{"id":6314,"date":"2009-07-18T12:27:23","date_gmt":"2009-07-18T09:27:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=6314"},"modified":"2019-10-14T21:54:46","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T18:54:46","slug":"o-obsesie-de-400-de-ani-calea-nordica-dintre-atlantic-si-pacific","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/o-obsesie-de-400-de-ani-calea-nordica-dintre-atlantic-si-pacific\/","title":{"rendered":"O obsesie de 400 de ani: calea nordic\u0103 dintre Atlantic \u015fi Pacific"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> pexels.com<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Exist\u0103 obsesii care au pus \u00een mi\u015fcare expedi\u0163ii, an dup\u0103 an, \u015fi care, \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 s-au dovedit iluzorii, au sf\u00e2r\u015fit prin a schimba lumea. Una din acestea s-a numit „c\u0103utarea pasajului de nord-vest”. Una dintre ideile fixe care au animat marile explor\u0103ri geografice \u00een ultimii 400 de ani. O \u00eencercare aproape imposibil\u0103: trecerea din Atlantic \u00een Pacific prin Nordul Canadei: milioane de kilometri p\u0103tra\u0163i de ghea\u0163\u0103, tundra, insuli\u0163e, str\u00e2mtori acoperite de ghe\u0163uri mai tot timpul anului.<\/p>\n

Cum a \u00eenceput totul?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Totul a \u00eenceput cu o teorie cosmografic\u0103 care \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ea p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00een patru zone de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00eenconjurate de ap\u0103. Cele sudice erau considerate nelocuibile. Cele dou\u0103 mase continentale nordice erau separate de dou\u0103 oceane: Atlantic \u015fi Pacific. Mult\u0103 vreme, descoperitorii Americii au fost convin\u015fi c\u0103 se afla pe coastele Asiei, \u00een „Indii”.<\/p>\n

De\u015fi cosmografia s-a mai \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163it pu\u0163in dup\u0103 Columb, problema geografic\u0103 s-a complicat datorit\u0103 politicii. \u00cen 1493, Papa Alexandru al VI-lea a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it harta lumii \u00een dou\u0103: partea de Sud urma s\u0103 revin\u0103 Spaniei \u015fi Portugaliei, partea de Nord, restului Europei. Astfel, Fran\u0163a, \u0162\u0103rile de Jos \u015fi Marea Britanie s-au v\u0103zut izolate: cum se mai putea trece din Atlantic \u00een Pacific? A\u015fa a ap\u0103rut probabil ideea de a ocoli America pe la Nord \u015fi de a g\u0103si o trecere nordic\u0103 \u00een Pacific: pasajul de Nord Vest.<\/p>\n

\u00cencerc\u0103ri de g\u0103sire a pasajului de nord-vest<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Canada_topo\"<\/a>Prima expedi\u0163ie \u00een c\u0103utarea pasajului de Nord Vest a fost cea a lui John Cabot, \u00een 1487. Despre ea ne poveste\u015fte unul dintre cei mai celebri autori de povestiri de c\u0103l\u0103torie din secolul XVI, John Hakluyt, \u00eentr-o carte devenit\u0103 best-seller \u00een epoc\u0103.<\/p>\n

O a doua mare expedi\u0163ie englez\u0103 a pornit \u00een 1575: p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi regina Elizabeta a investit \u00een armarea cor\u0103biilor. Comandantul expedi\u0163iei era cumnatul celebrului Walter Raleigh, sir Martin Frobisher. Frobisher a reu\u015fit s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 din nu mai pu\u0163in de trei mari expedi\u0163ii ratate \u00een c\u0103utarea pasajului de Nord-Vest, \u00een 1576, 1577, 1583. El a transformat \u00eens\u0103 explorarea geografic\u0103 \u00een activitate comercial\u0103: \u00eencep\u00e2nd prospec\u0163iuni miniere \u00een urma c\u0103rora a descoperit un minereu negru \u00een care p\u0103reau s\u0103 se g\u0103seasc\u0103 gr\u0103unte de aur.<\/p>\n

Descoperirea a creat un asemenea entuziasm \u00eenc\u00e2t ultima din expedi\u0163iile conduse de Frobisher num\u0103ra nu mai pu\u0163in de 15 cor\u0103bii \u015fi peste 400 de oameni: de departe cea mai mare expedi\u0163ie arctica realizat\u0103 vreodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda a zeci de exploratori \u015fi expedi\u0163ii, secolul XVI \u015fi secolul XVII n-au ajuns prea departe. Adev\u0103ratul secol al c\u0103ut\u0103rii „pasajului de nord-vest” a fost secolul al XVIII-lea.<\/p>\n

Premiu uria\u015f pentru descoperirea pasajului<\/strong> \u015fi alte expedi\u0163ii<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"James<\/a>
James Cook<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00e2t de mare era nebunia ne spune un act al Parlamentului britanic din 1775, prin care se instituia un premiu de 20.000 de lire pentru descoperirea pasajului de Nord-Vest. To\u0163i marii exploratori \u015fi-au \u00eencercat norocul. \u00cen 1776, James Cook a fost primul care a pornit \u00een c\u0103utare dinspre Pacific. Expedi\u0163ia lui n-a reu\u015fit \u00eens\u0103 mai mult dec\u00e2t altele (de\u015fi Cook a reu\u015fit s\u0103 fac\u0103 o cartografiere detaliat\u0103 a coastei de Vest a Americii).<\/p>\n

Una dintre cele mai spectaculoase expedi\u0163ii a fost cea din 1818, condus\u0103 de sir John Ross. Ross a angajat un eschimos ca ghid \u015fi, de\u015fi n-a g\u0103sit trecerea, a ajuns la 77 de grade latitudine nordic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dar cel mai cunoscut nume de explorator plecat de trei ori \u00een c\u0103utarea pasajului de Nord-Vest este cel al lui John Franklin. Acesta a explorat nordul Canadei \u00een 1819-1822, 1825 \u015fi din nou \u00een 1845,\u00a0 expedi\u0163ie \u00een care cele dou\u0103 cor\u0103bii, Erebus \u015fi Terror au disp\u0103rut \u00een ghe\u0163uri (dou\u0103 noi expedi\u0163ii au fost finan\u0163ate de v\u0103duva lui Franklin pentru c\u0103utarea urmelor naufragiului).<\/p>\n

Succes dup\u0103 4 veacuri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 veacuri de c\u0103utare f\u0103r\u0103 succes, pasajul de nord-vest a fost \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit descoperit…\u00eens\u0103 abia \u00een 1903-1906, de exploratorul al c\u0103rui nume a devenit sinonim cu expedi\u0163iile polare, Roald Amundsen. Se poate sus\u0163ine c\u0103 succesul lui Amundsen \u00een expedi\u0163ia lui antarctica (1911) se datoreaz\u0103 \u00een mod esen\u0163ial experien\u0163ei c\u00e2\u015ftigate \u00een urm\u0103rirea acestui vis vechi de 400 de ani, pasajul de Nord-Vest.<\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi, „pasajul de nord-vest” a devenit relativ accesibil (sp\u0103rg\u0103toarelor de ghea\u0163\u0103) \u015fi datorit\u0103 fenomenului de \u00eenc\u0103lzire global\u0103 care a redus considerabil ghe\u0163arii arctici.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Exist\u0103 obsesii care au pus \u00een mi\u015fcare expedi\u0163ii, an dup\u0103 an, \u015fi care, \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 s-au dovedit iluzorii, au sf\u00e2r\u015fit prin a schimba lumea. Una din acestea s-a numit „c\u0103utarea pasajului de nord-vest”. Una dintre ideile fixe care … <\/p>\n

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Una din acestea s-a numit „c\u0103utarea pasajului de nord-vest”. Una dintre ideile fixe care ... 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