … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":66518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[235,10,1126,7801,2270,3853,192,10173,12094,60,14110,1103,2599,2750,1331,8943,983,386,11345,748,37,6868,375,3737,2704,1784,3903,1532,2123,10166,315,815,5009,1604,1132,151,2149,105,1666,4848,1593,481,688,3129,6867,318,14111,14109,1460,4429],"class_list":["post-66517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-africa","tag-america","tag-argint","tag-arheologi","tag-asia","tag-atena","tag-atlantida","tag-atlas","tag-azore","tag-biblie","tag-capul-verde","tag-carte","tag-clima","tag-creta","tag-cutremur","tag-delta","tag-desert","tag-egipt","tag-epoca-de-bronz","tag-eschimosi","tag-filozof","tag-gilbratar","tag-grecia","tag-groenlanda","tag-herodot","tag-insula","tag-insulele-canare","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-libia","tag-marea-egee","tag-mormant","tag-munti","tag-nigeria","tag-ocean","tag-oceanul-atlantic","tag-oras","tag-palat","tag-pamant","tag-platon","tag-poseidon","tag-regina","tag-renastere","tag-sahara","tag-santorini","tag-solon","tag-spania","tag-tarsis","tag-tuaregi","tag-vulcan","tag-zei","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMarea enigm\u0103 a Atlantidei - unde se afla de fapt acest t\u0103r\u00e2m mitic? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-enigma-a-atlantidei-unde-se-afla-de-fapt-acest-taram-mitic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marea enigm\u0103 a Atlantidei - unde se afla de fapt acest t\u0103r\u00e2m mitic?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Din timpuri str\u0103vechi \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, Atlantida, misterioasa \u021bar\u0103 disp\u0103rut\u0103, a aprins imagina\u021bia multora, mai ales a oamenilor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, a scriitorilor \u0219i arti\u0219tilor. 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