{"id":6558,"date":"2009-07-31T08:05:22","date_gmt":"2009-07-31T05:05:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=6558"},"modified":"2019-10-14T22:22:27","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T19:22:27","slug":"enigma-paradisului-terestru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-paradisului-terestru\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigma paradisului terestru"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> wikimedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Unde se afl\u0103 paradisul terestru?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen interesanta sa lucrare Les grandes enigmes de l’univers<\/strong>, Richard Hennig se \u00eentreab\u0103: \u201eOare paradisul terestru din Biblie a existat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r? \u015ei, dac\u0103 a existat, unde se afl\u0103?”<\/em> Hennig nu este nici primul \u015fi nici singurul care \u015fi-a pus aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri, ba unii dintre cei ce \u015fi le-au pus \u00een urm\u0103 cu \u015fapte sau opt veacuri au \u00eentreprins chiar c\u0103l\u0103torii foarte lungi \u00een Orient ca s\u0103 caute gr\u0103dina Eden; n-au g\u0103sit-o, \u00een schimb au g\u0103sit drumurile ce duceau c\u0103tre China \u015fi c\u0103tre Indii, \u015fi s-au \u00eentors cu relat\u0103ri interesante despre oameni \u015fi locuri dep\u0103rtate.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103, de fapt, dou\u0103 versiuni ale raiurilor biblice: gr\u0103dina Eden din Vechiul Testament, o regiune terestr\u0103 de o fertilitate fabuloas\u0103 \u015fi paradisul din Noul Testament (\u00een greac\u0103 \u2014 paradeisos = \u201egr\u0103din\u0103”) care nu se afla pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt, ci undeva \u00een afara spa\u0163iului \u015fi timpului, de vreme ce la el nu puteau ajunge dec\u00e2t, dup\u0103 moarte, cei ce duseser\u0103 o via\u0163\u0103 virtuoas\u0103.<\/p>\n

Paradisul se afl\u0103…\u00eentre India \u015fi Etiopia, sau \u00een \u0163ara regelui Ioan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cenc\u0103 de pe la mijlocul secolului al VI-lea, teologul \u015fi istoricul Jordanes, referindu-se la textul biblic – care men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 r\u00e2ul Pison din \u201e…\u0163ara unde se g\u0103se\u015fte aur […] \u015fi piatr\u0103 de onix”<\/em> – ar\u0103ta c\u0103 \u201eundeva \u00een Orient, \u00eentre Etiopia \u015fi India, trebuie c\u0103 se afla paradisul terestru, c\u0103ci din aceste \u0163\u0103ri coboar\u0103 cele patru r\u00e2uri care poart\u0103 aurul cel mai curat \u015fi pietrele cele mai pre\u0163ioase”<\/em>. Mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een jurul anului 1165, \u00eemp\u0103ratul Ioan II Comnenul al Bizan\u0163ului \u015fi papa Alexandru III au primit dou\u0103 scrisori, cu con\u0163inut aproape identic, de la un anume preot Ioan, rege mitic al Indiilor, care le scria, \u00eentre altele, c\u0103 paradisul se afl\u0103 la trei zile de drum de regatul lui. At\u00e2t suveranul bizantin c\u00e2t \u015fi suveranul pontif au trimis emisari cu scrisori de r\u0103spuns, care n-au reu\u015fit \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 nici \u0163ara preotului Ioan \u015fi nici raiul…<\/p>\n

Mai t\u00e2rziu, Cristofor Columb, ajuns la gurile Orinoclului \u015fi convins, poate, c\u0103 a atins coasta oriental\u0103 a Asiei, nota c\u0103 acest fluviu uria\u015f izvor\u0103\u015fte cu siguran\u0163\u0103 din paradisul terestru.<\/p>\n

Raiul se afl\u0103 \u00een \u0163ara arborilor de t\u0103m\u00e2ie sau Mesopotamia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar nu numai suveranii medievali \u015fi c\u0103l\u0103torii \u00eenzestra\u0163i cu fantezie au c\u0103utat paradisul terestru, ci \u015fi c\u00e2\u0163iva eminen\u0163i oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103. Dintre toate ipotezele (R. Kennig pretinde c\u0103 sunt \u00een num\u0103r de optzeci!) vom re\u0163ine pe cele ale orientalistului german Albert Hermann \u015fi ale englezului William Willcox. Hermann plaseaz\u0103 paradisul \u00een Hadramantul arab, \u0163ara boswelliilor \u2014 a arborilor de t\u0103m\u00e2ie ; Willcox era convins c\u0103 se afla \u00een Mesopotamia,\u00a0 regiune pe\u00a0 vremuri\u00a0 foarte\u00a0 fertil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Paradisul s-a transformat \u00een semide\u015fert<\/strong><\/p>\n

Argumentele cu care sir William \u00ee\u015fi sus\u0163ine ipoteza (expus\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei conferin\u0163e \u0163inute la Alexandria) sunt c\u00e2t se poate de interesante. Paradisul, pretinde cercet\u0103torul englez, se afl\u0103 \u00een nordul regiunii unde Tigrul \u015fi Eufratul au tendin\u0163a s\u0103 se uneasc\u0103, nu departe de dou\u0103 a\u015fez\u0103ri, Hit \u015fi Anah, situate la nord-vest de Bagdad. Cuv\u00e2ntul \u201eparadis” (care nu figureaz\u0103 \u00een textul Vechiului Testament) nu s-ar trage din grecescul para-deisos<\/em>, ci din persan\u0103: par des = \u201eparc”<\/em>, n\u0103scut pe vremea c\u00e2nd vechii greci \u00eenc\u0103 nu se stabiliser\u0103 \u00een Peloponezia \u015fi \u00een zona egean\u0103, sau, \u00een orice caz, influen\u0163a helenistic\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 nu ajunsese \u00een regiunile Orientului Mijlociu. Acolo, la nord-vest de Bagdad, se afla pe vremuri o vegeta\u0163ie luxuriant\u0103 \u015fi tot acolo se pot recunoa\u015fte urmele celor patru fluvii men\u0163ionate \u00een cartea Genezei. Dispari\u0163ia acestor cursuri de ap\u0103 a adus dup\u0103 sine seceta \u015fi transformarea regiunii \u00eentr-un semide\u015fert, a\u015fa cum se prezint\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre.<\/p>\n

Ce spune Biblia despre cele patru fluvii ale Paradisului<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Tigrul<\/a>
Tigrul si Eufratul<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

S\u0103 vedem acum ce ne spune Biblia \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu cele patru fluvii ale paradisului: \u201e\u015ei din Eden, ie\u015fea un r\u00e2u, care uda raiul, iar de acolo se \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ea \u00een patru bra\u0163e. Numele unuia era Pison; acesta \u00eenconjura toat\u0103 \u0163ara Havila, \u00een care se afl\u0103 aur […] Numele r\u00e2ului al doilea este Gihon, acesta \u00eenconjura toat\u0103 \u0163ara Cu\u015f. Numele r\u00e2ului al treilea este Tigru; acest r\u00e2u curge prin fa\u0163a Asiriei; iar r\u00e2ul al patrulea este Eufratul”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dintre aceste cursuri de ap\u0103, numai Tigrul \u015fi Eufratul sunt identificate cu precizie; pentru celelalte dou\u0103 suntem nevoi\u0163i a recurge la ipoteze. Dou\u0103 dintre aceste ipoteze identific\u0103 r\u00e2ul Pison cu Ued-el-Rauma, care curgea pe vremuri \u00een Nedjedul arab, sau cu Gangele. \u00cen primul caz, \u0163ara Havila ar fi fost situat\u0103 \u00een nord-estul Peninsulei Arabice, \u00eentr-al doilea \u00een apusul Indiei. R\u00e2ul Gihon n-ar fi altul dec\u00e2t Nilul, iar \u0163ara Cu\u015f, Egiptul, sau mai degrab\u0103 partea lui r\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 ast\u0103zi sub numele de Sahra el-Arabija. (Dealtfel \u015fi alte texte biblice desemnau Egiptul de sud sub sub numele de \u0163ara Cu\u015f). Dup\u0103 cum vedem, sunt limite foarte largi – mult prea largi pentru a prezenta m\u0103car aparen\u0163a verosimilit\u0103\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

Paradisul…la 250 km de Baghdad<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la sir William Willcox a c\u0103rui teorie este ademenitoare prin \u00eens\u0103\u015fi simplitatea ei: cercet\u0103torul britanic, bun cunosc\u0103tor al Mesopotamiei, vorbe\u015fte de o oaz\u0103 situat\u0103 chiar pe Eufrat, \u00een districtul Hairlah, la aproximativ dou\u0103 sute cincizeci de kilometri de Bagdad. Aceast\u0103 oaz\u0103 ar constitui, dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea lui sir William, un ultim vestigiu al paradisului terestru – marele fluviu care o scald\u0103 s-ar fi desp\u0103r\u0163it aici \u00een cele patru bra\u0163e pe care le men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 Biblia. Argumenta\u0163ia prezint\u0103 totu\u015fi un punct slab: ea nu explic\u0103 referirea la \u0163ara Cu\u015f care, a\u015fa cum ar\u0103tam, este numele biblic al Egiptului; iar din nordul Mesopotamiei \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 pe malurile Nilului este cale lung\u0103…<\/p>\n

Pomul vie\u0163ii din gr\u0103dina Paradisului<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa st\u00e2nd lucrurile, suntem deocamdat\u0103 obliga\u0163i s\u0103 fim de acord cu Richard Hennig, c\u00e2nd spune: \u201eLa drept vorbind, n-o s\u0103 \u015ftim niciodat\u0103 eu precizie ce voia s\u0103 indice autorul necunoscut al povestirii biblice c\u00e2nd vorbea despre cele patru r\u00e2uri ale paradisului. Dar, oricum, aceasta nu este o problem\u0103 esen\u0163ial\u0103…”<\/em> Nu este, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, o problem\u0103 esen\u0163ial\u0103, c\u0103ci \u015fi acest text biblic a fost f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 influen\u0163at de alte texte mai vechi, influen\u0163e ce se simt pe \u00eentregul parcurs al c\u0103r\u0163ii Genezei (Facerii)<\/em> ; iat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 un exemplu: printre pomii \u201epl\u0103cu\u0163i la vedere \u015fi cu roade bune la m\u00e2ncare” <\/em>afla\u0163i \u00een paradis se afla \u015fi \u201epomul vie\u0163ii” – text foarte asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu cel al unei legende hinduse unde apare un pom al vie\u0163ii \u00een gr\u0103dina Jina de pe muntele Hukairya. Putem face o apropiere \u015fi cu Gr\u0103dina Hesperidelor cea cu mere de aur din mitologia greac\u0103 \u015fi poate c\u0103 \u015fi cu saga nordic\u0103 despre Iduna, zei\u0163a frumuse\u0163ii nepieritoare, care avea \u00een st\u0103p\u00e2nirea ei merele tinere\u0163ii ve\u015fnice – de\u015fi nu este exclus ca acest text din mitologia nordic\u0103 s\u0103 fie ulterior celui biblic, de unde ipoteza c\u0103 ambele texte ar putea avea aceea\u015fi surs\u0103 (oriental\u0103) de inspira\u0163ie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Unde se afl\u0103 paradisul terestru? \u00cen interesanta sa lucrare Les grandes enigmes de l’univers, Richard Hennig se \u00eentreab\u0103: \u201eOare paradisul terestru din Biblie a existat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r? \u015ei, dac\u0103 a existat, unde se afl\u0103?” Hennig nu este nici primul \u015fi nici … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64544,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1770],"tags":[514,1928,9807,1063,1929,1926,1927],"class_list":["post-6558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geografie-feologie","tag-biblia","tag-eufrat","tag-geografie-geologie","tag-iraq","tag-mesopotamia","tag-paradis","tag-tigru"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigma paradisului terestru - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-paradisului-terestru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigma paradisului terestru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Unde se afl\u0103 paradisul terestru? \u00cen interesanta sa lucrare Les grandes enigmes de l’univers, Richard Hennig se \u00eentreab\u0103: \u201eOare paradisul terestru din Biblie a existat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r? \u015ei, dac\u0103 a existat, unde se afl\u0103?” Hennig nu este nici primul \u015fi nici ... 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