{"id":5823,"date":"2009-06-21T17:55:35","date_gmt":"2009-06-21T14:55:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=5823"},"modified":"2009-06-22T08:42:41","modified_gmt":"2009-06-22T05:42:41","slug":"istoria-fascinanta-a-automatelor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/istoria-fascinanta-a-automatelor\/","title":{"rendered":"Istoria fascinant\u0103 a automatelor"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"automat4\"<\/a>Tr\u0103im \u00een plin ev al automatelor \u015fi robo\u0163ilor, pe care \u00eei punem s\u0103 execute muncile noastre. Ne-am pus oare \u00eentrebarea c\u00eend au fost inventate de om primele automate? S\u0103 fie oare automatul (aparat sau ma\u015fin\u0103 care – dup\u0103 primirea unei comenzi – efectueaz\u0103 o opera\u0163ie sau un complex de opera\u0163ii f\u0103r\u0103 interven\u0163ia nemijlocit\u0103 a omului), un produs de dat\u0103 recent\u0103?<\/p>\n

Hopa-Mitic\u0103, cel mai vechi automat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Istoria automatelor este – dup\u0103 datele cele mai corecte – contrar celor ce s-ar putea crede, extrem de veche. Se pare c\u0103 automatul cel mai vechi, descoperit p\u00een\u0103 acum de arheologi, este \u201eHopa-Mitic\u0103”, omule\u0163ul rotofei care r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eentotdeauna \u00een picioare, datorit\u0103 unei greut\u0103\u0163i prins\u0103 la baz\u0103. Un asemenea automat rudimentar, bazat pe for\u0163a gravita\u0163iei (dar pe care \u015ftiin\u0163a avea s\u0103 o descopere mult mai t\u00e2rziu) a fost descoperit \u00eentr-un morm\u00e2nt neolitic din Belgia. Corpul era f\u0103cut din os, acesta fiind \u00eenfipt \u00eentr-o bucat\u0103 de piatr\u0103, care-i d\u0103dea stabilitatea necesar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ceasornice str\u0103vechi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"clepsidra\"<\/a>Dac\u0103 \u201eHopa-Mitic\u0103” num\u0103r\u0103 aproape 5 000 de ani (sau poate mai mult), fiind socotit un fel de precursor al automatelor, clepsidra \u2014 orologiul cu ap\u0103 \u2014 mult mai t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103, a fost inventat\u0103 de egipteni, fiind preluat\u0103 ulterior de greci \u015fi romani, spre a fi utilizat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre. Clepsidra cea mai veche a fost reg\u0103sit\u0103 \u00eentr-o piramid\u0103. Ea apar\u0163ine secolului al XII-lea \u00ee.Ch., fiind \u00eempodobit\u0103 cu stele \u015fi constela\u0163ii, \u015fi av\u00e2nd \u00een jurul ei urm\u0103toarea inscrip\u0163ie: „Fiecare figur\u0103 este \u00een dreptul orei ei, ca s\u0103 arate ceasurile din noapte c\u00e2nd stelele nu sunt vizibile. \u00cen felul acesta, ora exact\u0103 a sacrificiului va putea fi totdeauna stabilit\u0103”. <\/em>Textul constituie primul prospect, g\u0103sit p\u00e2n\u0103 acum, de utilizare a unui aparat.<\/p>\n

Statuetele mi\u015fc\u0103toare ale vechilor egipteni<\/strong><\/p>\n

F\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 asemenea orologii nu trebuie s\u0103 ne surprind\u0103, dac\u0103 \u0163inem seama de marea putere de imagina\u0163ie tehnic\u0103 a egiptenilor, care au reu\u015fit s\u0103 fasoneze, s\u0103 transporte \u015fi s\u0103 a\u015feze la locul cuvenit, blocuri uria\u015fe de piatr\u0103, folosind tot felul de dispozitive \u015fi ma\u015fini, ce \u015fi ast\u0103zi fac obiectul admira\u0163iei. Aceia\u015fi egipteni vor inventa \u015fi realiza primele statuete mi\u015fc\u0103toare din istorie. Construite din lemn \u015fi metal, dotate cu p\u00e2rghii \u015fi scripe\u0163i, acestea reprezentau diferite zeit\u0103\u0163i, pe care preo\u0163ii le prezentau credincio\u015filor cu ocazia ceremoniilor religioase. Sigur c\u0103, o asemenea statuet\u0103 animat\u0103, trebuia s\u0103 produc\u0103 o ad\u00e2nc\u0103 impresie asupra poporului. Callixene descrie, dealtfel, foarte con\u015ftiincios statuia zei\u0163ei Nysa, \u00eenalt\u0103 de aproape trei metri, care se ridica de pe tronul s\u0103u, turna lapte cu o caraf\u0103 de aur \u00eentr-un vas, apoi se a\u015feza din nou, fiind ac\u0163ionat\u0103 de un mecanism ascuns sub ve\u015ftmintele bogate. Tot egiptenii sunt inventatorii primelor juc\u0103rii animate: femei sp\u0103l\u00e2nd rufe, brutari fr\u0103m\u00e2nt\u00e2nd aluatul, crocodili deschiz\u00e2nd f\u0103lcile etc.<\/p>\n

Distrac\u0163iile automate ale lui Platon, Aristotel \u015fi Arhimede<\/strong><\/p>\n

Popoarele din bazinul Mediteranei sunt autoare \u015fi a altor automate, intrate \u00een legend\u0103. Vom g\u0103si \u00een Iliada<\/strong> descrierea unui trepied articulat, automobil, unealt\u0103 preferat\u0103 a lui Hephaistos. Arheologii au descoperit \u00een Creta \u015fi Rhodos statuete str\u0103vechi articulate, iar Aristotel scria despre o celebr\u0103 statuet\u0103 de lemn de pe vremea lui, care reprezenta pe Venus. Ea executa diferite mi\u015fc\u0103ri, datorit\u0103 unui mecanism ingenios. De altfel, grecii erau mari me\u015fteri \u00een confec\u0163ionarea unor asemenea figurine mi\u015fc\u0103toare. Texte vechi vorbesc despre flautistul mecanic din gr\u0103dina lui Platon. Era o statuie prev\u0103zut\u0103 cu un flaut care scotea diferite sunete la ore fixe, aidoma unui orologiu de ast\u0103zi. \u00cen statuie se aflau un dispozitiv cu sifon, dou\u0103 vase comunicante, care se umpleau alternativ cu ap\u0103 dintr-un izvor. Orificii anume plasate provocau golirea brusc\u0103 a vaselor \u015fi iscarea unui curent de aer, care era dirijat prin \u0163evi, \u00een flaut. Se mai spune c\u0103, spre a nu se l\u0103sa \u00eentrecut de contemporanul s\u0103u, Archystos din Tarent a construit \u00een anul 408 \u00ee.Ch. un porumbel din lemn, care zbura \u015fi… gungurea.<\/p>\n

Grecul Heron din Alexandria, considerat de istorici drept unul dintre cei mai mari inventatori ai tuturor timpurilor, a construit zeci de automate, uimitoare pentru timpul s\u0103u (sec. II \u00ee.Ch.), ca \u015fi pentru noi. Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva dintre cele mai remarcabile: automat care vindea ap\u0103 dup\u0103 introducerea unei monede, dispozitiv pentru deschiderea automat\u0103 a u\u015filor altarului templelor, un ceas de\u015ftept\u0103tor cu clepsidr\u0103 care suna ora dorit\u0103, f\u0103c\u00e2nd s\u0103 cad\u0103 o bil\u0103 pe o plac\u0103 metalic\u0103, grupuri de figurine animate etc. Arhimede, de asemenea, a proiectat o serie de automate, bazate pe calcule matematice.<\/p>\n

Antichitatea roman\u0103 a beneficiat \u015fi ea de tot felul de tipuri de automate, utilizate \u00een special ca obiecte de divertisment \u00een pie\u0163e \u015fi circuri.<\/p>\n

Ceasornicul mecanic, marea inven\u0163ie a umanit\u0103\u0163ii<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"ceas<\/a>Evul mediu marcheaz\u0103 una dintre cele mai importante inven\u0163ii ale umanit\u0103\u0163ii: ceasornicul mecanic. Acest complex automat pentru m\u0103surarea timpului a ap\u0103rut \u00een secolul XI, perfec\u0163ion\u00e2ndu-se continuu \u015fi aproximativ rapid, \u00een 1340, la Cluny, \u00een Fran\u0163a, de pild\u0103, a fost instalat un amplu complex automat, prev\u0103zut cu un calendar laic, care ar\u0103ta anul, luna, s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na, ora \u015fi minutul, cu un alt calendar – bisericesc – care indica s\u0103rb\u0103torile religioase, \u015fi, \u00een fine, cu un calendar astronomic, care \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015fa opozi\u0163iile \u015fi conjunc\u0163iile a\u015ftrilor. Orele erau anun\u0163ate de figurine \u00eenaripate. Asemenea automate, mai simple sau mai complicate, au fost realizate \u00een mai toate marile ora\u015fe din Europa medieval\u0103, unele dintre acestea cum sunt cele de la Londra, Lund (Suedia), Cambrai (Fran\u0163a), Munchen, Praga, Bruxelles, Haga, Milano etc, func\u0163ion\u00e2nd \u015fi ast\u0103zi irepro\u015fabil, spre deliciul turi\u015ftilor.<\/p>\n

P\u0103s\u0103ri \u015fi animale animate \u00een Evul mediu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"statuie<\/a>Secolele Rena\u015fterii \u015fi posterioare acesteia au cunoscut \u015fi ele inventatori geniali de automate, mai pu\u0163in anonimi \u00eens\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een trecut. Printre ace\u015ftia vom g\u0103si pe Leonardo da Vinci (broa\u015fte \u0163estoase \u015fi elefan\u0163i anima\u0163i), Johann Muller (musc\u0103 zbur\u0103toare \u015fi vultur care d\u0103dea din aripi), Jacques Vaucanson (1709 \u2014 1782) (un flautist care c\u00e2nta 11 melodii distincte \u015fi care i-a adus titlul de membru al Academiei de \u015ftiin\u0163e a Fran\u0163ei, precum \u015fi o ra\u0163\u0103 care \u00eenota, m\u0103c\u0103ia, bea ap\u0103, ciugulea gr\u0103un\u0163e, d\u0103dea din aripi etc). Iat\u0103 \u015fi al\u0163i realizatori de automate: Fr, von Knauss (o figurin\u0103 care scria c\u00e2teva texte), Pierre Jaques Droz (o interpret\u0103 care c\u00e2nta la clavecin) etc.<\/p>\n

Automatele devin \u015fi folositoare, nu numai distractive<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu secolul XVII, automatele \u00ee\u015fi g\u0103sesc o nou\u0103 voca\u0163ie \u2014 aplicativ\u0103 \u2014 paralel cu acea de divertisment. Aceast\u0103 voca\u0163ie se \u00eentrevede \u00eenc\u0103 din 1552, c\u00eend Bruler a inventat, la Nuremberg, laminorul, ma\u015fin\u0103 de complexitate remarcabil\u0103, dar care \u00eenc\u0103 nu era un automat industrial. Nici ma\u015fina de calculat a lui Pascal (1641) nu putea fi denumit\u0103 automat, dar orologiul cu pendul\u0103 al olandezului Huggene (1657), da.<\/p>\n

\"automat2\"<\/a>Secolul XVIII va deschide larg drumul spre automobile industriale. Ma\u015fina cu vapori de ap\u0103 a lui Papin (1690) \u015fi pompa englezului Saveny (1698) au constituit, la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului anterior, un start, dup\u0103 care ma\u015finile cu mecanisme complexe ce pot fi denumite automate, \u015fi-au deschis drum \u00een istoria tehnicii: raboteza (francezul Focq, \u00een 1750), automobilul cu vapori (francezul Cugnot, \u00een 1770), alezorul (englezul Wilkinson \u00een 1774), balonul (fra\u0163ii Montgolfier, 1783), ma\u015fina cu vapori cu dublu efect (Watt, 1785), caloriferul (Sivrac, 1790), presa hidraulic\u0103 (Bramah, 1796), ma\u015fina de fabricat h\u00e2rtie (Robert, 1798) etc.<\/p>\n

Secolul XIX, secolul „boom”-ului automatelor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Secolul XIX va fi prolific. Automatele sau p\u0103r\u0163ile automate de ma\u015fini se \u00eenmul\u0163esc. Primele exemple de anvergur\u0103: ma\u015fina automat\u0103 de \u0163esut a lui Jacquard (1800), apoi submarinul \u015fi nava cu motor ale americanului culton (1801\u20141803). Vor urma presa tipografic\u0103 mecanic\u0103 (Konig, 1811), aparatul de fotografiat (Niepce, 1824), revolverul (Colt, 1835), telegraful electric (Morse, 1837), fr\u00e2na lui Westinghouse (1850), dirijabilul (Gifford, 1852), ascensorul hidraulic (Otis, 1852), motorul cu gaz (Lenoir, 1860), rotativa (Marinoni, 1866), servomotorul (Farcot, 1868), telefonul, motorul \u00een patru timpi, vehiculele electrice, motorul cu explozie, linotipul \u015fi monotipul \u015fi multe alte excep\u0163ionale crea\u0163ii geniale, f\u0103r\u0103 care actuala civiliza\u0163ie ar fi de neconceput.<\/p>\n

\u00cen sf\u00e2r\u015fit, secolul XX va debuta cu dirijabilul rigid al lui Zeppelin (1900), radiofonia (Stubblefield, 1902), avionul cu motor cu explozie (Wright, 1903) \u015fi telefotografia (Korn, 1903). Este secolul desf\u0103\u015fur\u0103rii largi a automatelor, secolul robo\u0163ilor mecanici, secolul debutului industriei automatizate. Automatizarea complex\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi pune amprenta \u015fi pe mijloacele de divertisment. \u00cen 1912, Leonardo Torres Y Quevedo construie\u015fte primul automat capabil s\u0103 joace \u015fah, apoi ia fiin\u0163\u0103 o puternic\u0103 industrie de juc\u0103rii \u015fi jocuri mecanice \u015fi automate. Un \u015foarece de tinichea, construit de Stannov \u00een 1951, dotat cu inteligen\u0163\u0103 artificial\u0103, care ia decizii \u00een fa\u0163a unor obstacole \u015fi g\u0103se\u015fte drumul spre o bucat\u0103 de sl\u0103nin\u0103, nu mai surprinde, dup\u0103 ce Aiken a construit, \u00een 1942, primul calculator electronic.<\/p>\n

Istoria automatelor, care a str\u0103b\u0103tut un lung drum se afl\u0103, de fapt, nu la apogeu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u0103im \u00een plin ev al automatelor \u015fi robo\u0163ilor, pe care \u00eei punem s\u0103 execute muncile noastre. Ne-am pus oare \u00eentrebarea c\u00eend au fost inventate de om primele automate? S\u0103 fie oare automatul (aparat sau ma\u015fin\u0103 care – dup\u0103 primirea unei … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5830,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[237,1707,1213,1708,1720,1715,1709,1711,1713,1717,1718,1710,1712,1719,1527,9803,1312,1716,1714],"class_list":["post-5823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-animale","tag-automate","tag-ceas","tag-clepsidra","tag-colt","tag-fotografia","tag-heron","tag-laminor","tag-masina-cu-vapori","tag-morse","tag-niepce","tag-pasare","tag-pompa","tag-revolver","tag-statueta","tag-stiinta","tag-telefon","tag-telegraf","tag-watt","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nIstoria fascinant\u0103 a automatelor - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/istoria-fascinanta-a-automatelor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Istoria fascinant\u0103 a automatelor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tr\u0103im \u00een plin ev al automatelor \u015fi robo\u0163ilor, pe care \u00eei punem s\u0103 execute muncile noastre. 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