{"id":57600,"date":"2018-09-27T09:28:21","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T06:28:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=57600"},"modified":"2018-09-27T09:28:21","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T06:28:21","slug":"din-misterele-teoriei-big-bang-ului-cea-care-explica-originea-universului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/din-misterele-teoriei-big-bang-ului-cea-care-explica-originea-universului\/","title":{"rendered":"Din misterele teoriei Big-Bang-ului, cea care explic\u0103 originea Universului"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Problema \u201ena\u015fterii lumii\u201c este veche de c\u00e2nd lumea… \u015ei c\u00e2nd se spune \u201elume” nu e vorba doar de P\u0103m\u00e2nt sau sistem solar, ci se dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult grani\u0163ele galaxiei, p\u00e2n\u0103 cuprindem \u00eentreg Universul.<\/p>\n

Teoria care s-a bucurat de cea mai mare audien\u0163\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul oamenilor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 a fost cea pe care Fred Hoyle a botezat-o at\u00e2t de sugestiv, \u00een 1950, \u201eBig Bang”, \u00een traducere liber\u0103 \u201eMarea Explozie” sau \u201eExplozia Ini\u0163ial\u0103”. Este vorba de teoria care ne prezint\u0103 un Univers exploziv, \u00een continu\u0103 expansiune, un Univers care num\u0103r\u0103 \u00een prezent 10-20 miliarde de ani. Big Bang \u015fi-a c\u00e2\u015ftigat statutul de model standard prin aceea c\u0103 numeroase dintre previziunile sale \u015fi-au primit deja confirmarea. \u00cen prezent, de\u015fi i se recunosc unele sl\u0103biciuni, Big Bang este considerat\u0103 o teorie puternic\u0103, acceptat\u0103 de marea majoritate a oamenilor de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 din lumea \u00eentreag\u0103, ea oferindu-le acestora o unealt\u0103 matematic\u0103 pentru a descrie Geneza.<\/p>\n

A privi stelele \u00eenseamn\u0103 a privi \u00een trecut<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aproape toat\u0103 informa\u0163ia despre stele este con\u0163inut\u0103 \u00een radia\u0163ia pe care o recep\u0163ion\u0103m de la ele. Astfel, lumina trimis\u0103 de o stea care se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 de P\u0103m\u00e2nt ajunge la receptor \u201emai ro\u015fie” – deplasat\u0103 c\u0103tre lungimi de und\u0103 mai mari dec\u00e2t lungimea de und\u0103 proprie -, a\u015fa dup\u0103 cum zgomotul unui avion care se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 se aude din ce \u00een ce mai grav (efectul Doppler). \u00cenc\u0103 din anii \u201920, astronomii au descoperit c\u0103 lumina provenit\u0103 de la majoritatea galaxiilor observate este decalat\u0103 spre ro\u015fu. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 o mi\u015fcare preferen\u0163ial\u0103 a galaxiilor, aceea de \u00eendep\u0103rtare reciproc\u0103. M\u0103sur\u0103tori mai fine au condus apoi la concluzia c\u0103 viteza de recesiune a galaxiilor este direct propor\u0163ional\u0103 cu distan\u0163a dintre ele, lege care nu a fost prin nimic dezmin\u0163it\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent.<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 \u201efug\u0103” a galaxiilor a generat imaginea unui Univers aflat \u00een expansiune, echivalentul matematic fiind o dilatare a spa\u0163iu-timpului din relativitatea general\u0103 (de\u015fi Einstein \u015fi-a elaborat teoria consider\u00e2nd Universul sta\u0163ionar), expansiune \u00een care galaxiile sunt \u015fi ele antrenate. Nu este deci vorba de o mi\u015fcare proprie a galaxiilor; la scara Universului, \u00een raport cu spa\u0163iu-timpul, ele se afl\u0103 \u00een repaus, mi\u015fc\u0103rile proprii fiind numai de ordin local. Pentru u\u015furarea \u00een\u0163elegerii, se poate apela la exemplul devenit tradi\u0163ional al \u201ebudincii cu stafide”: galaxiile se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 reciproc \u00eentr-un Univers aflat \u00een expansiune precum stafidele \u00eentr-o budinc\u0103 ce se umfl\u0103 la copt.<\/p>\n

Mai dificil \u00een toat\u0103 aceast\u0103 reprezentare este s\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m abstrac\u0163ia matematic\u0103 numit\u0103 de Einstein spa\u021biu-timp. S\u0103 privim cerul \u00eenstelat si s\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 ne reprezent\u0103m distan\u0163a care ne separ\u0103 de stele. Interconexiunea dintre spa\u0163iu \u015fi timp \u00ee\u015fi g\u0103se\u015fte expresia \u00een aceea c\u0103 distan\u0163ele astronomice se exprim\u0103 \u00een unit\u0103\u0163i de timp. De steaua Vega, de exemplu, din Constela\u0163ia Lirei, ne despart 26 de ani-lumin\u0103. Ceea ce ne impresioneaz\u0103 nu este at\u00e2t distan\u0163a \u00een kilometri, ci mai cu seam\u0103 faptul c\u0103 ceea ce recep\u0163ion\u0103m noi \u00een prezent este lumina pe care Vega a emis-o \u00een urm\u0103 cu 26 de ani. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, privind steaua Vega acum, \u00eenregistr\u0103m de fapt imaginea ei a\u015fa cum era \u00een urm\u0103 cu 26 de ani. Poate c\u0103 \u00eentre timp Vega a explodat, poate nu mai exist\u0103 – nu avem de unde \u0219ti dec\u00e2t peste 26 de ani.<\/p>\n

Ra\u0163ionamentul poate conduce la o specula\u0163ie interesant\u0103: galaxia Andromeda, care, cu pu\u0163in\u0103 \u015fans\u0103, se poate distinge \u00eentr-o noapte clar\u0103, dar f\u0103r\u0103 clar de Lun\u0103, se afl\u0103 la 4 milioane de ani-lumin\u0103 de P\u0103m\u00e2nt; adic\u0103, noi o vedem, aici \u015fi acum, a\u015fa cum era ea \u00een urm\u0103 cu 4 milioane de ani, \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 \u00een care nici nu existam ca specie. Invers, ipoteticii locuitori ai unei ipotetice planete dintr-un ipotetic sistem solar al galaxiei Andromeda ar putea vedea, prin telescoapele lor, Calea Lactee \u00een stadiul \u00een care se afla ea \u00een urma cu 4 milioane de ani. Dac\u0103 mijloacele lor de investigare sunt, tot ipotetic vorbind, mai puternice dec\u00e2t ale noastre, ei ar fi \u00een stare s\u0103 deceleze viet\u0103\u0163ile de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Dar, fatalitate! Pe noi, oamenii, nu ne-ar discerne \u00een stadiul actual de evolu\u0163ie – c\u00e2nd ne consider\u0103m fiin\u0163e inteligente, capabile s\u0103 \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 Universul -, ci sub forma unor specii de maimu\u0163e cu alur\u0103 de antropoizi, sau poate \u00eentr-un stadiu pe care nici nu-l cunoa\u015ftem… Oricum, dac\u0103 am putea comunica cu acele ipotetice fiin\u0163e, am \u00eenl\u0103tur\u0103 dubiile referitoare ia originea noastr\u0103!<\/p>\n

Prin urmare, nu dispunem de un instrument cu care s\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103m distan\u0163a, \u00een sensul obi\u015fnuit al cuv\u00e2ntului, care ne separ\u0103 \u00een prezent de o alt\u0103 galaxie. Pentru \u201ea vedea\u201c expansiunea Universului, \u00een ansamblu, ar trebui s\u0103 locuim simultan \u00eentr-o infinitate de galaxii. De acolo, Universul ar prezenta un spectacol identic. Aceasta deoarece nu exist\u0103 un centru de gravita\u0163ie al expansiunii. \u00cen plus, acest formidabil proces este \u00eenso\u0163it de o r\u0103cire a Universului.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Descoperirea radia\u021biei cosmice<\/strong><\/p>\n

Modelul Big Bang ajunsese \u00een pragul metafizicii c\u00e2nd, \u00een 1965, a fost descoperit\u0103 radia\u0163ia cosmic\u0103, marc\u00e2ndu-se astfel cea de-a doua etap\u0103 a aventurii intelectuale a lui Big Bang. Urm\u00e2nd cursul invers al timpului, mai mul\u0163i fizicieni, printre care \u015fi George Gamow, au ajuns, spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anilor \u201940, la concluzia c\u0103 \u00een prima sa tinere\u0163e – primele sute de milioane de ani – Universul era opac \u015fi se afla \u00eentr-o stare de echilibru termic, c\u00e2nd fotonii si electronii se contopeau \u00eentr-un tot omogen. Ei ra\u0163ionau c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 se reg\u0103seasc\u0103 \u00een prezent urma acelei perioade, sub forma unei radia\u0163ii difuze, cu o lungime de und\u0103 bine determinat\u0103, care impregneaz\u0103 \u00eentreg Universul actual.<\/p>\n

Din 1965, de c\u00eend aceast\u0103 radia\u0163ie a fost descoperit\u0103, modelul Big Bang a c\u0103p\u0103tat statutul de model \u201estandard”, impun\u00e2ndu-se definitiv comunit\u0103\u0163ii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice.<\/p>\n

Abunden\u0163a elementelor u\u015foare<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00centorc\u00e2ndu-se si mai mult \u00een timp, pe calea ra\u0163ionamentului, p\u00e2n\u0103 la primele minute de via\u0163\u0103 ale Universului, fizicienii au calculat c\u0103 sc\u0103derea progresiv\u0103 a temperaturii trebuia s\u0103 genereze o reparti\u0163ie definitiv\u0103 \u015fi precis\u0103 a abunden\u0163ei \u00een Univers a nucleelor elementelor chimice cele mai u\u015foare: hidrogen (un proton), heliu (doi protoni \u015fi doi neutroni), deuteriu (un proton \u015fi un neutron). Progresele spectroscopiei (analiza luminii emise de stele \u015fi galaxii) au permis, spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anilor \u201960, confirmarea acestor previziuni teoretice.<\/p>\n

Timpul \u201ezero\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 unde se poate \u00eens\u0103 ajunge \u00een aceasta inversiune temporal\u0103 a evenimentelor? Pentru fizicieni, \u201etimpul zero” este, de fapt, momentul \u00een care Universul atinsese deja v\u00eersta de 10^43 secunde – a zecea milionime de trilionime de trilionime de trilionime de secund\u0103! -, o frac\u0163iune absolut minuscul\u0103, care scap\u0103 total mijloacelor actuale de m\u0103surare a timpului. Acest moment are \u00een fizic\u0103 semnifica\u0163ia unei limite – \u201ebariera Planck” – dincolo de care, merg\u00e2nd spre zero, \u201ebiletul de voie\u201c al mecanicii cuantice nu mai este valabil. La aceast\u0103 „v\u00e2rst\u0103” se presupune c\u0103 temperatura Universului era de 10^32 grade, iar densitatea de 10^ tone\/cm3!<\/p>\n

Critici ale teoriei Big Bang<\/strong><\/p>\n

Unui astfel de model i se pot aduce \u00eens\u0103 obiec\u0163ii diverse:<\/p>\n

* Deplasarea spre ro\u015fu a unora dintre obiectele celeste pare independent\u0103 de viteza lor de \u00eendep\u0103rtare, deci de distan\u0163a p\u00e2n\u0103 la ele. Astfel, numero\u015fi quasari, considera\u0163i ca foarte \u00eendep\u0103rta\u0163i, conform unei deplas\u0103ri foarte mari spre ro\u015fu, par a fi str\u00e2ns lega\u0163i de galaxii a c\u0103ror deplasare spre ro\u015fu este foarte mic\u0103.<\/p>\n

* Dac\u0103 quasarii sunt obiecte at\u00e2t de \u00eendep\u0103rtate, cum le indic\u0103 deplasarea lor spre ro\u015fu, reparti\u0163ia lor pe cer ar trebui s\u0103 fie \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare. Or, s-a constatat o geografie a quasarilor.<\/p>\n

* \u0162in\u00e2nd cont de expansiune, este greu de acceptat apari\u0163ia spontan\u0103 a unor galaxii \u00een vidul l\u0103sat de alte galaxii care se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103. Or, satelitul IRAS a reperat o galaxie dat\u00e2nd de numai un milion de ani.<\/p>\n

* V\u00e2rsta Universului este estimat\u0103 de cosmologi la aproximativ 13-15 miliarde de ani. \u00cen galaxia noastr\u0103 s-au descoperit \u00eens\u0103 roiuri de stele a c\u0103ror v\u00e2rst\u0103 este evaluat\u0103 la 20 miliarde de ani.<\/p>\n

* Dar poate cea mai mare lacun\u0103 a Big-Bang-ului – recunoscut\u0103 chiar \u015fi de sus\u0163in\u0103torii teoriei – este imposibilitatea explic\u0103rii neomogenit\u0103\u0163ii Universului. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, ce a deteminat trecerea Universului dintr-o stare omogen\u0103 – din perioada sa opac\u0103 – \u00eentr-una cu un grad de neomogenitate at\u00e2t de mare ca acela al galaxiilor (pentru a nu aminti \u015fi de stele)?<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, este firesc ca o teorie despre Univers s\u0103 nu fie perfect\u0103. De altfel, pentru oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 nu exist\u0103 teorii adev\u0103rate \u015fi teorii false, ci numai teorii care au o \u015fans\u0103 mai mare de a fi mai aproape de realitate dec\u00e2t altele. Altfel spus, se dispune de un ansamblu de observa\u0163ii \u015fi de un ansamblu de teorii care pretind c\u0103 explic\u0103 acele observa\u0163ii; teoriile sunt judecate dup\u0103 capacitatea lor de a explica simplu, natural, cel mai mare num\u0103r de fenomene posibile. Dar aceasta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00een mod necesar c\u0103 teoria respectiv\u0103 exprim\u0103 adev\u0103rul adev\u0103rat. O nou\u0103 observa\u0163ie o poate r\u0103sturna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Problema \u201ena\u015fterii lumii\u201c este veche de c\u00e2nd lumea… \u015ei c\u00e2nd se spune \u201elume” nu e vorba doar de P\u0103m\u00e2nt sau sistem solar, ci se dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult grani\u0163ele galaxiei, p\u00e2n\u0103 cuprindem \u00eentreg Universul. Teoria care s-a bucurat de cea mai … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":57601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11039],"tags":[2580,102,2027,12591,1405,103,12590,610,347,4752,433,4388,2635,3801,952,1722,4390,57,105,732,2554,2612,3204,3417,2501,733,2358,789,1087,7661],"class_list":["post-57600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomie","tag-andromeda","tag-astronomie","tag-big-bang","tag-budinca","tag-calea-lactee","tag-constelatie","tag-efectul-doppler","tag-einstein","tag-electroni","tag-fotoni","tag-galaxie","tag-heliu","tag-hidrogen","tag-hoyle","tag-lumina","tag-matematica","tag-neutroni","tag-oameni","tag-pamant","tag-planeta","tag-protoni","tag-quasar","tag-radiatii","tag-sistem-solar","tag-spatiu","tag-stea","tag-temperatura","tag-timp","tag-univers","tag-vega","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nDin misterele teoriei Big-Bang-ului, cea care explic\u0103 originea Universului - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/din-misterele-teoriei-big-bang-ului-cea-care-explica-originea-universului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Din misterele teoriei Big-Bang-ului, cea care explic\u0103 originea Universului\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Problema \u201ena\u015fterii lumii\u201c este veche de c\u00e2nd lumea… \u015ei c\u00e2nd se spune \u201elume” nu e vorba doar de P\u0103m\u00e2nt sau sistem solar, ci se dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult grani\u0163ele galaxiei, p\u00e2n\u0103 cuprindem \u00eentreg Universul. 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