{"id":5463,"date":"2009-06-06T07:06:04","date_gmt":"2009-06-06T04:06:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=5463"},"modified":"2009-06-06T07:07:40","modified_gmt":"2009-06-06T04:07:40","slug":"marea-armada-spaniola-infranta-de-spionii-englezi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-armada-spaniola-infranta-de-spionii-englezi\/","title":{"rendered":"Marea Armad\u0103 spaniol\u0103, \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103 de spionii englezi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"armada\"<\/a>Pentru a o proteja pe Regina Elisabeta I al Angliei \u015fi regatul ei, Sir Francis Walsingham (\u015feful Cancelariei reginei) a creat o re\u0163ea de \u201efurnizori de informa\u0163ii”, dup\u0103 cum \u015fi-a numit el agen\u0163ii, infiltra\u0163i at\u00e2t \u00een comunit\u0103\u0163ile de negustori, c\u00e2t \u015fi la cur\u0163ile regale de pe \u00eentreg cuprinsul Europei. Titlul s\u0103u oficial era \u201esecretar general” al reginei. Neoficial, era coordonatorul activit\u0103\u0163ilor britanice de spionaj.<\/p>\n

Infiltrarea unui spion catolic la Curtea Spaniei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce Anglia \u015fi Spania au pornit un r\u0103zboi tacit \u00een 1585, Walsingham \u015fi-a concentrat activit\u0103\u0163ile de spionaj asupra Spaniei. \u00cen 1587, Walsingham a crezut, pe baza rapoartelor primite, c\u0103 Regele Filip al Il-lea al Spaniei pl\u0103nuia s\u0103 invadeze Anglia. El i-a cerut unuia dintre cei mai buni agen\u0163i secre\u0163i ai s\u0103i. Anthony Standen, s\u0103 dea dovad\u0103 de \u201es\u00e2rguin\u0163\u0103 \u00een ob\u0163inerea informa\u0163iilor” cu privire la Spania. Standen, un englez catolic aflat \u00een exil \u00eentr-un moment \u00een care catolicii erau considera\u0163i poten\u0163iali tr\u0103d\u0103tori, \u015fi-a folosit religia pentru a se infiltra \u00een structurile Spaniei catolice.
\nFilip al II-lea avea un serviciu de spionaj eficient, care lucra \u00eendeaproape cu vasta re\u0163ea a Vaticanului, iar el era c\u00e2t se poate de con\u015ftient de faptul c\u0103 era spionat \u00een mod constant de c\u0103tre agen\u0163ii care lucrau pentru mai multe structuri. I-a ordonat cu fermitate ambasadorului s\u0103u de la Paris s\u0103 se ocupe de \u201echestiuni secrete… pe cale oral\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 le scrie”<\/em>. \u00cens\u0103 Standen nu s-a l\u0103sat intimidat de acest aspect.<\/p>\n

Planurile Armadei descifrate<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Francis<\/a>
Francis Walsingham<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Comunic\u0103rile secrete ale lui Standen au inclus \u015fi o scrisoare trimis\u0103 lui Walsingham folosind ca intermediar unul dintre servitorii maestrului spion. (Un intermediar \u00eei permite unui maestru spion s\u0103 contacteze un agent f\u0103r\u0103 ca el s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 direct cu acel agent.) Standen, utiliz\u00e2nd numele de acoperire Pompeo Pellegrini, \u00eencifreaz\u0103 unele cuvinte din acest raport, afirm\u00e2nd c\u0103 a aflat de la un ambasador c\u0103 patru galere, ad\u0103ugate Armadei planificate, fuseser\u0103 trimise c\u0103tre Spania de la Geneva.<\/p>\n

Standen a recrutat totodat\u0103 un spion \u2014 \u00eenc\u0103 neidentificat \u2014, care \u00een martie 1586 a copiat planul detaliat al unui amiral, care cuprindea navele, materialele \u015fi oamenii necesari pentru invazie. Spionul care a sustras acest document valoros a fost probabil un valet din casa amiralului; fratele valetului lucra pentru Standen. Spionul a plecat cu documentul la Madrid, unde l-a \u00eenm\u00e2nat unui ambasador care l-a trimis la Floren\u0163a, de unde a fost preluat de Standen \u015fi trimis lui Walsingham la Londra, \u00eentr-un exemplu clasic de re\u0163ea de spionaj.<\/p>\n

Analiza planului amiralului a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 mai era timp p\u00e2n\u0103 ca navele Armadei s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi adunate \u015fi echipate adecvat cu personal. Regina Elisabeta a avut la dispozi\u0163ie mai mult timp dec\u00e2t s-a a\u015fteptat pentru a se preg\u0103ti de invazie.<\/p>\n

Contraspionajul spaniol la atac<\/strong><\/p>\n

Contraspionajul spaniol a fost \u015fi el activ. \u00cen ianuarie 1588, spionul care ocupa o pozi\u0163ie \u00eenalt\u0103, Sir Edward Stafford, ambasadorul britanic la Paris, i-a trimis Elisabetei o depe\u015f\u0103 diplomatic\u0103, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 Armada spaniol\u0103 a fost desfiin\u0163at\u0103. \u00cens\u0103 Elisabeta, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd prin intermediul re\u0163elei lui Walsingham, primea un flux constant de informa\u0163ii ce demonstra c\u0103 Spania \u00eenc\u0103 pl\u0103nuia s\u0103 lanseze la ap\u0103 o flot\u0103 puternic\u0103. O scrisoare interceptat\u0103 de la un comerciant italian a dezv\u0103luit c\u0103 existau trupe pentru o invazie; scrisoarea era \u00eenso\u0163it\u0103 de copia unei promisiuni papale de indulgen\u0163\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de oricine contribuia la \u201ecruciada” \u00eempotriva Angliei protestante. Depe\u015fele diploma\u0163ilor, adesea necodificate, c\u0103l\u0103toreau prin intermediul curierilor, care puteau fi mitui\u0163i sau amenin\u0163a\u0163i. Din astfel de depe\u015fe interceptate, sf\u0103tuitorii vicleni ai Elisabetei au putut s\u0103 pun\u0103 cap la cap ceea ce a devenit cunoscut sub denumirea de Marea Strategie a lui Filip: cucerirea Angliei.<\/p>\n

Marea b\u0103t\u0103lie<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen iulie 1588, Armada \u2014 o flot\u0103 de peste 130 de nave \u2014 a navigat \u00een Canalul M\u00e2necii \u015fi a a\u015fteptat vasele cu trupe de la Callais, care urmau s\u0103 fie escortate p\u00e2n\u0103 la punctele de invazie de pe \u0163\u0103rm. \u00cen noaptea zilei de 28 iulie, o flot\u0103 englez\u0103 a trimis \u00een larg opt nave vechi numite \u201eHell Burners” (\u201eFl\u0103c\u0103rile iadului”), \u00eenc\u0103rcate cu smoal\u0103, lemne de foc \u015fi praf de pu\u015fc\u0103. \u00centr-o stare de panic\u0103 molipsitoare, navele spaniole \u015fi-au t\u0103iat cablurile ancorelor \u015fi s-au \u00eendreptat \u00een larg, p\u0103r\u0103sindu-\u015fi pozi\u0163ia defensiv\u0103, \u00een form\u0103 de semilun\u0103. \u00cen ziua urm\u0103toare, flota englez\u0103 a atacat, scufund\u00e2nd trei nave \u015fi determin\u00e2nd alte patru s\u0103 e\u015fueze la \u0163\u0103rm.<\/p>\n

O schimbare subit\u0103 a direc\u0163iei v\u00e2ntului a dus Armada dincolo de raza de ac\u0163iune a tunurilor engleze. Dup\u0103 care v\u00e2ntul s-a transformat \u00eentr-o furtun\u0103, zdrobind c\u00e2teva nave de malurile st\u00e2ncoase \u015fi \u00eemping\u00e2nd flota spre nord. Furtunile au continuat s\u0103 se abat\u0103 asupra flotei sl\u0103bite, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce navele s-au indreptat spre coasta estic\u0103 a Angliei, apoi \u00een jurul Sco\u0163iei \u015fi \u00een jos, \u00een vecin\u0103tatea coastei vestice a Irlandei. Doar jum\u0103tate dintre nave \u015fi-au g\u0103sit drumul \u00eenapoi c\u0103tre Spania.<\/p>\n

Spionii, tunurile \u015fi furtunile au \u00eenvins Armada. Anthony Standen s-a \u00eentors \u00een Anglia, din exil, \u00een 1593. \u00centre timp, Walsingham murise. Prins \u00een plasa intrigii religioase \u015fi regale, Standen nu mai avea un patron. El a fost \u00eentemni\u0163at \u00een Turnul Londrei timp de zece luni \u015fi a disp\u0103rut treptat din lumea spionajului.<\/p>\n

Activitatea de spionaj a lui Standen \u015fi administrarea abil\u0103 de c\u0103tre Walsingham a informa\u0163iilor le-au conferit Elisabetei \u015fi strategilor ei cuno\u015ftin\u0163e nepre\u0163uite, permi\u0163\u00e2ndu-i Marii Britanii s\u0103 \u00eempiedice planurile de invadare a Spaniei. \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea Armadei a pus cap\u0103t cruciadei antiprotestante a regelui Filip al II-lea al Spaniei \u015fi a sl\u0103bit puterea politic\u0103 a Papei. Victoria asupra Armadei a pus bazele unei flote maritime britanice care urma s\u0103 domine m\u0103rile.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pentru a o proteja pe Regina Elisabeta I al Angliei \u015fi regatul ei, Sir Francis Walsingham (\u015feful Cancelariei reginei) a creat o re\u0163ea de \u201efurnizori de informa\u0163ii”, dup\u0103 cum \u015fi-a numit el agen\u0163ii, infiltra\u0163i at\u00e2t \u00een comunit\u0103\u0163ile de negustori, c\u00e2t … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5474,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[120,1592,63,1532,1593,318,397],"class_list":["post-5463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-anglia","tag-armada","tag-elisabeta-i","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-regina","tag-spania","tag-spioni","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMarea Armad\u0103 spaniol\u0103, \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103 de spionii englezi - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/marea-armada-spaniola-infranta-de-spionii-englezi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marea Armad\u0103 spaniol\u0103, \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103 de spionii englezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pentru a o proteja pe Regina Elisabeta I al Angliei \u015fi regatul ei, Sir Francis Walsingham (\u015feful Cancelariei reginei) a creat o re\u0163ea de \u201efurnizori de informa\u0163ii”, dup\u0103 cum \u015fi-a numit el agen\u0163ii, infiltra\u0163i at\u00e2t \u00een comunit\u0103\u0163ile de negustori, c\u00e2t ... 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