{"id":64973,"date":"2019-10-26T14:20:12","date_gmt":"2019-10-26T11:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=64973"},"modified":"2019-10-26T14:20:12","modified_gmt":"2019-10-26T11:20:12","slug":"duminica-neagra-operatiunea-dezastruoasa-a-fortelor-aeriene-americane-care-au-incercat-sa-distruga-rafinariile-de-la-ploiesti-in-timpul-celui-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/duminica-neagra-operatiunea-dezastruoasa-a-fortelor-aeriene-americane-care-au-incercat-sa-distruga-rafinariile-de-la-ploiesti-in-timpul-celui-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8222;Duminica neagr\u0103&#8221; &#8211; opera\u0163iunea dezastruoas\u0103 a For\u0163elor Aeriene Americane care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 distrug\u0103 rafin\u0103riile de la Ploie\u015fti, \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_64976\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64976\" style=\"width: 336px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Operatiunea-Tidal-Wave.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64976\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Operatiunea-Tidal-Wave.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Operatiunea-Tidal-Wave.jpg 346w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Operatiunea-Tidal-Wave-300x179.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64976\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Imagine:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Tidal_Wave#\/media\/Fi%C8%99ier:Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>wikipedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative &#8211; free) + prelucrare proprie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Cunoscut\u0103 oficial drept Opera\u021biunea &#8222;Tidal Wave&#8221; (<em>&#8222;Mareea&#8221;<\/em>), raidul aerian american asupra rafin\u0103riilor de la Ploie\u0219ti, de pe 1 august 1943 (\u00eentr-o zi de duminic\u0103), \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, a reprezentat un mare e\u015fec al For\u021belor Aeriene Americane, din prisma pierderilor suferite, c\u0103p\u0103t\u00e2ndu-\u015fi astfel numele de &#8222;Black Sunday&#8221; (<em>&#8222;Duminica neagr\u0103&#8221;<\/em>). Planul militar era acela de a trimite sute de bombardiere B-24, \u00eentr-o misiune de bombardament de mic\u0103 altitudine asupra rafin\u0103riilor de petrol din ora\u0219ul Ploie\u0219ti din Rom\u00e2nia. \u015ei asta pentru c\u0103 ele produceau 30% din cantitatea necesar\u0103 de combustibil necesar\u0103 Germaniei \u015fi alia\u0163ilor ei.<\/p>\n<p>Grupurile de bombardament 98 \u0219i 376 din For\u0163a Aerian\u0103 American\u0103 nr. 9 \u015fi grupurile 44, 93 \u0219i 389 din For\u0163a Aerian\u0103 American\u0103 nr. 8 au fost \u00eens\u0103rcinate cu efectuarea misiunii, \u00een care s-a folosit un singur tip de bombardier: B-24 Liberator.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64974\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64974\" style=\"width: 528px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/B-24.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64974\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/B-24.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"538\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/B-24.jpg 538w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/B-24-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64974\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Bombardier B-24<\/em> <strong>Imagine:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:321_Bombardment_Squadron_-_B-24_Liberator.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>wikipedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative &#8211; free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Planul militar ini\u0163ial p\u0103rea destul de simplu: un num\u0103r de 1.751 de militari \u0219i 178 de bombardiere B-24, conduse de generalul de brigad\u0103 Uzal G. Ent, trebuiau s\u0103 zboare din Benghazi (Libia), peste Marea Adriatic\u0103 \u0219i Mun\u021bii Pindus din Albania \u015fi s\u0103 ajung\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, Ploie\u015fti. Forma\u0163ia de avioane s-a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it \u00een dou\u0103 grupe, intr\u00e2nd prin sud-vestul Rom\u00e2niei, prin Iugoslavia de Sud \u0219i apropiindu-se de Ploie\u0219ti dinspre vest. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, atacul aerian a \u00eenceput din nord, lovind cele nou\u0103 rafin\u0103rii din Ploie\u0219ti simultan, de la altitudini joase.<\/p>\n<p>Planurile de atac au fost elaborate de col. Jacob Edward Smart, care s-a bazat pe atac ini\u021bial de mic\u0103 amploare (HALPRO) asupra rafin\u0103riilor, de c\u0103tre un grup mic de bombardiere B-24. Acestea s-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit cu foarte pu\u0163ine avioane de v\u00e2n\u0103toare ale For\u0163elor Aeriene Germane (Luftwaffe), a\u0219a c\u0103 s-a presupus c\u0103, venind cu mai multe bombardiere B-24, puteau fi cauzate daune mai mari, \u00eentr-un timp mai scurt.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cens\u0103 capacitatea de ap\u0103rare germano-rom\u00e2n\u0103 a fost subestimat\u0103 de c\u0103tre ofi\u0163erii americani. Generalul german Alfred Gerstenberg, \u00een urma atacului ini\u021bial HALPRO asupra rafin\u0103riilor, a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 fortifice ap\u0103rarea din jurul Ploie\u0219tiului. Astfel, sistemul anti-aerian de ap\u0103rare cuprindea acum sute de tunuri de calibru de 8,8 cm Flak 18 \u0219i de calibru 10 cm Flak 38, form\u00e2nd astfel una dintre cele mai rigide re\u021bele de ap\u0103rare aerian\u0103 din Europa. Alte tunuri anti-aeriene erau ascunse \u00een ma\u0219ini avariate, \u00een c\u0103pi\u0163e de f\u00e2n \u0219i cl\u0103diri abandonate din jurul Ploie\u015ftiului.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_64975\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64975\" style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/apararea-antiaeriana-Ploiesti.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64975\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/apararea-antiaeriana-Ploiesti.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/apararea-antiaeriana-Ploiesti.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/apararea-antiaeriana-Ploiesti-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/apararea-antiaeriana-Ploiesti-324x235.jpg 324w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64975\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ap\u0103rarea antiaerian\u0103 din jurul Ploiestiului <strong>Imagine:<\/strong> Bundesarchiv (Commons Creative &#8211; free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00cen plus, existau 3 grupuri de 52 de avioane de v\u00e2n\u0103toare BF 109 \u0219i BF 110, care erau sta\u021bionate \u00een raza Ploie\u0219tiului \u0219i care a\u0219teptau ordine de atac, \u00een caz de necesitate.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 un zbor destul de dezorganizat, grupurile de bombardiere ale Armatei Americane au ajuns peste Rom\u00e2nia \u00een forma\u021biuni \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiate. Rom\u00e2nii \u015fi germanii nu erau nepreg\u0103ti\u0163i. A \u00eenceput atacul american asupra rafin\u0103riilor de la Ploie\u015fti. \u00cens\u0103, s-a confruntat cu o ripost\u0103 puternic\u0103 a ap\u0103r\u0103rii aeriene organizat\u0103 de Gerstenberg.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, din cele 178 de bombardiere plecate ini\u0163ial \u00een misiune, doar 88 au reu\u0219it s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la Benghazi, \u00eens\u0103 mare parte din ele \u00een stare deplorabil\u0103. De asemenea, 660 de militari americani \u015fi-au pierdut via\u0163a sau au fost da\u0163i disp\u0103ru\u0163i. O alt\u0103 tragedie civil\u0103 a avut loc atunci c\u00e2nd un bombardier B-24 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it \u00eentr-o \u00eenchisoare de femei din Ploie\u0219ti, provoc\u00e2nd circa 100 de mor\u021bi \u0219i 200 de r\u0103ni\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>Planul ini\u0163ial de atac american asupra rafin\u0103riilor de la Ploie\u015fti n-a fost \u00eendeplinit dec\u00e2t pe jum\u0103tate, iar rafin\u0103riile rom\u00e2ne\u015fti afectate de bombardament au fost rapid reparate \u00een perioada imediat urm\u0103toare. A\u015fadar, nu degeaba Opera\u0163iunea &#8222;Tidal Wave&#8221; s-a transformat rapid \u00eentr-o &#8222;duminic\u0103 neagr\u0103&#8221; pentru americani&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cunoscut\u0103 oficial drept Opera\u021biunea &#8222;Tidal Wave&#8221; (&#8222;Mareea&#8221;), raidul aerian american asupra rafin\u0103riilor de la Ploie\u0219ti, de pe 1 august 1943 (\u00eentr-o zi de duminic\u0103), \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, a reprezentat un mare e\u015fec al For\u021belor Aeriene Americane, &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"&#8222;Duminica neagr\u0103&#8221; &#8211; opera\u0163iunea dezastruoas\u0103 a For\u0163elor Aeriene Americane care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 distrug\u0103 rafin\u0103riile de la Ploie\u015fti, \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/duminica-neagra-operatiunea-dezastruoasa-a-fortelor-aeriene-americane-care-au-incercat-sa-distruga-rafinariile-de-la-ploiesti-in-timpul-celui-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial\/#more-64973\" aria-label=\"Cite\u0219te mai multe despre &#8222;Duminica neagr\u0103&#8221; &#8211; opera\u0163iunea dezastruoas\u0103 a For\u0163elor Aeriene Americane care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 distrug\u0103 rafin\u0103riile de la Ploie\u015fti, \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial\">Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[2404,762,3476,1843,4554,2153,341,3761,4186,5264,203,164,1532,5004,2123,13894,1352,580,864,815,13895,7777,5114,13893,74,2215],"class_list":["post-64973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-albania","tag-avion","tag-benghazi","tag-bombardier","tag-cel-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial","tag-cladire","tag-europa","tag-fan","tag-fortele-aeriene-americane","tag-general","tag-germania","tag-inchisoare","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-iugoslavia","tag-libia","tag-luftwaffe","tag-marea-adriatica","tag-masina","tag-militari","tag-munti","tag-operatiunea-tidal-wave","tag-ploiesti","tag-rafinarie","tag-rafinarii","tag-romania","tag-tun","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.3 (Yoast SEO v24.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>&quot;Duminica neagr\u0103&quot; - opera\u0163iunea dezastruoas\u0103 a For\u0163elor Aeriene Americane care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 distrug\u0103 rafin\u0103riile de la Ploie\u015fti, \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/duminica-neagra-operatiunea-dezastruoasa-a-fortelor-aeriene-americane-care-au-incercat-sa-distruga-rafinariile-de-la-ploiesti-in-timpul-celui-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"&quot;Duminica neagr\u0103&quot; - opera\u0163iunea dezastruoas\u0103 a For\u0163elor Aeriene Americane care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 distrug\u0103 rafin\u0103riile de la Ploie\u015fti, \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cunoscut\u0103 oficial drept Opera\u021biunea &#8222;Tidal Wave&#8221; (&#8222;Mareea&#8221;), raidul aerian american asupra rafin\u0103riilor de la Ploie\u0219ti, de pe 1 august 1943 (\u00eentr-o zi de duminic\u0103), \u00een timpul celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, a reprezentat un mare e\u015fec al For\u021belor Aeriene Americane, ... 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