{"id":6106,"date":"2009-07-07T22:03:58","date_gmt":"2009-07-07T19:03:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=6106"},"modified":"2019-10-14T21:48:02","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T18:48:02","slug":"misterioasele-insule-care-apar-si-dispar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterioasele-insule-care-apar-si-dispar\/","title":{"rendered":"Misterioasele insule care apar \u015fi dispar"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> pixabay.com<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Edrisi, unul dintre cei mai \u00eensemna\u0163i c\u0103l\u0103tori \u015fi geografi arabi din Evul Mediu, men\u0163iona (\u00een jurul lui 1150) prezen\u0163a a 2.700 insule \u00eentr-un ocean at\u00e2t de s\u0103rac \u00een insule cum este Atlanticul, iar un veac \u015fi jum\u0103tate mai t\u00e2rziu, Marco Polo, vorbind despre Oceanul Indian, nota: \u201e\u00een aceast\u0103 mare exist\u0103 12.700 insule”. Un autor mai nou, Richard Hennig (\u00een Les grandes enigmes de Univers<\/strong>) ocup\u00e2ndu-se de insulele imaginare care \u00eemp\u00e2nzeau oceanele \u00een h\u0103r\u0163ile medievale, se \u00eentreab\u0103 cum \u201e…s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u015fi \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat asemenea geografie fantezist\u0103 de insule fantom\u0103”<\/em> \u015fi ajunge \u00eentre altele la concluzia c\u0103 \u201e…\u00een aceast\u0103 chestiune psihologia popular\u0103 ocup\u0103 \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u0163\u0103 un spa\u0163iu mai cuprinz\u0103tor dec\u00e2t geografia propriu-zis\u0103”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dar oare numai iluziile optice \u015fi imagina\u0163ia (\u201epsihologia”) popular\u0103, creatoare de povestiri fantastice \u015fi legende – unele dintre ele \u0163esute \u00een ghergheful adev\u0103rului istoric – s\u0103 fie unicele surse ale acestor \u201einsule-fantom\u0103” ? Dac\u0103 pornim de la premisa c\u0103 mari continente (Atlantida, Pacifida) au putut dispare ca urmare a unor cataclisme de natur\u0103 tectonic\u0103, de ce s\u0103 nu presupunem, c\u0103 asemenea insule au existat aievea, disp\u0103r\u00e2nd apoi ca urmare a unor cutremure, erup\u0163ii vulcanice, chiar furtuni deosebit de puternice? Dispari\u0163ia sau apari\u0163ia unor insule – fenomene nu prea frecvente, dar perfect explicabile \u00een stadiul actual al \u015ftiin\u0163ei – sunt men\u0163ionate de-a lungul veacurilor \u00een cronici \u015fi diferite – lucr\u0103ri cu caracter \u015ftiin\u0163ific a c\u0103ror probitate este \u00een afar\u0103 de orice \u00eendoial\u0103.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 unele regiuni ale globului nostru unde asemenea fenomene sunt mai frecvente – regiuni pe care nu trebuie neap\u0103rat s\u0103 le c\u0103ut\u0103m foarte-departe, ci le vom g\u0103si chiar \u00een cuprinsul b\u0103tr\u00e2nei noastre Europe. Astfel, avem informa\u0163ii c\u0103 \u00een Marea Egee (Arhipelagul Santorin), \u00een anul 179 \u00ee.Ch., a ap\u0103rut brusc o insul\u0103 care mai exist\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi sub numele de Paleo Kameni ; alte dou\u0103 insule apropiate, Mikra Kameni \u015fi Nea Kameni, au ap\u0103rut \u00een 1573 \u015fi, respectiv, \u00een 1707, iar \u00een 1866 s-au mai ivit din apa m\u0103rii c\u00e2teva insule, \u00eentre care Reka, Aphroessa, Georgios \u015fi Mai ; se pare c\u0103 ultima apari\u0163ie a unei insule \u00een aceast\u0103 zon\u0103 dateaz\u0103 din 1928.<\/p>\n

Unele regiuni de litoral s-au dovedit mai favorabile at\u00e2t mirajelor, c\u00e2t \u015fi f\u0103uririi de legende \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu insule \u201evr\u0103jite” ; insule cu via\u0163\u0103 efemer\u0103 au ap\u0103rut \u00een regiunea Azorelor \u00een 1638, 1720, 1757 \u015fi 1811 \u2014 iar \u00een sud-vestul Islandei, un vulcan submarin \u00een erup\u0163ie a dus la apari\u0163ia unor asemenea insule \u00een 1240 \u015fi 1783 ; tot \u00een aceast\u0103 din urm\u0103 regiune, cam la jum\u0103tatea drumului dintre Islanda \u015fi Groenlanda, se afla o insul\u0103 care a continuat s\u0103 figureze pe h\u0103r\u0163i medievale p\u00e2n\u0103 t\u00e2rziu (de pild\u0103 pe o hart\u0103 catalan\u0103 din 1480), de\u015fi \u00een celebra hart\u0103 din 1513 a lui Piri Reis se men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 s-a scufundat \u00een 1456.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2teva dintre aceste insule efemere figureaz\u0103 la loc de cinste \u00een istoria descoperirilor geografice, altele au indus \u00een eroare navigatori dintre cei mai iscusi\u0163i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit, altele au generat aprige discu\u0163ii, ba chiar conflicte diplomatice. \u00cen 1667, c\u0103pitanul Edward Davis a descoperit \u00een Oceanul Pacific o insul\u0103, situat\u0103 pe paralela 27\u00b0 la 500 de mile marine de coasta sud-american\u0103, insul\u0103 care apoi a \u00eenceput s\u0103 figureze pe toate h\u0103r\u0163ile sub numele de Davisland; ani \u00een \u015fir, alte nave au c\u0103utat-o f\u0103r\u0103 s-o g\u0103seasc\u0103, iar \u00een 1722, olandezul Roggeveen, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd-o, a descoperit… Insula Pa\u015ftelui. Pe toate h\u0103r\u0163ile Europei a figurat, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1811, o \u0162ar\u0103 a lui Sannikov la nord de Arhipelagul Novosibirsk – \u00een 1902, un explorator \u015fi-a pierdut chiar via\u0163a \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s-o g\u0103seasc\u0103 – p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1938 c\u00e2nd expedi\u0163iile sovietice, organizate cu sp\u0103rg\u0103toare de ghea\u0163\u0103, \u015fi aviatorii arctici au dovedit c\u0103 respectiva insul\u0103 nu exist\u0103; \u00een 1811, Iakov Sannikov v\u0103zuse o insul\u0103 de ghea\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"insula2\"<\/a>Lucrurile s-au petrecut \u00een sens invers cu insula Bouvet (descoperit\u0103 \u00een Atlanticul de Sud cu prilejul c\u0103ut\u0103rii \u0162\u0103rii Papagalilor) care figura pe h\u0103r\u0163i cu un semn de \u00eentrebare, deoarece vreme de 160 de ani nimeni n-a mai reu\u015fit s-o g\u0103seasc\u0103 (s-o reg\u0103seasc\u0103) \u2014 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1898, c\u00e2nd expedi\u0163ia \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 de pe nava \u201eValdivia” \u00eei dovedi existen\u0163a, reabilit\u00e2nd memoria marelui navigator care a fost Bouvet de Lozier. \u015ei totu\u015fi, Atlanticul de Sud se bucur\u0103 de faima unei regiuni specializat\u0103 \u00een dispari\u0163ii de insule: Isla Grande, de pild\u0103, descoperit\u0103 \u00een 1675 de de la Roche, n-a mai fost reg\u0103sit\u0103, fiind \u015ftears\u0103 \u00een 1820 de pe h\u0103r\u0163ile marine. Tot a\u015fa, Insula Saxenberg, descoperit\u0103 de olandezul Lindemann \u015fi vizitat\u0103 de diferite nave \u00een 1804 \u015fi 1816, a disp\u0103rut f\u0103r\u0103 urm\u0103. La fel s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat, \u00een aceea\u015fi regiune, cu insulele Thomson, Thomas \u015fi Dougherty.<\/p>\n

C\u0103 asemenea insule efemere pot da loc la complica\u0163ii o dovede\u015fte istoria (scurt\u0103) a Insulei Ferdinandea, descoperit\u0103 de o brigantin\u0103 italian\u0103 la 18 iulie 1831 \u00een apropiere de Sicilia. Dou\u0103 zile mai t\u00e2rziu, un grup de geologi germani debarca pe mica insul\u0103, care m\u0103sura 200 metri \u00een diametru \u015fi avea \u00een centrul ei un vulcan fumeg\u00e2nd. La 2 august ap\u0103rur\u0103 c\u00e2teva nave militare engleze\u015fti, care \u00een\u0103l\u0163ar\u0103 aici drapelul Marii Britanii, \u00een ciuda protestelor ridicate de autorit\u0103\u0163ile siciliene. Nu s-a ajuns la un conflict diplomatic deoarece zece zile mai t\u00e2rziu, la 12 august, insula \u00eencepu s\u0103… descreasc\u0103, materia vulcanic\u0103 se dilua \u00een mare \u015fi \u00een scurt timp disp\u0103ru cu totul. \u015eapte ani mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een aceea\u015fi regiune ap\u0103ru o alt\u0103 insul\u0103, al c\u0103rei vulcan se \u00een\u0103l\u0163a p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40 metri deasupra nivelului m\u0103rii;\u00a0 englezii o botezar\u0103 Graham, dar nu se mai gr\u0103bir\u0103 s-o anexeze, c\u0103ci \u00eenainte de sf\u00eer\u015fitul anului (1838) disp\u0103ru \u00eenghi\u0163it\u0103 de apele m\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, vulcanologia este disciplina care are un cuv\u00e2nt hot\u0103r\u00e2tor \u00een explicarea apari\u0163iei \u015fi dispari\u0163iei unor insule – \u015fi nu este vorba \u00eentotdeauna de insule de dimensiuni reduse, ca acelea din regiunea Arhipelagului Santorin din Marea Egee sau din largul coastelor Siciliei. Ar\u0103tam cum, la 25 august 1883, erup\u0163ia vulcanului de pe insula Krakatoa, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu valurile enorme (tsunami) m\u0103sur\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30 metri \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime, a distrus trei sferturi din insul\u0103; \u00een imediata apropiere au ap\u0103rut atunci dou\u0103 insuli\u0163e, Steers Island \u015fi Calmeyers Island. In aceea\u015fi regiune a ap\u0103rut \u00een 1886 Insula \u015eoimului, lung\u0103 de trei kilometri \u015fi \u00eenalt\u0103 de 76 metri, care a disp\u0103rut \u00een 1913, ca s\u0103 reapar\u0103 \u00een 1927, in jurul unui vulcan de peste 100 metri \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime. Cea mai impun\u0103toare apari\u0163ie de acest fel este f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 Insula Camiguin din Arhipelagul Filipinelor: ivit\u0103 \u00een 1871, trecut\u0103 ast\u0103zi pe toate h\u0103r\u0163ile, are \u00een centrul ei un munte \u00eenalt de 1627 metri!<\/p>\n

\"insule1\"<\/a>\u00cen lumina celor de mai sus, nu se cuvine oare s\u0103 reconsider\u0103m p\u0103rerile noastre cu privire la a\u015fa-zisele insule mitice (Antilia, Brazil, Sf. Brandan \u015f.a.), s\u0103 acord\u0103m mai mult\u0103 \u00eencredere acelor pasaje controversate din autorii vechi (Strabon, Pliniu \u015f.a.), precum \u015fi datelor trecute \u00een h\u0103r\u0163ile medievale? Poate c\u0103 men\u0163iunile din harta lui Pizigano (1367), a lui Ruiche (1508) \u015fi a lui Piri Reis (1513) sunt exacte \u015fi o insul\u0103 Antilia a existat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, cu at\u00e2t mai mult cu c\u00e2t Martin Behaim ne informeaz\u0103 c\u0103 o nav\u0103 spaniol\u0103 a vizitat-o \u00een 1414? Aceea\u015fi ipotez\u0103 este valabil\u0103 \u015fi pentru Insula Sf. Brandan – care \u00eencep\u00eend cu o hart\u0103 din 1275 a figurat \u00een lucr\u0103rile cartografice vreme de trei veacuri aproape \u00een acela\u015fi loc, la apus de Insulele Canare – \u015fi pentru multe alte insule.<\/p>\n

Sunt \u00eentreb\u0103ri la care, deocamdat\u0103, nu putem r\u0103spunde; dar nu este exclus ca, \u00eentr-un viitor nu prea dep\u0103rtat, arheologia submarin\u0103 – o disciplin\u0103 recent\u0103, care-\u015fi \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163e\u015fte cu repeziciune mijloacele de investiga\u0163ie – s\u0103 ne ofere la unele dintre aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri r\u0103spunsuri surprinz\u0103toare.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Edrisi, unul dintre cei mai \u00eensemna\u0163i c\u0103l\u0103tori \u015fi geografi arabi din Evul Mediu, men\u0163iona (\u00een jurul lui 1150) prezen\u0163a a 2.700 insule \u00eentr-un ocean at\u00e2t de s\u0103rac \u00een insule cum este Atlanticul, iar un veac \u015fi jum\u0103tate mai t\u00e2rziu, Marco … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1770],"tags":[9807,1784,1548,1604],"class_list":["post-6106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geografie-feologie","tag-geografie-geologie","tag-insula","tag-navigator","tag-ocean","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMisterioasele insule care apar \u015fi dispar - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/misterioasele-insule-care-apar-si-dispar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Misterioasele insule care apar \u015fi dispar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Edrisi, unul dintre cei mai \u00eensemna\u0163i c\u0103l\u0103tori \u015fi geografi arabi din Evul Mediu, men\u0163iona (\u00een jurul lui 1150) prezen\u0163a a 2.700 insule \u00eentr-un ocean at\u00e2t de s\u0103rac \u00een insule cum este Atlanticul, iar un veac \u015fi jum\u0103tate mai t\u00e2rziu, Marco ... 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