{"id":6078,"date":"2009-07-06T08:16:07","date_gmt":"2009-07-06T05:16:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=6078"},"modified":"2009-07-06T17:24:59","modified_gmt":"2009-07-06T14:24:59","slug":"moartea-neagra-ciuma-care-a-ucis-27-de-milioane-de-oameni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/moartea-neagra-ciuma-care-a-ucis-27-de-milioane-de-oameni\/","title":{"rendered":"Moartea neagr\u0103: ciuma care a ucis 27 de milioane de oameni"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Black_Death<\/a>Numele Moartea Neagr\u0103 a ap\u0103rut pentru a caracteriza forma pulmonar\u0103 deosebit de virulent\u0103 a ciumei bubonice care a izbucnit \u00een Europa \u00een secolul al XlV-lea. Aceasta producea hemoragii de culoare \u00eenchis\u0103 la nivel subcutanat \u015fi \u00een jurul ochilor. Infec\u0163ia provoca cangrena pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor \u015fi se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndea de la o persoan\u0103 la alta la fel de u\u015for ca o grip\u0103 sau o r\u0103ceal\u0103. Doar c\u0103 aproape \u00een toate cazurile era fatal\u0103. Datorit\u0103 hemoragiei interne masive, oamenii mureau \u00eennegri\u0163i, astfel ap\u0103r\u00e2nd numele bolii.<\/p>\n

\u00cen vreme ce ciuma lui Iustinian a durat cu \u00eentreruperi vreme de cincizeci de ani \u015fi a ucis o sut\u0103 de milioane de oameni, Moartea Neagr\u0103 a disp\u0103rut dup\u0103 cincisprezece ani, lu\u00e2nd dou\u0103zeci \u015fi \u015fapte de milioane de vie\u0163i, \u00eentre 1346 \u015fi 1361. Raportul duratei fa\u0163\u0103 de num\u0103rul de victime este aproape acela\u015fi – dou\u0103 milioane de victime anual – ciuma lui Iustinian ucig\u00e2nd cu pu\u0163in mai mult.<\/p>\n

Motivul pentru care Moartea Neagr\u0103 este numit\u0103 adesea \u201ecea mai grav\u0103 epidemie cunoscut\u0103 vreodat\u0103” se explic\u0103 prin faptul c\u0103 se \u015ftiu mai multe despre aceasta din numeroasele relat\u0103ri p\u0103strate ale unor martori oculari. Dac\u0103 un organism ucig\u0103tor ar avea inten\u0163ie, ar alege s\u0103 se lanseze \u00een lume \u00eentr-un centru comercial aglomerat, iar Moartea Neagr\u0103 exact asta a f\u0103cut.<\/p>\n

Cum a izbucnit epidemia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ea a izbucnit spre sf\u00eer\u015fitul anului 1346 sub forma unei epidemii \u00een Caffa (\u00een prezent Theodosia), un port comercial fortificat de pe malul crimeic al M\u0103rii Negre. \u00cenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput, boala s-a manifestat cu o furie \u015fi o gravitate de necrezut. Ea a lovit Anglia \u00een vara anului 1347 asemenea unui val, distrug\u00e2nd Londra. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prim\u0103vara anului urm\u0103tor ea ajunsese \u00een Suedia, Fran\u0163a, Spania, Italia, Rusia, Irlanda, Olanda \u015fi Scandinavia, decim\u00e2nd popula\u0163iile ora\u015felor majore ale acestor \u0163\u0103ri. \u201eMi-am \u00eengropat cu propriile m\u00e2ini cinci dintre copii \u00eentr-un singur morm\u00e2nt”,<\/em> scria autorul italian Agnioli di Tura. \u201eF\u0103r\u0103 clopote. F\u0103r\u0103 lacrimi. Acesta este sf\u00e2r\u015fitul lumii.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Astfel era v\u0103zut\u0103 epidemia. Gropile erau s\u0103pate \u00een grab\u0103 \u015fi cu aceea\u015fi grab\u0103 umplute cu cadavre. Dup\u0103 cum descria plastic un observator al vremii: \u201eTestatorul, mo\u015ftenitorii \u015fi executorii s\u0103i erau c\u0103ra\u0163i cu aceea\u015fi c\u0103ru\u0163\u0103 \u015fi arunca\u0163i \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00een aceea\u015fi groap\u0103”.<\/p>\n

Doctorii fugeau de bolnavi, iar preo\u0163ii \u00ee\u015fi abandonau muribunzii…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"black_death\"<\/a>At\u00e2t oamenii de r\u00e2nd, c\u00e2t \u015fi doctorii au \u00een\u0163eles \u00een scurt\u0103 vreme c\u0103 o tuse sau un str\u0103nut puteau r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi ciuma, iar oamenii au reac\u0163ionat cu o panic\u0103 de \u00een\u0163eles \u015fi cu o cruzime poate scuzabil\u0103. P\u0103rin\u0163ii s\u0103n\u0103to\u015fi \u00ee\u015fi abandonau copilul ce \u00eencepea s\u0103 tu\u015feasc\u0103. Doctorii, care mureau la fel de repede ca pacien\u0163ii lor, refuzau s\u0103-i trateze pe cei \u00eemboln\u0103vi\u0163i. Clerul se ruga la c\u0103p\u0103t\u00e2iul muribunzilor pentru mila divin\u0103, dar c\u00e2nd \u015fi membrii s\u0103i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 moar\u0103 pe capete, fiecare om a devenit propriul s\u0103u duhovnic. \u015ei asta cu aprobarea Bisericii. Episcopul englez al diocezei Bath a scris Romei: \u201eNu se poate g\u0103si niciun preot dispus, fie din zel \u015fi devo\u0163iune, fie contra unui stipendiu, s\u0103 accepte \u00eengrijirea pastoral\u0103 a bolnavilor… Mul\u0163i oameni mor f\u0103r\u0103 Sf\u00e2nta \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fanie.” <\/em>Roma a anun\u0163at o relaxare de urgen\u0163\u0103 a legilor canonice, permi\u0163\u00e2ndu-le muribunzilor s\u0103 i se spovedeasc\u0103 cu voce tare lui Dumnezeu sau oric\u0103rei persoane dispuse s\u0103-i asculte, \u201echiar \u015fi unei femei” – o concesie major\u0103 av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere atitudinea Bisericii fa\u0163\u0103 de femei, fapt ce-i sublinia \u00een mod evident disperarea.<\/p>\n

Ciuma a lovit cel mai dur Anglia. Dintr-o popula\u0163ie de patru milioane de oameni, o treime au murit. Membrii clerului au suferit pierderi chiar mai \u00eensemnate, deoarece ace\u015ftia continuau s\u0103 \u00eengrijeasc\u0103 bolnavii mult\u0103 vreme dup\u0103 ce doctorii \u00eei abandonau. \u00cen r\u00e2ndul preo\u0163ilor parohi mortalitatea era de patruzeci \u015fi cinci de procente. Iar c\u00e2nd Moartea Neagr\u0103 a ajuns dincolo de zidurile m\u0103n\u0103stirilor izolate, 51% dintre credincio\u015fi au decedat.<\/p>\n

Ideea mortal\u0103 a papei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Papa Clement al Vl-lea, ce renun\u0163ase s\u0103 se mai roage pentru o interven\u0163ie divin\u0103, a conceput un plan ce nu a f\u0103cut dec\u00e2t s\u0103 amplifice molima. Dac\u0103 rug\u0103ciunile persoanelor individuale nu reu\u015fiser\u0103 s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 ciuma, g\u00e2ndea el, poate o manifestare \u00een mas\u0103 ar avea \u015fanse mai mari. El a emis un edict prin care declara anul 1348 un An Sf\u00e2nt, \u00eencuraj\u00e2nd to\u0163i credincio\u015fii din Europa \u015fi din Asia s\u0103 fac\u0103 un pelerinaj p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Roma.<\/p>\n

Era o invita\u0163ie la genocid. Pentru a mitui mirenii bolnavi \u015fi \u00eenfrico\u015fa\u0163i, el oferea iertarea \u00een avans a p\u0103catelor tuturor ce ar fi murit \u00een drum spre Roma. El promitea c\u0103 sufletele acestora nu vor a\u015ftepta \u00een purgatoriu, ci vor avea cale deschis\u0103 c\u0103tre rai. P\u00e2n\u0103 de Pa\u015fte, \u00een acel an, peste 1 250 000 de pelerini, cei mai mul\u0163i bolnavi \u015fi suferinzi, umpluser\u0103 cetatea etern\u0103. Numai 10% dintre ei au supravie\u0163uit pentru a se \u00eentoarce acas\u0103. Restul, putem spera c\u0103 au ajuns \u00een rai.<\/p>\n

Ciuma: pedeaps\u0103 divin\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Devo\u0163iunea \u00een mas\u0103, \u015fi chiar moartea \u00een mas\u0103, nu i-a fost pe plac Domnului; clerul a continuat s\u0103 pun\u0103 ciuma \u00een seama unui Dumnezeu milos ce \u00eencerca s\u0103 \u00eendrume o lume rebel\u0103. Dup\u0103 cum scria italianul Giovanni Boccaccio \u00een Decameronul<\/strong>: \u201e\u00cen anul Domnului 1348, s-a petrecut… o cium\u0103 groaznic\u0103, trimis\u0103 de Dumnezeu ca pedeaps\u0103 dreapt\u0103 pentru p\u0103catele noastre”.<\/em> Un alt scriitor italian, \u00eentrebat cum \u00ee\u015fi explic\u0103 aceast\u0103 molim\u0103, a r\u0103spuns: \u201eEste cu siguran\u0163\u0103 necesar ca Domnul s\u0103 ne aminteasc\u0103 uneori de existen\u0163a Lui.” Ins\u0103 c\u00e2nd acest memento a continuat lun\u0103 dup\u0103 lun\u0103 \u015fi an dup\u0103 an, Dumnezeu a fost dezvinov\u0103\u0163it, g\u0103sindu-se un alt \u0163ap isp\u0103\u015fitor.<\/p>\n

Persecutarea evreilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"BlackDeath3\"<\/a>Evreii (ce mureau \u00een acela\u015fi ritm ca \u015fi cre\u015ftinii) au fost acuza\u0163i de otr\u0103virea f\u00e2nt\u00e2nilor. Brusc, agentul nociv al ciumei a fost considerat a fi otrava. Sinagogile \u015fi ghetourile evreilor au fost arse, iar ei au fost adu\u015fi \u00een fa\u0163a instan\u0163ei \u00een toat\u0103 Europa. Sub amenin\u0163area torturii, mul\u0163i evrei \u015fi-au \u201em\u0103rturisit” vina, iar oficialit\u0103\u0163ile din mai multe ora\u015fe au descoperit \u201edovada” otr\u0103virii f\u00e2nt\u00e2nilor. P\u00e2n\u0103 la s\u0103parea altor f\u00e2nt\u00e2ni, oamenii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 bea numai ap\u0103 de ploaie.<\/p>\n

Persecu\u0163iile au fost \u015fi mai dure \u00een Germania. Por\u0163ile cet\u0103\u0163ilor erau p\u0103zite, iar orice evreu descoperit transport\u00e2nd un vas sau o sticl\u0103 cu o substan\u0163\u0103 suspect\u0103 era judecat \u015fi invariabil condamnat. \u00centr-un ora\u015f, \u201evinova\u0163ii” erau \u201e\u00eenchi\u015fi \u00eentr-o cl\u0103dire de lemn construit\u0103 special \u00een acest scop \u015fi ar\u015fi odat\u0103 cu aceasta”.<\/p>\n

Spre lauda sa, papa Clement al Vl-lea, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd el \u00eensu\u015fi un \u0163ap isp\u0103\u015fitor pentru cium\u0103, a emis dou\u0103 bule papale prin care \u00eei declara nevinova\u0163i pe evrei. El le cerea tuturor cre\u015ftinilor, de\u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 succes, s\u0103 renun\u0163e la persecut\u0103rile nejustificate. \u015ei de\u015fi \u00eemp\u0103ratul Carol al IV-lea \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fea opinia papei, el nu a \u00eendr\u0103znit s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 nedrept\u0103\u0163ile, deoarece \u201eEl s-a v\u0103zut obligat s\u0103 cedeze \u00een fa\u0163a egoismului nobililor, ce nu doreau s\u0103 renun\u0163e la o ocazie at\u00e2t de favorabil\u0103 de a sc\u0103pa de creditorii lor evrei”,<\/em> \u00een timp, ciuma s-a stins de la sine. Ea luase vie\u0163ile unor scriitori \u015fi arti\u015fti precum Ghirlandaio, Tiziano \u015fi Chaucer. Poetul \u015fi eruditul Petrarca, ce \u015fi-a pierdut fiica, Laura, datorit\u0103 ciumei, scria c\u0103 genera\u0163iile viitoare vor fi \u201eincapabile s\u0103-\u015fi imagineze casele goale, ora\u015fele abandonate, zonele rurale p\u0103r\u0103site, c\u00e2mpurile pline de mor\u0163i, t\u0103cerea \u015fi singur\u0103tatea groaznic\u0103 ce se l\u0103sa deasupra \u00eentregii lumi”.<\/em> Anii de manifestare a ciumei au fost considera\u0163i sf\u00e2r\u015fitul lumii.<\/p>\n

Ultimele epidemii<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd ciuma bubonic\u0103 a reap\u0103rut \u00een anii 1665-1666, fiind numit\u0103 marea cium\u0103 londonez\u0103, ea a avut o gravitate mai redus\u0103 – o apreciere adev\u0103rat\u0103, dar total inadecvat\u0103. C\u0103ci \u00een momentul de maxim\u0103 virulen\u0163\u0103, \u00een vara anului 1665, la Londra mureau s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nal dou\u0103 mii de oameni. Din fericire, \u00een c\u00e2teva luni, molima se stinsese, \u00eens\u0103 nu complet. Ea a continuat la un nivel endemic pe coastele sudice \u015fi estice ale Mediteranei, \u015fi \u00een Asia, Africa \u015fi America de Sud. \u00cen Statele Unite, ea a lovit chiar \u015fi \u00een anul 1907, la San Francisco exist\u00eend 160 de cazuri \u015fi 77 de decese.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Numele Moartea Neagr\u0103 a ap\u0103rut pentru a caracteriza forma pulmonar\u0103 deosebit de virulent\u0103 a ciumei bubonice care a izbucnit \u00een Europa \u00een secolul al XlV-lea. Aceasta producea hemoragii de culoare \u00eenchis\u0103 la nivel subcutanat \u015fi \u00een jurul ochilor. Infec\u0163ia provoca … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6079,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[120,324,341,218,9794,108,97],"class_list":["post-6078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina","tag-anglia","tag-ciuma","tag-europa","tag-evrei","tag-medicina","tag-moarte","tag-papa","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMoartea neagr\u0103: ciuma care a ucis 27 de milioane de oameni - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/moartea-neagra-ciuma-care-a-ucis-27-de-milioane-de-oameni\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Moartea neagr\u0103: ciuma care a ucis 27 de milioane de oameni\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Numele Moartea Neagr\u0103 a ap\u0103rut pentru a caracteriza forma pulmonar\u0103 deosebit de virulent\u0103 a ciumei bubonice care a izbucnit \u00een Europa \u00een secolul al XlV-lea. Aceasta producea hemoragii de culoare \u00eenchis\u0103 la nivel subcutanat \u015fi \u00een jurul ochilor. Infec\u0163ia provoca ... 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