{"id":57604,"date":"2018-09-27T10:11:42","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T07:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=57604"},"modified":"2018-09-27T10:11:42","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T07:11:42","slug":"fabulosul-taram-el-dorado-si-enigma-lacului-de-aur-din-columbia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/fabulosul-taram-el-dorado-si-enigma-lacului-de-aur-din-columbia\/","title":{"rendered":"Fabulosul t\u0103r\u00e2m „El Dorado” \u015fi enigma lacului de aur din Columbia"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XV-lea, \u00een 1499, Alonso de Ojeda \u015fi Amerigo Vespucci ajung pe coastele Columbiei de azi (Cristofor Columb debarc\u0103 aici abia \u00een 1509). Ceva mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een 1532, dup\u0103 ce condusese deja trei expedi\u0163ii \u00een Peru \u015fi primise \u00een 1529 dreptul de a cuceri aceast\u0103 \u0163ar\u0103. Francisco Pizzaro debarc\u0103 pe \u0163\u0103rmul peruvian. Av\u00e2nd cu el 180 de solda\u0163i, 3 c\u0103lug\u0103ri \u015fi 37 de cai, cu aceast\u0103 armat\u0103, reu\u015fe\u015fte, \u00een numai un an, s\u0103 supun\u0103 Imperiul Inca\u015f. E drept, aveau arme de foc – \u201efulgere \u015fi tunete” – \u015fi cai – \u201eanimale mari, \u00eensp\u00e2im\u00eent\u0103toare” -, pe care b\u0103\u015ftina\u015fii \u00eei vedeau pentru prima oar\u0103 \u015fi au \u015ftiut s\u0103 profite din plin de situa\u0163ia ce domnea \u00een teritoriul controlat de inca\u015fi.<\/p>\n

Imperiul tocmai fusese \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it \u00eentre Huascar \u015fi Atahualpa, cei doi fii ai lui Huayna Kapak; ultimul reu\u015fise s\u0103-l \u00eenfr\u00e2ng\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103-l prind\u0103 pe fratele s\u0103u. \u00cendr\u0103zne\u0163 \u015fi viclean, Pizzaro izbute\u015fte s\u0103-l captureze pe Atahualpa, care, \u00een schimbul libert\u0103\u0163ii, ofer\u0103 o r\u0103scump\u0103rare colosal\u0103: s\u0103 umple cu aur \u015fi argint o camer\u0103 (de aproximativ 22 picioare lungime \u015fi 17 l\u0103\u0163ime) p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00een\u0103l\u0163imea de 7 picioare. Ne\u00eent\u00e2rziat au pornit c\u0103tre toate col\u0163urile imperiului crainici cu porunca Marelui Inca \u015fi din toate col\u0163urile imperiului au \u00eenceput s\u0103 soseasc\u0103 podoabe, vase de cult \u015fi lingouri de aur \u015fi argint. \u00cen\u015ftiin\u0163at de faptul c\u0103 fratele s\u0103u \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 cu spaniolii, Atahualpa a poruncit c\u0103 acesta s\u0103 fie ucis – m\u0103sur\u0103 extrem\u0103, care, din nefericire, nu a f\u0103cut dec\u00e2t s\u0103 ofere spaniolilor un pretext pentru \u00eenl\u0103turarea regelui captiv: dup\u0103 un simulacru de proces, Atahualpa este omor\u00e2t \u015fi el.<\/p>\n

Circa 500.000 kg de aur \u015fi argint (provenind din topirea unor adev\u0103rate opere de art\u0103) au fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ite \u00eentre membrii expedi\u0163iei spaniole. Dar aceast\u0103 cantitate extraordinar\u0103 nu reprezenta tot tezaurul imperiului, c\u0103ci probabil c\u0103 numai o parte din aurul templelor a fost trimis \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 c\u0103 nu toate convoaiele au ajuns \u00een capital\u0103. Spaniolii au reu\u015fit totu\u015fi s\u0103 pun\u0103 m\u00e2na pe mult doritul metal pre\u0163ios folosindu-se de sistemul de str\u00e2ngere a tributului, bine pus la punct chiar de inca\u015fi. Majoritatea a fost topit; numai c\u00e2teva piese, at\u00e2t de frumoase \u00eenc\u00e2t i-au impresionat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi pe conchistadori, au ajuns \u00een Spania neatinse, de\u015fi multe din acestea au disp\u0103rut cu timpul, doar foarte pu\u0163ine supravie\u0163uind, m\u0103rturie a artei aurarilor inca\u015fi sau azteci.<\/p>\n

Legenda lui El Dorado<\/strong><\/p>\n

La marginile imperiului \u00eens\u0103, situa\u0163ia a fost diferit\u0103. Aici spaniolii au reu\u015fit cu greu s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 bog\u0103\u0163iile r\u00e2vnite. Circulau zvonuri despre marile comori aflate \u00een mun\u0163ii din nord, zvonuri \u00een urma c\u0103rora s-a n\u0103scut legenda lui El Dorado, legend\u0103 ce s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit cur\u00e2nd \u00een mai multe variante \u015fi a circulat \u00een Lumea Nou\u0103 \u015fi \u00een Lumea Veche \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu acele vremuri \u00eendep\u0103rtate \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 azi. S-a crezut c\u0103 El Dorado era o cetate disp\u0103rut\u0103, un templu plin cu comori situat \u00een jungl\u0103, un munte de aur, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit, o \u0163ar\u0103 pe care au c\u0103utat-o mul\u0163i, primii fiind, desigur, conchistadorii… Ei erau convin\u015fi c\u0103 aceast\u0103 \u0163ar\u0103 fabuloas\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u00eentre Amazon \u015fi Orinoco, undeva \u00een Columbia de azi (despre aceast\u0103 \u0163ar\u0103 bogat\u0103 \u00een aur le vorbise de altfel Francisco de Orellana, ofi\u0163er al lui Pizzaro, descoperitorul fluviului Amazon).<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1536 mai multe expedi\u0163ii pornesc \u00een c\u0103utarea ei: Gonzalo Jimanez de Quesada, plec\u00e2nd din Santa Marta, de pe \u0163\u0103rmul caraibian al Columbiei de azi, descoper\u0103 a\u015fez\u0103rile indienilor muisca \u015fi fondeaz\u0103 (\u00een 1538) ora\u015ful Santa Fe (mai t\u00e2rziu Bogota), Sebastian Moyano de Belalcazar porne\u015fte din sud, din cetatea inca\u015f\u0103 Quito \u015fi ajunge \u015fi el pe platoul Cundinamarco, unde se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u015fte cu conduc\u0103torul celei de-a treia expedi\u0163ii, germanul Nikolaus Federmann, finan\u0163at de bancherii Welser din Augsburg. Aceste trei expedi\u0163ii s-au aflat cel mai aproape de adev\u0103ratul El Dorado, dar n-au \u015ftiut-o niciodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Adev\u0103ratul El Dorado<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0103ci El Dorado (\u00een spaniol\u0103 „Cel Aurit”) era un b\u0103rbat, marele \u015fef al tribului muisca, ce tr\u0103ia \u00een partea cea mai nordic\u0103 a Anzilor, nu departe de capitala de azi a Columbiei. \u00cen ziua \u201einstal\u0103rii” lui avea loc un ritual undeva \u00een mun\u0163i, pe Lacul Guatavita. \u00cen punctul culminant al serb\u0103rii, viitorul conduc\u0103tor urca pe o plut\u0103 de trestie, \u00eenso\u0163it de \u015fefi \u015fi preo\u0163i ce c\u00e2ntau din flaut \u015fi ardeau mirodenii. To\u0163i purtau bijuterii minunate \u015fi duceau cu ei o cantitate uria\u015f\u0103 de smaralde \u015fi aur. C\u00e2nd pluta ajungea \u00een mijlocul lacului, marele \u015fef era dezbr\u0103cat \u015fi corpul s\u0103u, uns cu r\u0103\u015fin\u0103, era acoperit cu pulbere de aur, el devenind astfel… Omul de Aur. C\u00e2nd razele soarelui \u00eel atingeau, arunca \u00een apele negre ale lacului pre\u0163ioasele ofrande pentru zei, \u015fi la fel f\u0103ceau \u015fi cei afla\u0163i pe mal. Astfel, pe m\u0103sura trecerii anilor, \u00een lac s-a acumulat una din cele mai mari comori din Lumea Nou\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Indienii muisca, poporul condus de El Dorado, nu aveau aur pe teritoriul lor, dar singura min\u0103 de smaralde din America se afla acolo \u015fi, de asemenea, un vast z\u0103c\u0103m\u00eent de sare, neepuizat nici \u00een prezent. Comer\u0163ul cu aceste produse le-a asigurat at\u00e2ta aur \u00eenc\u00e2t un \u00eentreg sat de aurari a \u00eenflorit l\u00e2ng\u0103 lacul sacru. Indienii muisca \u015ftiau s\u0103 prelucreze metalul pre\u0163ios cu 1.000 de ani \u00eenaintea venirii spaniolilor. \u00cel ob\u0163ineau \u00een creuzete, folosind cuptoare ventilate nu cu foaie, ci cu ajutorul unor \u0163evi de lut ars (prin care se sufla aer). \u015etiau s\u0103-l transforme \u00een foi, \u00eel b\u0103teau cu ciocanele lor de piatr\u0103 \u015fi \u00eel puteau grava.<\/p>\n

Aurarii precolumbieni au ob\u0163inut bijuterii extraordinare, fiecare trib cre\u00e2nd obiecte originale. Indienii muisca realizau expresive reprezent\u0103ri antropomorfe, cunoscute sub numele de tunjos, acestea fiind ofrandele pe care membrii tribului le aruncau \u00een lac sau le \u00eengropau \u00een vase de lut.<\/p>\n

Golirea unui lac de aur<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd conchistadorii au ajuns pe \u0163\u0103rmurile Lacului Guatavita, au aflat c\u0103 apele acestuia ascund smaralde \u015fi aur, de\u015fi ceremonialul Omului de Aur nu se mai practica de mult. Cea dint\u00e2i \u00eencercare de mari propor\u0163ii de g\u0103sire a comorii dateaz\u0103 din 1545, c\u00eend Hernan Perez de Quesada, fratele exploratorului, a poruncit ca b\u0103\u015ftina\u015fii muisca s\u0103 scoat\u0103 apa g\u0103leat\u0103 cu g\u0103leat\u0103; dup\u0103 trei luni au reu\u015fit s\u0103 mic\u015foreze nivelul lacului cu 2,75 m \u015fi, din n\u0103molul aflat \u00een imediata vecin\u0103tate a malului, au extras c\u00e2teva sute de obiecte din aur. 40 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, un negustor spaniol din Bogota, Antonio de Sepulveda, a adunat nici mai mult, nici mai pu\u0163in de 8.000 de localnici \u015fi a \u00eenceput s\u0103parea unui canal \u00een st\u00e2nc\u0103 pentru a goli lacul; au izbutit s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 sc\u0103derea nivelului cu 18,3 m \u015fi s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 bijuterii de aur \u015fi smaralde. Dar, dup\u0103 un timp, apa a erodat malurile, au avut loc alunec\u0103ri de teren \u015fi, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, canalul a fost astupat.<\/p>\n

Au mai existat \u015fi alte \u00eencerc\u0103ri, una dintre cele mai spectaculoase fiind cea a companiei britanice Contractors Limited, care a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 sape un tunel subteran \u00een a\u015fa fel \u00eenc\u00e2t lacul s\u0103 se goleasc\u0103 asemenea unei chiuvete c\u0103reia i s-a scos dopul \u015fi, de\u015fi pare de necrezut, au reu\u015fit; apa s-a retras \u015fi lacul a r\u0103mas \u00eenconjurat de o f\u00e2\u015fie lat\u0103 de m\u00e2l ad\u00e2nc \u015fi moale, peste care \u00eens\u0103 nu se putea p\u0103\u015fi. \u00cen timp ce \u00eencercau s\u0103 rezolve aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, situa\u0163ia s-a schimbat; sub razele soarelui, m\u00e2lul s-a \u00eent\u0103rit. Ghinioni\u015ftii c\u0103ut\u0103tori de comori au plecat la Bogota pentru a aduce unelte de s\u0103pat, dar c\u00e2nd s-au \u00eentors, c\u00e2teva luni mai t\u00e2rziu, au constatat c\u0103 noroiul \u00eent\u0103rit blocase tunelul, iar ploile umpluser\u0103 lacul. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, au trebuit s\u0103 renun\u0163e, din lips\u0103 de fonduri.<\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi, guvernul columbian protejeaz\u0103 lacul de aur…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XV-lea, \u00een 1499, Alonso de Ojeda \u015fi Amerigo Vespucci ajung pe coastele Columbiei de azi (Cristofor Columb debarc\u0103 aici abia \u00een 1509). Ceva mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een 1532, dup\u0103 ce condusese deja trei expedi\u0163ii \u00een Peru \u015fi … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":57606,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[3133,10,5556,1126,70,5159,685,5435,6417,240,2280,1275,205,12592,5238,12,3677,3718,1154,4464,2440,3678,1532,975,3207,3790,815,12143,3227,151,418,4528,12593,453,3942,12594,865,207,1205,1466,2311,2701,1995,4429],"class_list":["post-57604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-amazon","tag-america","tag-amerindieni","tag-argint","tag-armata","tag-augsburg","tag-aur","tag-bancheri","tag-bogota","tag-cal","tag-cetate","tag-columbia","tag-comoara","tag-conquistador","tag-corp","tag-cristofor-columb","tag-el-dorado","tag-fluviu","tag-germani","tag-guvern","tag-imperiu","tag-incasi","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-lac","tag-mina","tag-mirodenii","tag-munti","tag-negustor","tag-noroi","tag-oras","tag-peru","tag-pizzaro","tag-pluta","tag-rege","tag-sare","tag-smaralde","tag-soare","tag-spanioli","tag-stanca","tag-templu","tag-trestie","tag-trib","tag-tunel","tag-zei","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nFabulosul t\u0103r\u00e2m "El Dorado" \u015fi enigma lacului de aur din Columbia - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/fabulosul-taram-el-dorado-si-enigma-lacului-de-aur-din-columbia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fabulosul t\u0103r\u00e2m "El Dorado" \u015fi enigma lacului de aur din Columbia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XV-lea, \u00een 1499, Alonso de Ojeda \u015fi Amerigo Vespucci ajung pe coastele Columbiei de azi (Cristofor Columb debarc\u0103 aici abia \u00een 1509). 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