{"id":6033,"date":"2009-07-03T18:36:29","date_gmt":"2009-07-03T15:36:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=6033"},"modified":"2019-10-14T21:20:16","modified_gmt":"2019-10-14T18:20:16","slug":"enigmele-farului-din-alexandria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigmele-farului-din-alexandria\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigmele farului din Alexandria"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Imagine:<\/strong> flickr.com<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Printre cele \u015fapte minuni antice g\u0103sim o asemenea construc\u0163ie situat\u0103 pe insula egiptean\u0103 Faros, \u00een fa\u0163a ora\u015fului fondat de Alexandru \u00een 331 \u00ee.Ch. \u015fi care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele. Homer (\u00een Odiseea) vorbe\u015fte de aceast\u0103 insul\u0103: \u201ePe marea v\u0103luroas\u0103-n dreptul apei Egipetul este ostrovul Faros…”<\/em> Cum textul homeric este cu c\u00e2teva veacuri mai vechi dec\u00e2t \u00eensu\u015fi ora\u015ful Alexandria, suntem \u00eendrept\u0103\u0163i\u0163i s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 insula a dat numele construc\u0163iei, iar nu invers \u2014 de\u015fi nu lipsesc nici p\u0103rerile contrarii, bazate pe un text din Eschil. Oricum, termenul \u201efar” desemn\u00e2nd o asemenea construc\u0163ie a p\u0103truns \u00een multe limbi, printre care \u015fi a noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n

Construit \u00een timpul domniei lui Ptolemeu II Filadelful (285\u2014246 \u00ee.Chr.) – protector al literelor \u015fi artelor, ini\u0163iatorul traducerii Bibliei \u00een grece\u015fte pentru faimoasa bibliotec\u0103 din Alexandria – Farul a durat aproape un mileniu \u015fi jum\u0103tate. Cimentul pe care se afla gravat\u0103 inscrip\u0163ia original\u0103 de pe soclul Farului, dedicat\u0103 regelui, a c\u0103zut cu vremea sco\u0163\u00e2nd la iveal\u0103 o alt\u0103 inscrip\u0163ie : „Monumentul este consacrat de arhitectul Sostrate din Cnid, fiul lui Dexiphan, zeilor salvatori pentru cei ce c\u0103l\u0103toresc pe mare”<\/em>. Cunoa\u015ftem deci \u015fi pe constructorul Farului: Sostrate din Cnid (ora\u015f carian de pe coasta Asiei Mici, la sud de Halicarnas).<\/p>\n

Controversele privind dimensiunea farului<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu aspectul \u015fi dimensiunile Farului ne bizuim mai cu seam\u0103 pe m\u0103rturiile unor c\u0103l\u0103tori arabi: geograful \u015fi neobositul c\u0103l\u0103tor care a fost Al-Idrisi scria (pe la jum\u0103tatea secolului XII) : \u201e…\u00een\u0103l\u0163imea farului este de 300 co\u0163i \u015fi cum fiecare cot este de trei palme, \u00een\u0103l\u0163imea sa este deci de 100 ori cea a unui om”.<\/em> Ceea ce ne aduce la 170\u2014130 metri ; alte surse, care merg p\u00e2n\u0103 la 500 metri, sunt socotite ca fiind mult exagerate. Surse grece\u015fti men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 272 metri.<\/p>\n

Cum era construit farul<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dintre toate descrierile, tot cea a lui Idrisi pare mai aproape de realitate: construit din marmur\u0103 alb\u0103, Farul se compune din trei turnuri suprapuse – primul pe plan p\u0103trat, al doilea octogonal, al treilea cilindric – cu retrageri care creau terase. Funda\u0163iile au ridicat probleme dificile pentru tehnica vremii; tradi\u0163ia arab\u0103 (neconfirmat\u0103, deocamdat\u0103, de cercet\u0103rile \u00eentreprinse \u00een vremurile mai noi) pretinde c\u0103, pentru a \u00eencerca rezisten\u0163a diferitelor materiale la ac\u0163iunea apei s\u0103rate, Sostrate a pus s\u0103 se arunce \u00een mare blocuri de granit \u015fi alte roci, c\u0103r\u0103mizi, diferite metale (inclusiv aur !) \u015fi… sticl\u0103. Cel mai bine s-a comportat sticla, astfel c\u0103 a fost aleas\u0103 pentru funda\u0163ii. Pentru legarea blocurilor de piatr\u0103, se pare c\u0103 arhitectul a folosit plumb topit, mortarul acelor vremi fiind prea sensibil la ac\u0163iunea mediului salin. Oricum, alegerea s-a dovedit judicioas\u0103: dintre toate minunile – \u00een afar\u0103 de Marea Piramid\u0103 – Farul a avut via\u0163a cea mai lung\u0103, fiind distrus, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, de m\u00e2na omului.<\/p>\n

Uria\u015fa oglind\u0103 concav\u0103<\/strong> din Far<\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 chestiune controversat\u0103 este cea a uria\u015fei oglinzi concave instalate \u00een partea dinspre mare a Farului \u015fi av\u00e2nd dublul rol de a intensifica noaptea puterea luminii \u015fi de a incendia ziua navele inamice care ar fi atacat portul. M\u0103rturiile arabe cu privire la marea oglind\u0103 difer\u0103; unii autori au descris-o ca fiind din metal lustruit, al\u0163ii c\u0103 ar fi dintr-o \u201epiatr\u0103 str\u0103vezie”, referindu-se probabil la sticl\u0103; prima versiune pare mai verosimil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ce rol a avut Arhimede la oglinda farului?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eOglinzile incendiatoare” ale antichit\u0103\u0163ii au st\u00e2rnit aprige discu\u0163ii de-a lungul veacurilor; construc\u0163ia lor este atribuit\u0103 lui Arhimede, care a venit astfel \u00een sprijinul patriei sale, Siracuza, atacat\u0103 de galerele romane. O coinciden\u0163\u0103: Arhimede (circa 287\u2014212 \u00ee.Chr.) a studiat \u00een tinere\u0163e la Alexandria, aproximativ \u00een perioada c\u00e2nd se construia Farul. E drept c\u0103 nu se vorbe\u015fte nic\u0103ieri de o colaborare \u00eentre ilustrul matematician \u015fi arhitectul Sostrate, dar trebuie s\u0103 recunoa\u015ftem c\u0103 ipoteza este c\u00e2t se poate de ademenitoare…<\/p>\n

Lumina Farului atingea 200 km?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lumina Farului din Alexandria avea o b\u0103taie uimitor de lung\u0103 pentru acea vreme: cea mai modest\u0103 apreciere apar\u0163ine lui Flavius Josephus – 300 stadii, deci peste 50 km – cele mai exagerate merg p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de 200 km. Este o performan\u0163\u0103 respectabil\u0103, dac\u0103 avem \u00een vedere c\u0103 farurile de ast\u0103zi au o b\u0103taie care trece rareori de 50 km.<\/p>\n

Farul din Alexandria a rezistat destul de bine calamit\u0103\u0163ilor naturale (furtuni, cutremure) \u015fi mai pu\u0163in furiei distrug\u0103toare a oamenilor. Suntem \u00eendrept\u0103\u0163i\u0163i s\u0103 credem c\u0103 vestitul edict al \u00eemp\u0103ratului Teodosie nu l-a afectat din cale-afar\u0103, deoarece Farul avea o func\u0163ie esen\u0163ialmente utilitar\u0103 \u00eentr-un port cu trafic intens; totu\u015fi, se pare c\u0103 terasele sale erau \u00eempodobite cu unele statui, remarcabile fiind cele ale zeului Poseidon (Neptun) \u015fi zei\u0163ei Isis. Sub imperiul bizantin, Farul, afectat de un cutremur, a fost chiar reparat din porunca \u00eemp\u0103ratului Anastasie I (491\u2014518 d.Hr.).<\/p>\n

Un spion bizantin \u00eel p\u0103c\u0103le\u015fte pe un calif arab pentru a d\u0103r\u00e2ma farul<\/strong><\/p>\n

Importan\u0163a pe care i-o acordau bizantinii reiese \u015fi din urm\u0103toarea \u00eent\u00e2mplare, nu lipsit\u0103 de savoare anecdotic\u0103:
\nCam la dou\u0103 veacuri dup\u0103 cucerirea Alexandriei de c\u0103tre arabi, bizantinii, d\u00e2ndu~\u015fi seama de importan\u0163a strategic\u0103 a farului, au trimis un agent cu misiunea de a-l sabota (cum am spune ast\u0103zi). Misiunea emisarului bizantin nu era deloc u\u015foar\u0103 – suntem \u00een secolul IX, p\u00e2n\u0103 la inventarea dinamitei va mai trece un mileniu. Agentul, demn emul al diploma\u0163iei bizantine, reu\u015fe\u015fte s\u0103 c\u00e2\u015ftige \u00eencrederea califului Al-Walid \u015fi-l convinge c\u0103 sub funda\u0163iile Farului sunt ascunse mari bog\u0103\u0163ii. Drept urmare, califul porunci s\u0103 se \u00eenceap\u0103 demolarea impun\u0103toarei construc\u0163ii \u015fi, p\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103-\u015fi dea seama c\u0103 a fost \u00een\u015felat, aproape jum\u0103tate din edificiu fusese d\u0103r\u00e2mat\u0103. \u00cencerc\u0103rile ulterioare de reconstruc\u0163ie din c\u0103r\u0103mid\u0103 n-au reu\u015fit dec\u00e2t par\u0163ial, iar oglinda n-a mai putut fi montat\u0103 la loc – dispozitivul fragil care o sus\u0163inea a c\u0103zut \u015fi s-a sf\u0103r\u00e2mat \u00een mii de fragmente. Dup\u0103 cum vedem, misiunea agentului bizantin s-a \u00eencheiat cu un succes aproape total.<\/p>\n

Distrugerea treptat\u0103 a farului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ac\u0163iunea \u00eenceput\u0103 de califul Al-Walid a fost des\u0103v\u00eer\u015fit\u0103 de cutremurele din 1182 \u015fi 1303 – \u015fi mai ales de cel din 1375, care a distrus complet Farul. Cercet\u0103rile arheologice au reu\u015fit s\u0103 scoat\u0103 la lumin\u0103 unele fragmente\u00a0 \u2014 \u00eentre\u00a0 care\u00a0 statuile\u00a0 lui Poseidon \u015fi a zei\u0163ei Isis\u00a0 – dar sunt considerabil \u00eengreunate de faptul c\u0103, datorit\u0103 aluviunilor, digul care lega portul de insul\u0103 s-a \u00eempotmolit cu vremea (fosta insul\u0103 Faros este acum o peninsul\u0103), iar pe o parte a amplasamentului farului s-au construit lucr\u0103ri de fortifica\u0163ii, la care s-au utilizat, dup\u0103 toate probabilit\u0103\u0163ile, materiale provenite de la edificiul distrus de cutremurul din 1375.<\/p>\n

Oricum, Farul din Alexandria a avut o existen\u0163\u0103 foarte lung\u0103, longevitate care rezid\u0103, probabil, \u00een caracterul s\u0103u cu prec\u0103dere practic – \u00eensu\u015fire care lipsea celorlalte monumente \u00eenchinate cultului.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Printre cele \u015fapte minuni antice g\u0103sim o asemenea construc\u0163ie situat\u0103 pe insula egiptean\u0103 Faros, \u00een fa\u0163a ora\u015fului fondat de Alexandru \u00een 331 \u00ee.Ch. \u015fi care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele. Homer (\u00een Odiseea) vorbe\u015fte de aceast\u0103 insul\u0103: \u201ePe marea v\u0103luroas\u0103-n dreptul apei … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64522,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1770],"tags":[1772,452,678,1773,386,1771,9807,1564],"class_list":["post-6033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geografie-feologie","tag-alexandria","tag-arabi","tag-arhimede","tag-calif","tag-egipt","tag-farul-din-alexandria","tag-geografie-geologie","tag-imperiul-bizantin","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigmele farului din Alexandria - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigmele-farului-din-alexandria\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigmele farului din Alexandria\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Printre cele \u015fapte minuni antice g\u0103sim o asemenea construc\u0163ie situat\u0103 pe insula egiptean\u0103 Faros, \u00een fa\u0163a ora\u015fului fondat de Alexandru \u00een 331 \u00ee.Ch. \u015fi care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele. 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Homer (\u00een Odiseea) vorbe\u015fte de aceast\u0103 insul\u0103: \u201ePe marea v\u0103luroas\u0103-n dreptul apei ... 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