{"id":58062,"date":"2018-11-17T22:06:41","date_gmt":"2018-11-17T20:06:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=58062"},"modified":"2018-11-17T22:06:41","modified_gmt":"2018-11-17T20:06:41","slug":"enigma-robinson-crusoe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-robinson-crusoe\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigma celebrului naufragiat „Robinson Crusoe”: de unde s-a inspirat autorul acestui roman?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Cine nu a citit sau nu a auzit vreodat\u0103 de celebrul roman de aventuri „Robinson Crusoe”<\/em>, scris de Daniel Defoe \u00een anul 1719? Cartea este o autobiografie de fic\u021biune a presupusului autor, al c\u0103rui nume este omonim cu cel al titlului romanului, descriind supravie\u021buirea \u0219i via\u021ba acestuia dup\u0103 naufragierea sa pe o insul\u0103 tropical\u0103 din largul coastei Venezuelei de ast\u0103zi, timp \u00een care \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te locuitori nativi ai Americii, captivi \u0219i marinari r\u0103scula\u021bi, \u00eenainte de a fi salvat.<\/p>\n

Sco\u0163ianul naufragiat \u00een apropiere de Chile<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Romanul cel mai important al lui Defoe s-a bazat p\u00e2n\u0103 la un punct pe extraordinarele aventuri ale unui contemporan, Alexander Selkirk, a c\u0103rui dramatic\u0103 supravie\u0163uire a fost relatat\u0103 de Woodes Rogers \u00een „O c\u0103l\u0103torie pe mare \u00een jurul lumii”. <\/em>Selkirk, al \u015faptelea fiu al unui cizmar sco\u0163ian, a preferat s\u0103 fug\u0103 pe mare dec\u00e2t s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte acuza\u0163ia de comportament indecent \u00een biseric\u0103. La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 1704 naviga \u00eentr-o flotil\u0103 aflat\u0103 sub comanda lui William Dampier. Din motive necunoscute, Selkirk ajungea \u00eentr-un conflict at\u00e2t de acut cu c\u0103pitanul vasului s\u0103u, \u00eenc\u00e2t cerea s\u0103 fie debarcat pe o insul\u0103 pustie din arhipelagul Juan Fernandez, \u00een apropiere de coasta statului Chile. \u00cenainte ca vaporul s\u0103 plece, se r\u0103zg\u00e2ndea \u015fi implora s\u0103 fie luat \u00eenapoi, dar superiorul \u00eel refuza.<\/p>\n

Urm\u0103torii patru ani sco\u0163ianul abandonat supravie\u0163uia singur, ajutat doar de strictul necesar care \u00eenc\u0103puse \u00eentr-o lad\u0103 de marinar. Asta \u00eensemna c\u00e2teva haine, ceva m\u00e2ncare, jum\u0103tate de kilogram de tutun, o muschet\u0103, un ceainic, un topor \u015fi un cu\u0163it. Conform m\u0103rturisirii sale, \u00eei r\u0103m\u0103sese \u015fi Biblia, care avea s\u0103 devin\u0103 cea mai pre\u0163ioas\u0103 comoar\u0103 a ne\u00eentreruptei lui singur\u0103t\u0103\u0163i. Crusoe avea \u015fi el lucruri asem\u0103n\u0103toare, cu ajutorul c\u0103rora reu\u015fea s\u0103 \u00eenjghebe o plut\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 mai aduc\u0103 alte lucruri de pe vasul naufragiat – inclusiv trei Biblii. Citea Scripturile cu mare aten\u0163ie, g\u00e2ndindu-se la c\u00e2t de mult mai avea de stat.<\/p>\n

La fel ca \u015fi Crusoe, Selkirk a g\u0103sit izvoare cu ap\u0103 bun\u0103 de b\u0103ut \u015fi capre s\u0103lbatice. Avea \u00een plus porci \u015fi g\u0103ini, care se ad\u0103ugau hranei compuse din pe\u015fte \u015fi fructe exotice. De\u015fi ap\u0103sat de singur\u0103tatea izol\u0103rii, puternicul aventurier izbutea s\u0103-\u015fi improvizeze haine din piei de capr\u0103, folosind un cui vechi \u00een loc de ac. Din resturi de ciorapi \u015fi o bucat\u0103 de p\u00e2nz\u0103 \u015fi-a f\u0103cut o c\u0103ma\u015f\u0103 nou\u0103. \u015ei, la fel ca replica lui literar\u0103, Selkirk \u00ee\u015fi construia \u00eenc\u0103peri de dormit \u015fi de g\u0103tit \u015fi \u00eenv\u0103\u0163a s\u0103 aprind\u0103 focul frec\u00e2nd una de alta dou\u0103 buc\u0103\u0163i de lemn de pin.<\/p>\n

Era salvat la \u00eenceputul lui 1709 de c\u0103tre Rogers, care conducea o expedi\u0163ie \u00een M\u0103rile Sudului, av\u00e2ndu-l pe Dampier ca navigator. Rogers s-a \u00eemprietenit cu Selkirk \u015fi mai t\u00e2rziu i-a oferit comanda unui vas capturat, The Increase. Curajosul sco\u0163ian a murit pe mare \u00een 1721, dar \u00eenainte – ori de c\u00e2te ori petrecea ceva vreme \u00een \u0163ara natal\u0103 – prietenii \u00eel g\u0103seau profund schimbat. Se spunea c\u0103 \u015fi-ar fi f\u0103cut o hrub\u0103 ca s\u0103-\u015fi poat\u0103 petrece ore lungi \u00een medita\u0163ie solitar\u0103, parc\u0103 regret\u00e2nd plecarea de pe izolata insuli\u0163\u0103 din Pacific.<\/p>\n

Re\u0163inut 20 de ani \u00een regatul Ceylon-ului<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 surs\u0103 real\u0103 de inspira\u0163ie pentru romanul lui Defoe ar fi putut fi amintirile publicate de c\u0103tre londonezul Robert Knox, care a fost re\u0163inut vreme de 20 de ani, \u00eempotriva voin\u0163ei lui, \u00een regatul Ceylon (azi Sri Lanka). Obiceiurile na\u0163ionale exotice \u015fi frumuse\u0163ea natural\u0103 a mun\u0163ilor \u00eemp\u0103duri\u0163i cu arbori de treizeci de metri aveau s\u0103-i fascineze pe cititorii volumului publicat de Knox \u00een 1681, „O relatare istoric\u0103 despre Insula Ceylon”<\/em>. \u00cen 1659, pe c\u00e2nd avea 19 ani, Knox, tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u015fi ceilal\u0163i marinari de pe un vas comercial fuseser\u0103 captura\u0163i de c\u0103tre ceylonezi. Dar prizonieratul lor se dovedise ciudat de pl\u0103cut. Niciodat\u0103 \u00eenchi\u015fi, puteau c\u0103l\u0103tori liber, puteau face comer\u0163 \u015fi \u00ee\u015fi puteau construi case proprii – at\u00e2ta vreme c\u00e2t nu se apropiau de \u0163\u0103rm \u015fi nu \u00eencercau s\u0103 fug\u0103. Knox a pus pe picioare o planta\u0163ie \u015fi c\u00e2\u0163iva dintre prietenii lui s-au c\u0103s\u0103torit cu localnice. Hot\u0103r\u00e2t tot timpul s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 acas\u0103, s-a stabilit \u00eentr-un c\u0103tun, resping\u00e2nd ofertele regelui de a-l face secretar la Curte. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103 a reu\u015fit, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu un prieten, s\u0103 \u00eensceneze o fals\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torie de afaceri care le cerea s\u0103 traverseze insula, ajung\u00e2nd acolo pe coast\u0103 la timp ca s\u0103 se \u00eembarce pe un vas britanic ce pleca spre cas\u0103.<\/p>\n

De\u015fi monarhul autocrat al Ceylonului putea fi foarte aspru la m\u00e2nie, iar societatea se baza pe un riguros sistem de caste, observa\u0163iile lui Knox denot\u0103 limpede c\u0103 insula era pa\u015fnic\u0103 \u015fi civilizat\u0103. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, canibalismul – cel mai oribil exemplu de comportament prezentat de Crusoe – se baza \u015fi el pe m\u0103rturiile navigatorilor.<\/p>\n

Surse:<\/strong> <\/em>Fragment din cartea „Mari enigme ale trecutului” <\/strong>(scanare si editare proprie), wikipedia.org<\/strong><\/a><\/h6>\n
Foto:<\/strong> <\/em>wikipedia.org<\/strong><\/a> (Commons Creative – free, prelucrata)<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cine nu a citit sau nu a auzit vreodat\u0103 de celebrul roman de aventuri „Robinson Crusoe”, scris de Daniel Defoe \u00een anul 1719? Cartea este o autobiografie de fic\u021biune a presupusului autor, al c\u0103rui nume este omonim cu cel al … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":58063,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[10,7094,60,253,7349,2127,2547,5042,9798,2694,12665,780,1784,3924,1286,4083,1973,1152,3867,453,12664,432,9015,2412,5431,9014,6882,2486],"class_list":["post-58062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura","tag-america","tag-arhipelag","tag-biblie","tag-biserica","tag-canibalism","tag-capra","tag-chile","tag-comert","tag-cultura","tag-cutit","tag-defoe","tag-fructe","tag-insula","tag-lemn","tag-marinar","tag-naufragiu","tag-oceanul-pacific","tag-peste","tag-pin","tag-rege","tag-robinson-crusoe","tag-roman","tag-scotian","tag-sri-lanka","tag-topor","tag-vapor","tag-vas","tag-venezuela","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nEnigma celebrului naufragiat "Robinson Crusoe": de unde s-a inspirat autorul acestui roman? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/enigma-robinson-crusoe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigma celebrului naufragiat "Robinson Crusoe": de unde s-a inspirat autorul acestui roman?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cine nu a citit sau nu a auzit vreodat\u0103 de celebrul roman de aventuri „Robinson Crusoe”, scris de Daniel Defoe \u00een anul 1719? 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