{"id":5887,"date":"2009-06-24T16:41:50","date_gmt":"2009-06-24T13:41:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=5887"},"modified":"2009-06-25T16:33:46","modified_gmt":"2009-06-25T13:33:46","slug":"enigmele-decaderii-civilizatiei-maya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigmele-decaderii-civilizatiei-maya\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigmele dec\u0103derii civiliza\u0163iei maya"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"maya1\"<\/a>Maya\u015fii, urma\u015fii olmecilor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cultura maya a fost nu numai vecin\u0103, dar \u015fi urma\u015f\u0103 direct\u0103 a unei alte culturi vechi, a olmecilor, al c\u0103rei centru se afla \u00een localitatea La Venta, pe o insul\u0103 acoperit\u0103 cu mla\u015ftini. Se pare c\u0103 olmecii au fost primii locuitori ai Lumii Noi care \u015fi-au dat seama de importan\u0163a calendarului.<\/p>\n

Cea mai veche dat\u0103 s\u0103pat\u0103 \u00een piatr\u0103 le apar\u0163ine : pe o stel\u0103 din Tres Zapotes, anul (corespunz\u0103tor calendarului nostru) 31 \u00ee.Hr. Urm\u0103toarea dat\u0103, s\u0103pat\u0103 pe o figurin\u0103 de jadeit\u0103, este 162 d.Hr. Dar ambele date sunt relativ t\u00e2rzii: pentru La Venta, m\u0103sur\u0103torile cu carbon 14 au dat 1454 + 300 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 la 126 + 250 d.Hr. Calendarul olmec a fost preluat de c\u0103tre maia\u015fi, care l-au \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163it f\u0103c\u00e2nd din el cel mai exact calendar din lume.<\/p>\n

Civiliza\u0163ia maya apare acum 2.500 de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Primele \u015ftiri despre amerindienii maya dateaz\u0103 din jurul anului 500 \u00ee.Hr., c\u00e2nd s-a des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fit desp\u0103r\u0163irea huaxtecilor de maia\u015fii propriu-zi\u015fi, proces \u00eendelungat, care se \u00eentinde peste trei veacuri. Acest proces este \u015fi el legat de o chestiune care p\u00e2n\u0103 acum n-a primit o explica\u0163ie satisf\u0103c\u0103toare: de\u015fi cercet\u0103rile mai noi au ar\u0103tat c\u0103, etnic \u015fi lingvistic, huaxtecii sunt \u00eenrudi\u0163i cu marea familie maya, cu toate acestea, \u00een timp ce popoarele maya \u015fi-au dezvoltat ne\u00eencetat cultura, ajung\u00e2nd pe o treapt\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103, huaxtecii au r\u0103mas la un stadiu destul de \u00eenapoiat; ei n-au participat la dezvoltarea scrierii hieroglifice \u015fi a calendarului, n-au folosit elementele tipice ale arhitecturii maya, iar \u00een art\u0103, cu toate c\u0103 au creat un stil propriu, l-au p\u0103strat aproape neschimbat vreme de milenii.<\/p>\n

Maya\u015fii \u00een primele 8 veacuri<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"maya3\"<\/a>Prima perioad\u0103 istoric\u0103 a popoarelor maya, numit\u0103 de arheologi \u201eperioada de forma\u0163ie”, dureaz\u0103 mai mult de opt veacuri, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 320 d.Hr. Din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 au r\u0103mas doar pu\u0163ine vestigii r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite pe aproape \u00eentregul cuprins al teritoriului. Figurinele de ceramic\u0103 g\u0103site \u00een regiunea Peten au tr\u0103s\u0103turi caracteristice care arat\u0103 c\u0103 vechii locuitori ai regiunii erau \u00eentr-adev\u0103r maia\u015fi\u00a0 (fapt care poate fi stabilit destul\u00a0 de lesne,\u00a0 de vreme ce, dintre toate popula\u0163iile cunoscute mai ales \u00een acea regiune, maia\u015fii au fe\u0163ele cele mai late \u015fi capetele cele mai rotunde – craniul cu diametrele longitudinal \u015fi transversal aproape egale ; p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de zilele noastre ei \u00ee\u015fi accentuau brahicefal\u00eea aplic\u00e2ndu-\u015fi, de la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 destul de fraged\u0103, un soi de rame \u00een jurul capului, ob\u0163in\u00e2nd astfel deformarea dorit\u0103 a craniului, care trecea drept criteriu de frumuse\u0163e…)<\/p>\n

Unele figurine din acea perioad\u0103, modelate de m\u00e2n\u0103, au bra\u0163ele \u015fi picioarele tratate \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 pe care ast\u0103zi am numi-o impresionist\u0103, anun\u0163\u00e2nd dezvoltarea viitoare a sculpturii maya.<\/p>\n

Epoca de Aur a culturii maya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 epoc\u0103 de \u00eenflorire a culturii maya, cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre anii 320\u2014 987 d.Hr., este desemnat\u0103 de istorici sub numele de \u201eVechiul Imperiu” (prin analogie cu istoria Egiptului antic) \u2014 un r\u0103stimp de peste \u015fase veacuri \u015fi jum\u0103tate, care \u00eencepe cu cea mai veche dat\u0103 s\u0103pat\u0103 pe o placheta de jad g\u0103sit\u0103 pe locul actualului ora\u015f Puerto Barrios din Guatemala (cea mai veche stel\u0103 datat\u0103 se afl\u0103 la Uaxactun \u015fi poart\u0103 data 9 aprilie 328 d.Hr. fiind descoperit\u0103 \u00een anul 1916 de c\u0103tre arheologul Sylvanus Morley) \u015fi se sf\u00e2r\u015fe\u015fte cu p\u0103r\u0103sirea principalelor centre, din motive care p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi n-au fost \u00eenc\u0103 pe deplin l\u0103murite.<\/p>\n

Unii arheologi sunt de p\u0103rere c\u0103 ora\u015fele maia\u015fe din c\u00e2mpie formau \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 o federa\u0163ie a c\u0103rei conducere se g\u0103sea \u00een m\u00e2inile unei mici caste de preo\u0163i \u015fi de nobili, \u00eenrudi\u0163i \u015fi domina\u0163i de preocup\u0103ri religioase. Conducerea fiec\u0103rui ora\u015f era dualist\u0103: un \u015fef (halach uinic) care exercita autoritatea civil\u0103 av\u00e2nd \u015fi func\u0163ii religioase, \u015fi un altul (ah kan mai) care se consacra activit\u0103\u0163ilor sacerdotale \u015fi studiului astronomiei. P\u0103tura conduc\u0103toare f\u0103cea un apel constant pentru m\u00e2n\u0103 de lucru \u00een micile a\u015fez\u0103ri din jurul ora\u015fului, pentru construirea de temple, piramide, palate, stele; construc\u0163iile se ridicau dup\u0103 culesul porumbului, c\u00e2nd oamenii de r\u00e2nd puteau lucra la c\u0103ratul materialelor, sub conducerea arhitec\u0163ilor, zidarilor \u015fi pietrarilor.<\/p>\n

Ritmul construc\u0163iilor s-a accelerat c\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul perioadei Vechiului Imperiu; nu numai c\u0103 se cl\u0103desc edificii mai multe, dar \u015fi calitatea construc\u0163iilor se \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163e\u015fte: zid\u0103ria devine mai fin\u0103, cl\u0103dirile mai spa\u0163ioase, ceramica mai \u00eengrijit lucrat\u0103, stelele mai gra\u0163ioase, iar sculptura manifest\u0103 mai mult\u0103 sensibilitate, mai mult\u0103 inspira\u0163ie.<\/p>\n

\u00cenceputul dec\u0103derii ora\u015felor maya\u015fe<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"maya4\"<\/a>La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul acestei perioade de \u00eenflorire, ora\u015fele maia\u015fe au \u00eenceput s\u0103 decad\u0103, proces care se produce uneori destul de subit; \u00een c\u00e2teva cazuri, munca \u00eenceteaz\u0103 at\u00e2t de brusc, \u00eenc\u00e2t platforme a c\u0103ror construc\u0163ie se terminase nu \u015fi-au mai primit cl\u0103dirile, iar la Uaxactun zidurile ultimei cl\u0103diri sunt ridicate numai pe jum\u0103tate.<\/p>\n

Datele \u00eenscrise pe ultimele stele ne \u00eeng\u0103duie s\u0103 situ\u0103m \u00een timp aceast\u0103 stagnare, care se produce treptat. \u00cen unele ora\u015fe destul de timpuriu (la Copan pu\u0163in dup\u0103 anul 800) ; \u00een anul 987, construc\u0163iile \u00eencetaser\u0103 pe \u00eentreg teritoriul locuit de maia\u015fi.<\/p>\n

Dec\u0103derea civiliza\u0163iei maya s-a datorat emigr\u0103rii popula\u0163iei?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cauzele stagn\u0103rii n-au g\u0103sit p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi o explica\u0163ie mul\u0163umitoare. Mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 este p\u0103rerea c\u0103 metodele de agricultur\u0103 (defri\u015farea p\u0103durilor prin foc, cultur\u0103 vreme de doi sau trei ani, apoi p\u0103r\u0103sirea p\u0103m\u00e2ntului l\u0103sat iar \u00een voia p\u0103durii) cereau eforturi prea mari, cre\u015fterea popula\u0163iei duc\u00e2nd la o subalimenta\u0163ie cronic\u0103, astfel c\u0103 oamenii au fost constr\u00e2n\u015fi s\u0103 emigreze. Explica\u0163ia nu este pe deplin satisf\u0103c\u0103toare, deoarece \u00een unele regiuni, de pild\u0103 la Quirigua, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul este fertil, inunda\u0163iile periodice ale r\u00e2ului Motagua asigur\u0103 recolte bogate; \u015fi cu toate acestea Quirigua a fost unul dintre primele ora\u015fe care \u015fi-a \u00eencetat activitatea, ceea ce pune sub semnul \u00eentreb\u0103rii o asemenea explica\u0163ie.<\/p>\n

Malaria, o alt\u0103 posibil\u0103 cauz\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Unii oameni de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 au emis p\u0103rerea c\u0103 \u00eenfloritoarele ora\u015fe ale Vechiului Imperiu au fost p\u0103r\u0103site din pricina unor epidemii \u015fi \u00eenclinau s\u0103 cread\u0103 c\u0103 este vorba de paludism (malarie) \u015fi de anchilostomiaz\u0103 – boal\u0103 provocat\u0103 de un parazit intestinal – care constituie p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre o problem\u0103 destul de serioas\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 regiune. Cercet\u0103ri recente au dus \u00eens\u0103 la concluzia c\u0103, dup\u0103 toate probabilit\u0103\u0163ile, aceste boli au ap\u0103rut \u00een perioada postcolonial\u0103, c\u0103 nici hematozoarul palustru \u015fi nici viermele (pe care parazitologii \u00eel numesc Ankilostoma duodenale<\/em>) nu se cuno\u015fteau \u00eenainte de apari\u0163ia spaniolilor \u00een America Central\u0103 (iat\u0103 deci o alt\u0103 \u201ebinefacere” adus\u0103 de conchistadori, ace\u015fti aventurieri care \u00een numele \u201eciviliz\u0103rii” popoarelor amerindiene au \u00eenscris o pagin\u0103 dintre cele mai negre \u00een istoria umanit\u0103\u0163ii). \u00cen afar\u0103 de aceasta, asemenea epidemii implic\u0103 o \u00eencetinire lent\u0103, progresiv\u0103 a activit\u0103\u0163ii ; or, zidurile ridicate numai pe jum\u0103tate la Uaxactun sugereaz\u0103 un eveniment survenit pe nea\u015fteptate, o catastrof\u0103.<\/p>\n

Revoltele \u0163\u0103r\u0103ne\u015fti au contribuit la dec\u0103dere?<\/strong><\/p>\n

O ipotez\u0103 interesant\u0103 aduce, \u00eentre al\u0163ii, arheologul american J. E. S. Thompson, anume c\u0103 prin anii 900-950 au izbucnit o serie de revolte \u0163\u0103r\u0103ne\u015fti \u00eempotriva minorit\u0103\u0163ii teocratice (preo\u0163ii \u015fi nobilii), revolte provocate de c\u0103tre abuzurile \u00een cererea de m\u00e2n\u0103 de lucru \u015fi de necesitatea de a hr\u0103ni un num\u0103r cresc\u00e2nd de oameni neproductivi. De asemenea, este posibil ca la izbucnirea acestor revolte s\u0103 fi contribuit \u015fi cauze religioase, de pild\u0103 adoptarea de c\u0103tre ierarhia conduc\u0103toare a unor elemente de cult toltece. Dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea arheologului american, conduc\u0103torii ora\u015felor au fost alunga\u0163i, poate chiar uci\u015fi de c\u0103tre \u0163\u0103rani, r\u0103scoala \u00eentinz\u00e2ndu-se, pe r\u00e2nd, de la un ora\u015f la cel\u0103lalt. Puterea a trecut \u00een m\u00e2inile \u015fefilor r\u0103scoalei \u015fi a preo\u0163ilor din micile a\u015fez\u0103ri. Marile construc\u0163ii au \u00eencetat astfel \u00een mod subit; poporul a continuat s\u0103 frecventeze centrele ceremoniale pentru anumite servicii religioase \u015fi pentru t\u00e2rguri, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 a mai ridica alte edificii de cult; \u00eencetul cu \u00eencetul, cele vechi nefiind \u00eentre\u0163inute, au c\u0103zut \u00een ruin\u0103, vegeta\u0163ia a \u00eenceput s\u0103 le invadeze.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda numeroaselor teorii emise de istoricii \u015fi arheologii americani\u015fti, misterul p\u0103r\u0103sirii ora\u015felor din Vechiul Imperiu maya nu este nici p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi pe deplin l\u0103murit. O catastrof\u0103 natural\u0103 – de pild\u0103, un cutremur \u00een aceast\u0103 regiune bogat\u0103 \u00een activitate seismic\u0103 – trebuie exclus\u0103, deoarece ora\u015fele au fost p\u0103r\u0103site treptat \u015fi nu s-au g\u0103sit urme ale unor asemenea cataclisme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Maya\u015fii, urma\u015fii olmecilor Cultura maya a fost nu numai vecin\u0103, dar \u015fi urma\u015f\u0103 direct\u0103 a unei alte culturi vechi, a olmecilor, al c\u0103rei centru se afla \u00een localitatea La Venta, pe o insul\u0103 acoperit\u0103 cu mla\u015ftini. Se pare c\u0103 olmecii … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5888,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[1532,906,1109,489,1389],"class_list":["post-5887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-malarie","tag-maya","tag-mayasi","tag-rascoala","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigmele dec\u0103derii civiliza\u0163iei maya - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigmele-decaderii-civilizatiei-maya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigmele dec\u0103derii civiliza\u0163iei maya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Maya\u015fii, urma\u015fii olmecilor Cultura maya a fost nu numai vecin\u0103, dar \u015fi urma\u015f\u0103 direct\u0103 a unei alte culturi vechi, a olmecilor, al c\u0103rei centru se afla \u00een localitatea La Venta, pe o insul\u0103 acoperit\u0103 cu mla\u015ftini. 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