{"id":6240,"date":"2009-07-14T19:20:00","date_gmt":"2009-07-14T16:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=6240"},"modified":"2009-07-15T10:57:24","modified_gmt":"2009-07-15T07:57:24","slug":"mitul-caderii-bastiliei-ce-sarbatoresc-de-fapt-la-14-iulie-francezii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/mitul-caderii-bastiliei-ce-sarbatoresc-de-fapt-la-14-iulie-francezii\/","title":{"rendered":"Mitul c\u0103derii Bastiliei: ce s\u0103rb\u0103toresc de fapt la 14 iulie francezii?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"bastilia2\"<\/a>Ce semnific\u0103 oficial ziua de 14 iulie, ziua oficial\u0103 a Fran\u0163ei?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ziua de 14 iulie<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> este s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 de c\u0103tre francezi nu \u00een 1789, c\u00e2nd a c\u0103zut temuta \u00eenchisoare Bastilia, ci un an mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een 1790, sub numele de \u201eS\u0103rb\u0103toarea Federa\u0163iei\u201d. Este prima aniversare a acestei zile, care va deveni, abia dup\u0103 aproape un secol, Ziua Na\u0163ional\u0103 a Fran\u0163ei. \u00cen 1879, ziua de 14 iulie<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> a fost s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 semioficial, dar, un an mai t\u00e2rziu, Benjamin Raspail a propus un proiect de lege prin care Republica Francez\u0103 adopt\u0103 ca s\u0103rb\u0103toare na\u0163ional\u0103 ziua de 14 iulie.<\/p>\n

\u201eReprezentan\u0163ii poporului francez, constitui\u0163i \u00een Adunare Na\u0163ional\u0103, consider\u00e2nd c\u0103 ignorarea, nesocotirea sau dispre\u0163uirea drepturilor omului sunt singurele cauze ale nefericirii publice \u015fi ale corup\u0163iei guvernelor, au hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 prezinte \u00eentr-o Declara\u0163ie Solemn\u0103 drepturile naturale, inalienabile \u015fi sacre ale omului, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t aceast\u0103 declara\u0163ie, mereu prezent\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163a tuturor membrilor societ\u0103\u0163ii, s\u0103 le reaminteasc\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencetare drepturile \u015fi \u00eendatoririle lor\u201d.<\/em> Aceste cuvinte nu au fost rostite pe 14 iunie 1789, dar au fost ecourile asaltului Bastiliei din prima zi a Revolu\u0163iei Franceze, s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 ca zi na\u0163ional\u0103 a Fran\u0163ei din anul 1880. Citatul este din Declara\u0163ia Drepturilor Omului \u015fi ale Cet\u0103\u0163eanului, adoptat\u0103 de Adunarea Na\u0163ional\u0103 Francez\u0103 \u00een august 1789. Este documentul care proclama chiar din primul articol: \u201eOamenii se nasc \u015fi r\u0103m\u00e2n liberi \u015fi egali \u00een drepturi\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015ei totu\u015fi…ce Bastilie a c\u0103zut?<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd a izbucnit Revolu\u0163ia Francez\u0103, \u00eenchisoarea Bastilia fusese de ceva timp dezafectat\u0103, aici fiind \u00eenchi\u015fi c\u00e2\u0163iva polemi\u015fti sau tineri snobi insolen\u0163i. \u00cen Bastilia nu se aflau dec\u00e2t \u015fapte persoane de origine nobil\u0103, printre care un idiot \u015fi patru escroci… La pu\u0163in timp dup\u0103 aceea, num\u0103rul \u00eenchisorilor s-a m\u0103rit de patru ori. Apoi sute de mii de persoane au cunoscut rigiditatea terorii instituite de revolu\u0163ia francez\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cine s-a g\u00e2ndit s\u0103 transforme eliberarea a patru escroci \u00een s\u0103rb\u0103toare na\u0163ional\u0103?
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Transformarea ei \u00een simbolul luptei \u00eempotriva tiraniei a fost o construc\u0163ie tardiv\u0103. Primul care s-a g\u00e2ndit s\u0103 comemoreze 14 iulie<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> 1789 a fost un personaj, din fericire, dat uit\u0103rii, un anume Fleury-Lescot. \u00cen afara func\u0163iei sale de primar al Parisului, acesta era \u015fi un activ furnizor al ghilotinei, regret\u00e2nd \u00eempreun\u0103 cu amicul s\u0103u Maximilien Robespierre c\u0103 ma\u015fin\u0103ria doctorului Guillotin nu func\u0163iona mai des. \u00cen plin\u0103 teroare robespierrian\u0103, adres\u00e2ndu-se comitetelor de supraveghere revolu\u0163ionare, el a rostit un discurs care i-ar face s\u0103 tremure de spaim\u0103 pe cei mai conservatori dintre eminen\u0163ii no\u015ftri politiceni. \u201eSalut 14 iulie! Salut ziua memorabil\u0103 \u00een veci, \u00een care poporul Parisului a cimentat cu s\u00e2ngele s\u0103u prima piatr\u0103 a libert\u0103\u0163ii publice d\u0103r\u00e2m\u00e2nd Bastilia!\u201c<\/em> Cu siguran\u0163\u0103, s\u00e2ngele a curs, iar c\u00e2nd s\u00e2ngele curge este \u00eentotdeauna deplorabil, dar statisticile \u00eentocmite sub supravegherea strict\u0103 a lui La Fayette men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 83 de mor\u0163i la fa\u0163a locului, \u00een ambele tabere, 19 v\u0103duve \u015fi 5 orfani. Din p\u0103cate, de la 14 iulie 1789, s-au \u00eenregistrat revolte \u015fi conflicte s\u00e2ngeroase pentru ap\u0103rarea unor cauze mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in juste; de-a lungul istoriei au existat multe mor\u0163i inutile.<\/p>\n

\"bastilia3\"<\/a>Cine st\u0103tea \u00een Bastilia, celebra fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103 francez\u0103?
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

De fapt, surprinde num\u0103rul de legende c\u0103rora c\u0103derea Bastiliei le-a servit drept izvor nesecat de inspira\u0163ie, at\u00e2t \u00een sens r\u0103u, c\u00e2t \u015fi bun. Restabilirea adev\u0103rului despre 14 iulie<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> 1789 nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 elogiem celebra fort\u0103rea\u0163\u0103, \u00een realitate \u00eenchisoarea de stat. De altfel, nimeni nu intra \u00een Bastilia f\u0103r\u0103 motiv. Scrisoarea regal\u0103 de dizgra\u0163ie, urmat\u0103 de \u00eencarcerarea \u00een Bastilia, emana din voin\u0163a regal\u0103, dar aceasta nu a fost semnat\u0103 dec\u00eet rareori din capriciu. Arestarea lui Fouquet, supraintendentul de finan\u0163e sub Ludovic al XIV-lea, nu a fost arbitrar\u0103, ci nedreapt\u0103, pentru c\u0103 procesul ministrului \u00eenchis a fost fructul acru al invidiei curtenilor mai pu\u0163in favoriza\u0163i de soart\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 la Bastilia au fost \u00eenchi\u015fi autorii unor comploturi, tr\u0103d\u0103tori, rebeli fa\u0163\u0103 de autoritatea regal\u0103, \u00een sistemul penal din vechiul regim de dinainte de 1789, lucru acesta nu ar trebui s\u0103 mire pe nimeni, \u015fi totu\u015fi surprinde, sc\u0103p\u00e2ndu-se din vedere c\u0103 au fost \u2013 din eroare sau pe bun\u0103 dreptate \u2013 mai multe capete t\u0103iate \u015fi mai multe arest\u0103ri de lung\u0103 durat\u0103 \u00eentre 1789 \u015fi 1804 dec\u00e2t au existat \u00een timpul domniei lui Ludovic al XIV-lea (71 ani). \u201eTeroarea\u201d, pe bun\u0103 dreptate numit\u0103 astfel, nu este o impostur\u0103, ci o crud\u0103 succesiune de intrigi uciga\u015fe \u015fi de r\u0103zbun\u0103ri personale.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Bastilia nu se torturau oameni a\u015fa cum s-a creat legenda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Conform textelor \u2013 \u015fi nu sunt pu\u0163ine \u2013, dintre cei care au poposit \u00een \u00eenchisoare, foarte pu\u0163ini se pl\u00e2ngeau de maltratare fizic\u0103… p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een momentul \u00een care ajungeau pe m\u00e2na c\u0103l\u0103ului. Aceste execu\u0163ii, care au f\u0103cut s\u0103 curg\u0103 at\u00e2ta cerneal\u0103 dup\u0103 14 iulie<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> 1789, abia dac\u0103 se ridic\u0103 la circa 30 \u00een 2 secole. \u015ei doar un singur de\u0163inut a fost torturat \u00een \u00eenchisoare, mare\u015falul de Biron, \u00een timpul lui Henric al IV-lea. Judec\u0103\u0163ile de la Bastilia erau rostite \u00een numele regelui, dup\u0103 \u201ebunul s\u0103u plac\u201d (sic), cu excep\u0163ia jurisdic\u0163iei ecleziastice, care avea m\u00e2na deosebit de grea, \u015fi a celei senioriale. Dar judec\u0103torii nu erau independen\u0163i, fiind supu\u015fi tutelei monarhului. \u00cen zilele noastre, este justi\u0163ia mai independent\u0103?<\/p>\n

Contrar prejudec\u0103\u0163ilor, cei \u00eencarcera\u0163i la Bastilia nu au fost niciodat\u0103 \u00eengropa\u0163i de vii. Dac\u0103 mobilierul celulelor nu purta marca unuia dintre atelierele de ebenist aflate \u00een apropierea cartierului Saint-Antoine, hrana \u00eens\u0103, dup\u0103 spusele celor care au \u201eie\u015fit\u201c, a fost \u00eentotdeauna convenabil\u0103. C\u00e2t despre haine, nici vorb\u0103 de uniforma ocna\u015filor. Pentru a ne edifica, este suficient s\u0103 citim memoriile celebrului Latude, care a petrecut ani buni la Bastilia, doar pentru c\u0103 s-a \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103\u0163\u00e2nat s\u0103 refuze toate bucuriile libert\u0103\u0163ii oferite de guvernator. Latude poveste\u015fte c\u0103 a refuzat o pereche de pantaloni scur\u0163i cu c\u0103ptu\u015feala de m\u0103tase, confec\u0163iona\u0163i de un croitor renumit, pentru c\u0103 nu-i convenea croiala. Alt\u0103 dat\u0103, \u00eei scrie guvernatorului s\u0103 se pl\u00e2ng\u0103 de con\u0163inutul slab de gr\u0103sime al c\u0103rnii de pas\u0103re ce i se servea. Nimeni nu s-ar fi g\u00e2ndit s\u0103-i ia cardinalului de Rohan vesela de argint. Nu to\u0163i erau la fel de bine trata\u0163i, dar media r\u0103m\u00e2nea acceptabil\u0103. \u00cen ceea ce am numi azi \u201e\u00eenchisoare de cinci stele\u201c, via\u0163a cotidian\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi p\u0103stra un anumit specific aristocratic. De\u0163inu\u0163ii nu bomb\u0103neau, iar celor g\u0103si\u0163i acolo \u00een iulie 1789\u2013 \u015fase, dup\u0103 unii, \u015fapte, dup\u0103 al\u0163ii \u2013 le-a venit cam greu s\u0103 \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 de ce poporul a vrut s\u0103-i elibereze.<\/p>\n

Cam \u0103sta e adev\u0103rul despre Bastilia. Nu numai c\u0103 pe 14 iulie 1789, ceea ce se aniverseaz\u0103 ast\u0103zi, n-a c\u0103zut nimic (\u00eenchisoarea fiind l\u0103sat\u0103 aproape \u00een p\u0103r\u0103sire, \u00een ea neafl\u00e2ndu-se dec\u00e2t vreo 4 vagabonzi \u015fi 3 oameni), dar celebra Bastilie nu era deloc crud\u0103 \u00een trecut cum s-a zvonit at\u00e2ta timp. Atunci, cui servesc mistific\u0103rile?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ce semnific\u0103 oficial ziua de 14 iulie, ziua oficial\u0103 a Fran\u0163ei? Ziua de 14 iulie este s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 de c\u0103tre francezi nu \u00een 1789, c\u00e2nd a c\u0103zut temuta \u00eenchisoare Bastilia, ci un an mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een 1790, sub … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6245,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[1829,202,164,1532,577,578],"class_list":["post-6240","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-bastilia","tag-franta","tag-inchisoare","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-ludovic-al-xiv-lea","tag-revolutia-franceza","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMitul c\u0103derii Bastiliei: ce s\u0103rb\u0103toresc de fapt la 14 iulie francezii? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/mitul-caderii-bastiliei-ce-sarbatoresc-de-fapt-la-14-iulie-francezii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mitul c\u0103derii Bastiliei: ce s\u0103rb\u0103toresc de fapt la 14 iulie francezii?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ce semnific\u0103 oficial ziua de 14 iulie, ziua oficial\u0103 a Fran\u0163ei? 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