{"id":63481,"date":"2019-08-08T11:00:29","date_gmt":"2019-08-08T08:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=63481"},"modified":"2019-08-04T13:22:49","modified_gmt":"2019-08-04T10:22:49","slug":"misterioasa-secta-a-crestinilor-sf-ioan-botezatorului-din-irak-veche-de-2-000-de-ani-ce-invataminte-secreta-are","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterioasa-secta-a-crestinilor-sf-ioan-botezatorului-din-irak-veche-de-2-000-de-ani-ce-invataminte-secreta-are\/","title":{"rendered":"Misterioasa sect\u0103 a „cre\u015ftinilor Sf. Ioan Botez\u0103torului” din Irak, veche de 2.000 de ani. Ce \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103minte secret\u0103 are?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u00cen secolul al XVII-lea, misionarii iezui\u021bi care au revenit din Irak-ul de azi, au povestit despre o popula\u021bie numit\u0103 \u201ecre\u0219tinii Sf. Ioan\u201c. De\u0219i tr\u0103iau \u00een lumea musulman\u0103, \u00eenconjura\u021bi de arabi, membrii ei erau adep\u021bi ai unei forme de cre\u0219tinism centrate \u00een jurul lui Ioan Botez\u0103torul. Toate riturile lor religioase aveau ca punct focal botezul; acesta nu era pentru ei o ceremonie unic\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba omului, prin care un nou membru era primit \u00een congrega\u021bie, ci de\u021binea un rol important \u00een toate sacramentele \u0219i ritualurile lor.<\/p>\n

De\u015fi secta \u00eel venereaz\u0103 pe Ioan Botez\u0103torul, nu poate fi considerat\u0103 \u201ecre\u0219tin\u0103” \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit al termenului; membrii ei sus\u021bin c\u0103 Iisus ar fi fost un „fals profet”, care \u0219i-ar fi indus \u00een eroare semenii, \u00een mod deliberat. Dar fiindc\u0103 tr\u0103iesc sub continua amenin\u021bare a persecu\u021biilor din partea evreilor, a musulmanilor \u0219i a cre\u0219tinilor deopotriv\u0103, au preferat s\u0103 se autodefineasc\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod c\u00e2t mai inofensiv pentru to\u021bi cei din jurul lor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen prezent, membrii acestei secte – care mai tr\u0103iesc \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een regiunile ml\u0103\u0219tinoase din sudul Irak-ului \u0219i, \u00een num\u0103r mai mic, \u00een zona de sud-vest a Iranului – sunt cunoscu\u021bi sub numele de mandeeni. Sunt oameni pa\u0219nici, profund religio\u0219i, c\u0103rora credin\u021ba le interzice v\u0103rsarea de s\u00e2nge \u0219i r\u0103zboiul. Majoritatea tr\u0103iesc \u00een satele \u0219i comunit\u0103\u021bile tradi\u021bionale, dar unii s-au mutat \u00een ora\u0219e, unde lucreaz\u0103 ca aurari \u0219i argintari, me\u0219te\u0219uguri \u00een care exceleaz\u0103. \u0218i-au p\u0103strat limba \u0219i modul de scriere propriu, ambele derivate din aramaic\u0103, limba vorbit\u0103 de Iisus \u0219i de Ioan. \u00cen 1978, num\u0103rul lor era estimat la mai pu\u021bin de 15.000 de persoane, dar persecu\u021biile la care Saddam Hussein i-a supus pe arabii din zonele ml\u0103\u0219tinoase dup\u0103 R\u0103zboiul din Golf i-a adus, probabil, \u00een pragul extinc\u021biei.<\/p>\n

Termenul \u201emandean” \u00eenseamn\u0103, literal, \u201egnostic”. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anii 1880 nu s-au efectuat studii documentate asupra mandeenilor. Cele mai ample cercet\u0103ri \u00een privin\u021ba lor sunt cele pe care le-a realizat Lady Drower \u00een anii premerg\u0103tori celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial. De\u0219i ospitalieri, membrii sectei formeaz\u0103 o comunitate \u00eenchis\u0103, care \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 cu str\u0103\u0219nicie secretele, dar Lady Drower a petrecut un timp \u00eendelungat \u00een \u00eencercarea de a le c\u00ee\u0219tiga \u00eencrederea. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, a reu\u0219it: mandeenii i-au dezv\u0103luit detalii despre doctrinele, credin\u021bele \u0219i istoria lor, oferindu-i acces la textele lor sacre.<\/p>\n

Secta are o serie de texte sacre, cele mai importante fiind Ginza, \u201eComoara” sau \u201eCartea lui Adam\u201c, Sidra d\u2019Yahya sau \u201eCartea lui Ioan\u201c (numit\u0103 \u0219i \u201eCartea Regilor”), \u0219i Hawan Gawaita, ce red\u0103 istoria sectei. Ginza dateaz\u0103 din secolul al VlI-lea d.Hr. sau chiar dinainte, iar \u201eCartea lui loan” a fost scris\u0103, probabil, mai t\u00e2rziu. Titlul face referire la loan Botez\u0103torul, al c\u0103rui nume apare \u00een textele mandeene sub dou\u0103 forme: Yohanna (termen mandean) \u0219i Yahya – numele arab sub care figureaz\u0103 \u00een Coran. Acesta din urm\u0103 este folosit mai des, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 textul a fost scris dup\u0103 cucerirea regiunii de c\u0103tre musulmani, la mijlocul secolului al VlI-lea, cu toate c\u0103 materialul con\u021binut este mult mai vechi.<\/p>\n

Mandeenii sunt men\u021biona\u021bi \u0219i \u00een Coran, sub numele de sabieni, ca un \u201epopor al C\u0103r\u021bii”, fapt care demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 erau cunoscu\u021bi ca grupare cu mult \u00eenainte de cucerirea musulman\u0103 a regiunii. \u00cen orice caz, au fost persecuta\u021bi, mai cu seam\u0103 \u00een secolul al XlV-lea, c\u00e2nd autorit\u0103\u021bile islamice i-au adus \u00een pragul dispari\u021biei. Retr\u0103g\u00e2ndu-se mereu din calea asupritorilor, mandeenii au ajuns \u00een cele din urm\u0103 s\u0103 ocupe teritoriul pe care tr\u0103iesc \u00een prezent. \u00cen conformitate cu legendele lor, ei provin din Palestina, zon\u0103 din care au fost sili\u021bi s\u0103 fug\u0103 \u00een secolul I d.Hr. \u00een decursul timpului s-au deplasat mereu spre est \u0219i spre sud, \u00een \u00eencercarea de a evita persecu\u021biile.<\/p>\n

\u00cen prezent, credin\u021ba mandean\u0103 este un fel de amalgam pestri\u021b \u0219i confuz: fragmente din iudaismul Vechiului Testament, forme gnostice, eretice, de cre\u0219tinism \u0219i idei iraniene dualiste combinate formeaz\u0103 cosmologia \u0219i teologia sectei. Se pare c\u0103 membrii grup\u0103rii au uitat \u00een mare parte semnifica\u021bia ini\u021bial\u0103 a multor elemente din religia lor.<\/p>\n

Mandeenii constituie ast\u0103zi unica grupare religioas\u0103 gnostic\u0103 din lume: opiniile lor despre Univers, despre actul crea\u021biei \u0219i despre zei sunt, toate, convingeri gnostice obi\u0219nuite. Ei cred \u00eentr-o ierarhie a zeilor \u0219i a semizeilor, cu o sciziune fundamental\u0103 \u00eentre divinit\u0103\u021bile luminii \u0219i cele ale \u00eentunericului.<\/p>\n

Fiin\u021ba lor suprem\u0103, care a creat Universul \u0219i zeit\u0103\u021bile mai mici, are diverse nume, care se traduc prin \u201eVia\u021b\u0103”, \u201eMinte” sau \u201eRegele Luminii”. Aceasta a creat cinci \u201efiin\u021be de lumin\u0103”, fapt care automat a adus pe lume cinci fiin\u021be ale \u00eentunericului, egale, dar opuse primelor. La fel ca \u00een alte sisteme de g\u00e2ndire gnostic\u0103, pentru mandeeni semizeii sunt cei care au creat \u0219i care guverneaz\u0103 Universul material \u0219i P\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Omenirea a fost creat\u0103 de o astfel de fiin\u021b\u0103, numit\u0103 Hiwel Ziwa sau Ptahil. Primii oameni au fost creaturile fizice Adam \u0219i Eva – Adam Paghia \u0219i Hawa Paghia – \u0219i corespondentele lor \u201eoculte”, Adam Kasya \u0219i Hawa Kasya.<\/p>\n

Pentru ei, echivalentul diavolului este zei\u021ba \u00eentunecat\u0103 Ruha, care st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te t\u0103r\u00e2mul \u00eentunericului, dar este considerat\u0103 totodat\u0103 Sf. Duh. Accentul pus pe for\u021bele egale \u0219i opuse ale binelui \u0219i ale r\u0103ului, ale masculinului \u0219i ale femininului este o idee tipic gnostic\u0103. O zei\u021b\u0103 important\u0103, c\u0103reia i se adreseaz\u0103 multe dintre rug\u0103ciunile men\u021bionate \u00een c\u0103r\u021bile mandeene, este Libat, care a fost identificat\u0103 cu I\u0219tar.<\/p>\n

Pentru mandeeni, celibatul este un p\u0103cat; b\u0103rba\u021bii care mor nec\u0103s\u0103tori\u021bi sunt condamna\u021bi s\u0103 se re\u00eencarneze; altfel, mandeenii nu cred \u00een ciclul mor\u021bii \u0219i al rena\u0219terii. Atunci c\u00e2nd omul se stinge din via\u021b\u0103, sufletul lui se \u00eentoarce \u00een lumea de lumin\u0103 din care au venit ini\u021bial mandeenii, fiind \u00eendrumat pe acest drum gra\u021bie numeroaselor rug\u0103ciuni \u0219i ceremonii oficiate; multe dintre acestea \u00ee\u0219i au originile, \u00een mod limpede, \u00een anticele rituri funerare egiptene.<\/p>\n

Religia \u00ee\u0219i pune amprenta asupra tuturor aspectelor vie\u021bii de zi cu zi a mandeenilor, dar sacramentul lor esen\u021bial este botezul, practicat chiar \u0219i la ceremoniile de nunt\u0103 \u0219i de \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare. Botezul presupune cufundarea complet\u0103 \u00een bazine special create, care au loc la un r\u00e2u numit Iordan.<\/p>\n

Ziua sf\u00eent\u0103 a mandeenilor este duminica. Toate comunit\u0103\u021bile lor s\u00eent conduse de preo\u021bi, care primesc titlul de \u201erege\u201c (malka), dar anumite servicii religioase pot fi \u00eendeplinite de laici. Demnitatea de preot este ereditar\u0103, iar clerul este compus din trei categorii: preo\u021bii obi\u0219nui\u021bi, numi\u021bi \u201ediscipoli” (tarmide), episcopii \u0219i un \u201e\u0219ef al poporului”.<\/p>\n

Mandeenii pretind c\u0103 gruparea lor exista cu mult \u00eenainte de epoca lui Ioan Botez\u0103torul, pe care \u00eel consider\u0103 un conduc\u0103tor de seam\u0103 al sectei lor, dar nimic mai mult. Ei sus\u021bin c\u0103 au p\u0103r\u0103sit Palestina \u00een secolul I d.Hr. \u0219i c\u0103 provin dintr-o regiune muntoas\u0103 pe care o numesc Tura d\u2019Madai – \u00eenc\u0103 neidentificat\u0103 de speciali\u0219ti. Totu\u015fi, un am\u0103nunt care i-a nedumerit dintotdeauna pe speciali\u0219ti \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu mandeenii este insisten\u021ba cu care ei sus\u021bin c\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cinile lor se afl\u0103 \u00een Egipt. Lady Drower men\u021biona c\u0103 ei se consider\u0103, \u00eentr-un fel, coreligionari cu anticii egipteni, iar \u00eentr-unul dintre textele lor sacre este scris: \u201eOamenii Egiptului aveau religia noastr\u0103”.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen secolul al XVII-lea, misionarii iezui\u021bi care au revenit din Irak-ul de azi, au povestit despre o popula\u021bie numit\u0103 \u201ecre\u0219tinii Sf. Ioan\u201c. De\u0219i tr\u0103iau \u00een lumea musulman\u0103, \u00eenconjura\u021bi de arabi, membrii ei erau adep\u021bi ai unei forme de cre\u0219tinism centrate … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":63482,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1699,452,1103,1633,211,697,386,2112,1700,3447,2094,210,3077,13633,470,270,306,13736,498,105,9796,592,3042,868,1880,1278,11652,1087,2628,4429,3937],"class_list":["post-63481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-adam","tag-arabi","tag-carte","tag-coran","tag-crestinism","tag-diavol","tag-egipt","tag-episcop","tag-eva","tag-gnosticism","tag-iezuiti","tag-iisus-hristos","tag-ioan-botezatorul","tag-irak","tag-iran","tag-islamism","tag-iudaism","tag-mandeeni","tag-palestina","tag-pamant","tag-paranormal-spiritualitate","tag-preot","tag-rau","tag-reincarnare","tag-saddam-hussein","tag-secta","tag-sf-duh","tag-univers","tag-vechiul-testament","tag-zei","tag-zeita"],"yoast_head":"\nMisterioasa sect\u0103 a "cre\u015ftinilor Sf. Ioan Botez\u0103torului" din Irak, veche de 2.000 de ani. Ce \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103minte secret\u0103 are? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterioasa-secta-a-crestinilor-sf-ioan-botezatorului-din-irak-veche-de-2-000-de-ani-ce-invataminte-secreta-are\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Misterioasa sect\u0103 a "cre\u015ftinilor Sf. Ioan Botez\u0103torului" din Irak, veche de 2.000 de ani. Ce \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103minte secret\u0103 are?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen secolul al XVII-lea, misionarii iezui\u021bi care au revenit din Irak-ul de azi, au povestit despre o popula\u021bie numit\u0103 \u201ecre\u0219tinii Sf. Ioan\u201c. De\u0219i tr\u0103iau \u00een lumea musulman\u0103, \u00eenconjura\u021bi de arabi, membrii ei erau adep\u021bi ai unei forme de cre\u0219tinism centrate ... 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