{"id":5576,"date":"2009-06-12T10:13:41","date_gmt":"2009-06-12T07:13:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=5576"},"modified":"2009-06-13T17:28:22","modified_gmt":"2009-06-13T14:28:22","slug":"stelele-din-aksum-urmele-unei-civilizatii-fabuloase","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/stelele-din-aksum-urmele-unei-civilizatii-fabuloase\/","title":{"rendered":"Stelele din Aksum, urmele unei civiliza\u0163ii fabuloase"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"aksum6\"<\/a>Legenda pietrelor din Aksum<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015ei ast\u0103zi \u00een Aksum circul\u0103 legenda, conform c\u0103reia str\u0103mo\u015fii locuitorilor de aici \u015ftiau s\u0103 topeasc\u0103 piatra. O turnau \u00een forme de lemn lungi, iar c\u00e2nd piatra se r\u0103cea, o ciopleau, o \u015flefuiau \u015fi o transformau \u00een stele uria\u015fe… Aceste stele au fost f\u0103cute de ciclopii care au populat platourile ethiopiene, cu mult \u00eenainte ca acolo s\u0103 se fi ivit str\u0103mo\u015fii locuitorilor de azi. Uria\u015fii le t\u0103iau din st\u00e2ncile de l\u00e2ng\u0103 ora\u015f \u015fi le transportau pe umeri aici, \u00een pia\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cum am putea replica noi, oameni ai secolului XXI, acestui popor semianalfabet care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 \u00een legende explica\u0163ia misterioaselor stele de la Aksum? Ciclopi n-au existat niciodat\u0103, iar piatra nu poate fi topit\u0103… Iar \u00een ciuda succeselor dob\u00e2ndite de aksumologie, aceast\u0103 important\u0103 ramur\u0103 a orientalisticii, foarte multe aspecte din trecutul Aksum-ului r\u0103m\u00e2n mai departe \u00eenv\u0103luite \u00een mister, inclusiv principala problem\u0103 a acestei \u015ftiin\u0163e: originea \u015fi destina\u0163ia uria\u015felor coloane – stele lucrate din blocuri de bazalt albastru, care se \u00eenal\u0163\u0103 \u00een pia\u0163a central\u0103 din Aksum sau zac de-a lungul drumului, dobor\u00e2te de timp, ori de barbaria omului. Cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 dintre coloanele care au ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 la noi are 33,5 m. Dar exist\u0103 \u015fi \u201estele” mai mici, \u00eentre 5 m \u015fi 21 m. \u00een total, ceva mai mult de 200 de monoli\u0163i de bazalt, deosebi\u0163i unul de altul: fie zvel\u0163i \u015fi elegan\u0163i, splendid \u015flefui\u0163i \u015fi bogat ornamenta\u0163i, fie inten\u0163ionat primitivi, grosolani. \u00een orice caz, to\u0163i sunt rezultatul muncii titanice a unui \u00eentreg popor. Munc\u0103 depus\u0103 vreme de decenii, dac\u0103 \u0163inem seama de nivelul de dezvoltare a tehnicii din acele timpuri.<\/p>\n

Legenda apari\u0163iei Aksumului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar, s\u0103 intr\u0103m \u00een detalii! Tsegai Nebeibeh, cel mai renumit aksumolog, afirm\u0103 urm\u0103toarele: \u201eIstoria oral\u0103 a Aksum-ului socote\u015fte c\u0103 ora\u015ful \u015fi-a f\u0103cut apari\u0163ia \u00eenc\u0103 din timpurile biblice. Pe vremea aceea, princialul ora\u015f din \u0163ar\u0103, care se numea Sheba, era condus – spune legenda – de un uria\u015f balaur sau \u015farpe. Aceia\u015fi legend\u0103 mai spune c\u0103 el cerea mereu supu\u015filor jertfe – \u00een animale \u015fi fete. Printre nefericitele fete care urmau s\u0103 cad\u0103 victime tiranului a fost \u015fi o frumoas\u0103, \u00eendr\u0103git\u0103 de voinicul Agaboz. Ca s\u0103-\u015fi salveze iubita, t\u00e2n\u0103rul a ucis monstrul, iar poporul l-a proclamat rege. Dup\u0103 el, a urmat la tron fiica lui, frumoasa Makenda, regina Shebei. Inteligenta \u015fi cultivata c\u00e2rmuitoare a devenit cunoscut\u0103 ca regina din Saba”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Aksumul, imperiu la fel de mare ca \u015fi Imperiul Roman<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Localizarea<\/a>
Localizarea Imperiului Aksum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen prezent, Aksumul num\u0103r\u0103 circa 5000 de locuitori, dintre care 1000 sunt c\u0103lug\u0103ri. Nimeni nu \u015fi-ar putea imagina ast\u0103zi c\u0103 Aksumul a fost c\u00e2ndva centrul unuia din cele mai puternice state ale Antichit\u0103\u0163ii. Una din pu\u0163inele informa\u0163ii despre Aksum, ca de altfel despre majoritatea ora\u015felor din Africa de Est, ne-o ofer\u0103 celebrul Periplu al M\u0103rii Eritreii<\/strong> – cel mai vechi manual de pilotaj al Antichit\u0103\u0163ii, ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een vremurile noastre, scris cam \u00een anul 60 d. Chr. Titlul manualului vorbe\u015fte de la sine. Marea Eritreii era vechiul nume al Oceanului Indian, iar Eritrea – o parte component\u0103 a statului Aksum.<\/p>\n

Un stat care a l\u0103sat grandioase monumente arhitectonice, lucrate cu o tehnic\u0103 ce continu\u0103 \u015fi azi s\u0103 fie o enigm\u0103 pentru noi, care a cucerit imense teritorii, a controlat ambele maluri ale M\u0103rii Ro\u015fii \u015fi a avut o flot\u0103 puternic\u0103. \u00cen acea vreme, Aksumul era un stat at\u00e2t de puternic, \u00eenc\u00e2t trata de la egal la egal cu \u0163\u0103ri cum ar fi Bizan\u0163ul \u015fi India. Faptul este confirmat \u015fi de istoricul arab Mani, care \u00een secolul al III-lea d. Chr. men\u0163iona \u00een scrierile sale c\u0103 \u00een vremea sa erau patru mari imperii: Aksumul, Babilonul, Roma \u015fi Egiptul.<\/p>\n

Aksumul \u00ee\u015fi datora faima \u015fi bog\u0103\u0163ia religiei \u015fi armatei sale foarte puternice. Avea pe teritoriul s\u0103u nenum\u0103rate palate \u015fi biserici, ce au trezit uimirea \u015fi admira\u0163ia numero\u015filor c\u0103l\u0103tori str\u0103ini atra\u015fi de frumuse\u0163ile sale. Ele se bucurau de faim\u0103 \u00een lumea \u00eentreag\u0103. Este epoca \u00een care \u00een marea capital\u0103 african\u0103 \u015fi-au f\u0103cut apari\u0163ia grandioasele \u201estele”. Ele erau monumente ridicate pentru cinstirea armatei.<\/p>\n

Uria\u015fele construc\u0163ii din jungla african\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"aksum3\"<\/a>Exploratorii care au cercetat jungla sud-african\u0103 au descoperit aici existen\u0163a unor uria\u015fe construc\u0163ii elipsoidale – adev\u0103rate temple de piatr\u0103, cet\u0103\u0163i cu ziduri puternice \u00eemprejur, la care pietrele erau lucrate f\u0103r\u0103 mortar. Mai t\u00e2rziu, s-a putut constata c\u0103 era vorba de ruinele capitalei marelui imperiu minier Zimbabwe, situat \u00een regiunea dintre Limpopo \u015fi Zambezi, marile fluvii africane.<\/p>\n

La o cercetare superficial\u0103, exploratorului i-ar p\u0103rea c\u0103 cet\u0103\u0163ile din Zimbabwe \u015fi stelele din Aksum prezint\u0103 doar dou\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turi comune: caracterul lor enigmatic \u015fi gigantismul construc\u0163iilor. La est de lacul Rudolf (azi Turkana), pe s\u0103lbaticul platou Jilbaba din extremul sud al Ethiopiei, pot fi v\u0103zute o serie de stele \u00eenalte de 5 m, grosolan cioplite, asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu cele din Aksum. Pe la jum\u0103tatea drumului dintre Aksum \u015fi Zimbabwe, undeva \u00een Tanzania, a fost descoperit un alt ora\u015f misterios, denumit Angaruka. Descoperirea sa, \u00een anul 1935, a fost cu totul \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare, \u015fi se datoreaz\u0103 unui func\u0163ionar colonial. Cercetarea sa i-a revenit profesorului L. Leakey. Construc\u0163iile din Angaruka \u015fi Zimbabwe, dup\u0103 cum avea s\u0103 constate Leakey, nu au mortar la \u00eembinarea buc\u0103\u0163ilor de piatr\u0103 \u015fi prezint\u0103 multe asem\u0103n\u0103ri. \u00cen vremurile noastre, Departamentul pentru protejarea monumentelor antice din Tanzania a \u00eentreprins o serie de s\u0103p\u0103turi la Angaruka. De ast\u0103 dat\u0103 s-au descoperit, printre altele, coliere de scoici, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-se astfel leg\u0103tura ora\u015fului cu \u0163\u0103rmul oceanului. S-a pus \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 nu este cumva o simpl\u0103 coinciden\u0163\u0103, sau zidurile de la Jilbaba \u015fi ruinele de la Angaruka constituie vestigii ce leag\u0103 Aksum de Zimbabwe?<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 sunt examinate astfel sub forma \u00een care au ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre, stelele \u0163\u00e2\u015fnesc parc\u0103 pur \u015fi simplu din p\u0103m\u00e2nt, av\u00e2nd la baz\u0103 o temelie natural\u0103. La \u00eenceputul anului 1970 a fost descoperit un am\u0103nunt senza\u0163ional. O expedi\u0163ie arheologic\u0103 franco-ethiopian\u0103, care a \u00eentreprins vreme de doi ani s\u0103p\u0103turi, inclusiv \u00een centrul parcului stelelor din Aksum, a constatat, \u00een vreme ce disloca straturile suprapuse de p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u015fi argil\u0103, existen\u0163a unor monede, vase de lut \u015fi o serie de obiecte de uz casnic str\u0103vechi, aflate la baza unei construc\u0163ii uria\u015fe, c\u00e2ndva. S-a crezut, p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, c\u0103 stelele se aflau ridicate pe o movil\u0103 natural\u0103, cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de colina Beta-Ghiorghios, acoperit\u0103 cu iarb\u0103 \u015fi str\u0103b\u0103tut\u0103 de poteci ce duc \u00een toate p\u0103r\u0163ile. S\u0103p\u0103turile efectuate acum au permis constatarea c\u0103 respectiva colin\u0103 a fost \u00een trecut o imens\u0103 platform\u0103, av\u00e2nd lungimea de 115 m \u015fi fiind alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din lespezi de bazalt cioplit. Pe versantele dealului erau construite trei terase, ce d\u0103deau iluzia unei funda\u0163ii \u00een trepte. Astfel, s-a f\u0103cut uimitoarea descoperire c\u0103 stelele nu reprezint\u0103, de fapt, dec\u00e2t partea superioar\u0103 a unei construc\u0163ii gigantice \u00eengropate \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n

\"aksum5\"<\/a>Palate mari c\u00e2t un zg\u00e2rie-nori modern<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum se \u015ftie, nenum\u0103rate monumente, de o valoare inestimabil\u0103 pentru cultura mondial\u0103, au fost distruse. Astfel, \u00een 1938, r\u0103zboiul fascist de agresiune a Italiei asupra Ethiopiei s-a concretizat prin bombardamente aeriene asupra minelor bisericii Sf\u00e2nta Mana Taakha-Maryam. Cu pu\u0163in timp m\u00e2i \u00eenainte, arheologii dezgropaser\u0103 temelia vechiului l\u0103ca\u015f, permi\u0163\u00e2nd o prim\u0103 reconstituire. A rezultat astfel c\u0103 Taakha-Maryam, situat\u0103 \u00een imediata apropiere a parcului stelelor, fusese o construc\u0163ie mult mai mare dec\u00e2t cea descoperit\u0103 pe colina Beta-Ghiorghios. Probabil c\u0103 \u00eentr-o prim\u0103 faz\u0103 a fost re\u015fedin\u0163a somptuoas\u0103 a unor conduc\u0103tori venera\u0163i de popor \u015fi ulterior a devenit l\u0103ca\u015f de cult. Cl\u0103direa Taakha-Maryam m\u0103soar\u0103 120 m lungime \u015fi 80 m l\u0103\u0163ime. Palatul dispunea de peste o mie de s\u0103li \u015fi dormitoare. Pardoseala era alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din pl\u0103ci de marmur\u0103 verde \u015fi lemn de esen\u0163e rare, ro\u015fii \u015fi trandafirii. Pere\u0163ii erau c\u0103ptu\u015fi\u0163i cu lemn de abanos \u015fi marmur\u0103 de culoare \u00eenchis\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00eencrusta\u0163ii de bronz aurit. Ferestrele \u015fi u\u015file erau \u00eempodobite cu basoreliefuri, iar camerele erau ornamentate cu sculpturi \u00een bronz \u015fi vase de ceramic\u0103. Ca dimensiuni, al\u0103turi de Taakha-Maryam, rivalizau numai Husuni-Kubwa din Kilwa \u015fi celebrul Zimbabwe. Palatul din Aksum r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eens\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 egal \u00een \u00eentreaga Afric\u0103 tropical\u0103.<\/p>\n

Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 ruinele temeliilor descoperite, ne \u00eentreb\u0103m, pe bun\u0103 dreptate, c\u00e2te etaje au putut avea giganticele construc\u0163ii din aceast\u0103 zon\u0103. Descoperirile arheologice f\u0103cute acum o jum\u0103tate de secol fac s\u0103 se cread\u0103 c\u0103 stelele din Aksum repet\u0103 formele cl\u0103dirilor din fosta cetate antic\u0103. S-a ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 aici au existat palate cu 4, 6, 12 \u015fi 14 etaje. Stelele reproduc, la scar\u0103 redus\u0103 -un etaj de-al lor av\u00e2nd 2 m – toate detaliile palatului. Un etaj putea s\u0103 m\u0103soare 2,8 m, deci un palat cu 14 etaje avea aproximativ 40 m \u00een\u0103l\u0163ime. Avem de-a face cu veritabili zg\u00e2rie-nori, construi\u0163i la \u00eenceputul erei cre\u015ftine \u00een \u00eendep\u0103rtata Afric\u0103, departe de Atena, Roma \u015fi Babilon. Se na\u015fte fireasca \u00eentrebare: ce nivel de dezvoltare atinsese vechiul stat african, ca s\u0103-\u015fi permit\u0103 manipularea unor mase uria\u015fe de constructori \u015fi materiale, ce constau mai ales din lespezi uria\u015fe de piatr\u0103 perfect lustruite, pentru a nu avea nevoie de mortar ca s\u0103 \u00eel fixeze?<\/p>\n

Enigma uria\u015felor cariere de piatr\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"aksum\"<\/a>La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului trecut, britanicul Bent a scos la lumin\u0103 la circa 6 km nord-vest de Aksum, \u00een localitatea Godebra, urmele unor mari cariere de piatr\u0103. De aici, pietrarii contemporani Aksumului au scos bazaltul, folosindu-se de o tehnic\u0103 ce s-a pierdut. La jum\u0103tatea distan\u0163ei dintre carier\u0103 \u015fi ora\u015f, Bent a descoperit un bloc uria\u015f de piatr\u0103 cioplit\u0103, l\u0103sat \u00een drum \u015fi pe care constructorii, din motive r\u0103mase necunoscute, nu au mai apucat s\u0103-l foloseasc\u0103 la construc\u0163iile lor uria\u015fe. Obsesiv, persist\u0103 \u00eentrebarea \u015fi \u00een cazul Aksum-ului, ca \u015fi la giganticele piramide din Egipt: ce tehnic\u0103 foloseau constructorii pentru transportul \u015fi ridicatul unor blocuri de piatr\u0103 de c\u00e2teva tone?<\/p>\n

Nannos, un sol al \u00eemp\u0103ratului bizantin Justinian, men\u0163iona \u00een scrierile sale c\u0103 regele Aksum-ului c\u0103l\u0103torea \u00eentr-o caret\u0103 poleit\u0103 cu aur, iar curtenii \u00een carete argintate, toate trase de elefan\u0163i. Faptul c\u0103 oamenii reu\u015fiser\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eembl\u00e2nzeasc\u0103 elefan\u0163ii ne duce la g\u00e2ndul, dac\u0103 nu cumva for\u0163a de trac\u0163iune a elefan\u0163ilor nu fusese folosit\u0103 la transportarea blocurilor de granit \u015fi bazalt. Se mai ridic\u0103 \u015fi problema existen\u0163ei unor drumuri a c\u0103ror infrastructur\u0103 s\u0103 reziste la transportul unor asemenea colo\u015fi!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Legenda pietrelor din Aksum \u015ei ast\u0103zi \u00een Aksum circul\u0103 legenda, conform c\u0103reia str\u0103mo\u015fii locuitorilor de aici \u015ftiau s\u0103 topeasc\u0103 piatra. O turnau \u00een forme de lemn lungi, iar c\u00e2nd piatra se r\u0103cea, o ciopleau, o \u015flefuiau \u015fi o transformau \u00een … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5578,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[235,1625,1575,1532],"class_list":["post-5576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-africa","tag-aksum","tag-etiopia","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nStelele din Aksum, urmele unei civiliza\u0163ii fabuloase - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/stelele-din-aksum-urmele-unei-civilizatii-fabuloase\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stelele din Aksum, urmele unei civiliza\u0163ii fabuloase\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Legenda pietrelor din Aksum \u015ei ast\u0103zi \u00een Aksum circul\u0103 legenda, conform c\u0103reia str\u0103mo\u015fii locuitorilor de aici \u015ftiau s\u0103 topeasc\u0103 piatra. 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