{"id":47673,"date":"2017-02-01T07:00:04","date_gmt":"2017-02-01T05:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/?p=47673"},"modified":"2017-02-01T00:14:34","modified_gmt":"2017-01-31T22:14:34","slug":"ce-vad-cei-muribunzi-inainte-de-a-parasi-aceasta-lume-stiinta-bizara-a-optografiei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ce-vad-cei-muribunzi-inainte-de-a-parasi-aceasta-lume-stiinta-bizara-a-optografiei\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce v\u0103d cei muribunzi, \u00eenainte de a p\u0103r\u0103si aceast\u0103 lume? \u015etiin\u0163a bizar\u0103 a optografiei"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Ce v\u0103d cei mor\u021bi? Care a fost ultima imagine la care ei au fost martori \u00een via\u021b\u0103, \u00eenainte de a p\u0103r\u0103si aceast\u0103 lume? Care sunt ultimele clipe pe care ei le-au tr\u0103it printre noi? A fost vorba de fe\u021bele celor dragi din jurul lor, pe patul de moarte, un accident oribil, fa\u021ba unui criminal dement sau flash-ul unui pistol sau cu\u021bit? A fost acolo dragoste, fric\u0103 sau groaz\u0103? Se pare ca aceste lucruri r\u0103m\u00e2n o enigm\u0103 pentru noi, dar, timp de secole, a existat un domeniu \u015ftiin\u0163ific destul de bizar care a c\u0103utat s\u0103 studieze ultimele imagini din ochii celor deceda\u021bi, pentru a vedea ce au v\u0103zut ei \u00een ultimele clipe. Func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat acest lucru?<\/p>\n

Un c\u0103lug\u0103r are prima dat\u0103 aceast\u0103 idee genial\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ideea c\u0103 ultimele imagini p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een momentul decesului r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een ochii victimei a fost propus\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 de c\u0103lug\u0103rul iezuit Christopher Schiener \u00een secolul al 17-lea, dup\u0103 ce acesta a pretins c\u0103 a v\u0103zut \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor o imagine imprimat\u0103 pe retina unei broa\u0219te, \u00eenainte de a o diseca. Dar atunci nu ap\u0103ruse \u00eenc\u0103 fotografia, a\u015fa c\u0103 nu se prea putea face un studiu serios.<\/p>\n

Imaginile dinaintea mor\u0163ii de pe retina unui bou<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd a fost inventat\u0103 fotografia, undeva prin anii 1840, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se formeze con\u0219tientizarea faptului c\u0103 modul \u00een care un aparat de fotografiat lucra era similar \u00een multe privin\u021be cu modul \u00een care ochiul uman lucra. Acest lucru a condus la convingerea c\u0103, la fel ca un aparat de fotografiat, ochiul uman ar putea capta \u0219i re\u021bine imagini. O serie de experimente au c\u0103utat s\u0103 testeze aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103. \u00cen 1863 un fotograf englez a fotografiat ochiul unui bou imediat dup\u0103 moarte \u0219i a folosit un microscop pentru a c\u0103uta dovezi ale imaginilor l\u0103sate \u00een urm\u0103 pe retina animalului. El a sus\u021binut c\u0103 a putut discerne imaginea trec\u0103toare a unor pietre aranjate, exact ca cele aflate pe drumul spre abator, acest lucru \u00eensemn\u00e2nd c\u0103 pietrele respective ar fi fost ultimul lucru pe care boul le-a v\u0103zut \u00eenainte de sacrificiu.<\/p>\n

Pigmentul „minune”<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1876 ideea a fost studiat\u0103 mai mult de fiziologul Franz Christian Boll, cel care a descoperit c\u0103 exist\u0103 un pigment con\u021binut \u00een tijele de la nivelul retinei, care „dispare” atunci c\u00e2nd este expus la lumin\u0103, dar care ar putea fi restabilit \u00een \u00eentuneric, chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 moarte. Acest pigment a fost denumit „violet vizual”, care este cunoscut ast\u0103zi ca rodopsin\u0103. Aceast\u0103 constatare a fost \u00eemprumutat\u0103 de un profesor german de fiziologie de la Universitatea din Heidelberg, pe numele s\u0103u Wilhelm Friedrich K\u00fchne, care a studiat mai mult aceast\u0103 teorie.<\/p>\n

\u015ei s-a n\u0103scut optografia!<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fchne credea c\u0103 acest pigment \u0219i reac\u021bia foto-chimic\u0103 pe care Boll a descoperit-o \u0219i descris-o, poate fi utilizat pentru a p\u0103stra imaginile din ochi din momentul mor\u021bii, iar imaginile vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne imprimate \u00een pigment, chiar dac\u0103 sunt expuse la lumin\u0103. El a sus\u021binut c\u0103, dac\u0103 ar putea fi g\u0103sit\u0103 o modalitate pentru a stabiliza definitiv aceast\u0103 imagine final\u0103 pe retin\u0103 prin fixativi chimici, atunci aceste ultime imagini s-ar putea s\u0103 fie p\u0103strate pentru studiu \u0219i analiz\u0103, la fel ca o plac\u0103 fotografic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 idee a fost v\u0103zut\u0103 ca un posibil progres \u00een domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei criminalistice, imaginile put\u00e2nd fi folosite pentru a rezolva crime. K\u00fchne a denumit acest proces „optografie”, iar imaginile au fost denumite „optografe”.<\/p>\n

Apar primele rezultate spectaculoase<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fchne a \u00eenceput cu experimentele sale pe animale, mai ales broa\u0219te \u0219i iepuri. Animalele erau obligate s\u0103 priveasc\u0103 obiecte str\u0103lucitoare, cum ar fi ferestrele luminate de soare sau fl\u0103c\u0103ri, uneori ore \u00een \u0219ir. Dup\u0103 aceea, animalele erau ucise, decapitate, iar ochii erau \u00eendep\u0103rta\u0163i rapid, du\u0219i \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 obscur\u0103, scos pigmentul retinian, care era fixat folosindu-se o solu\u021bie de alaun, iar ulterior acesta era sc\u0103ldat \u00een acid sulfuric, pentru a „cimenta” imaginile.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1878, unele dintre aceste experimente au oferit rezultate spectaculoase. \u00centr-unul dintre experimentele cele mai de succes ale lui K\u00fchne, un iepure care a fost obligat s\u0103 priveasc\u0103 la o fereastr\u0103 luminoas\u0103, i s-a g\u0103sit pe retin\u0103, dup\u0103 moarte, imaginea distinct\u0103 a acelei ferestre, a\u015fa cum pute\u0163i observa \u00een imaginea de mai jos.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Acest lucru a fost v\u0103zut ca un rezultat interesant, iar\u00a0K\u00fchne a continuat cercet\u0103rile sale pe animale, \u00een mod serios, efectu\u00e2nd sute de astfel de experimente. De\u0219i au existat unele rezultate promi\u021b\u0103toare, K\u00fchne a fost totu\u0219i frustrat de faptul c\u0103 marea majoritate a imaginilor s-au dovedit a fi neclare, neput\u00e2nd fi deloc distinse, acestea pierz\u00e2ndu-se destul de repede dup\u0103 moarte.<\/p>\n

Primul test pe o fiin\u0163\u0103 uman\u0103, condamnat\u0103 la moarte prin ghilotinare<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bine\u00een\u021beles c\u0103 adev\u0103ratul scop a fost acela de a testa acest experiment pe o fiin\u021b\u0103 uman\u0103, iar K\u00fchne \u015fi-a \u00eencercat aceast\u0103 \u0219ans\u0103 pe data de 16 noiembrie 1880. \u00cen acea diminea\u021b\u0103, el s-a aflat martor la execu\u0163ia lui Erhard Gustav Reif, care trebuia s\u0103 fie ghilotinat, pentru c\u0103 \u015fi-a omor\u00e2t copiii. De \u00eendat\u0103 ce lama ghilotinei a c\u0103zut pe capul condamnatului, K\u00fchne a fost l\u0103sat s\u0103 mearg\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 extrag\u0103 ochii cadavrului proasp\u0103t pentru experimentul s\u0103u. El a lucrat rapid, sco\u0163\u00e2nd ochiul st\u00e2ng al condamnatului \u00een doar c\u00e2teva minute. \u00cen mod uimitor, K\u00fchne a pretins c\u0103 experimentul a fost un succes \u0219i c\u0103 a reu\u0219it s\u0103 culeag\u0103 o imagine clar\u0103 din acel ochi.<\/p>\n

Cu toate c\u0103 optograma fotografic\u0103 nu mai exist\u0103 actualmente, a existat o ilustrare publicat\u0103 \u00een lucrarea „Observa\u021bii despre Anatomia \u0219i Fiziologia Retinei”<\/em>, scris\u0103 de K\u00fchne \u00een 1881, ilustra\u0163ie care este una destul de ambigu\u0103, dar care arat\u0103 ceea ce pare a fi lama ghilotinei; totu\u015fi, Reif a fost legat la ochi \u00een momentul decesului.<\/p>\n

Cre\u015fterea \u015fi descre\u015fterea optografiei<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chiar dac\u0103 aceste rezultate au l\u0103sat mult de dorit, experimentele s-au dovedit a fi foarte populare, iar optografia a fost urm\u0103rit\u0103 cu interes \u00een continuare. Utilizarea optografiei a ajuns la punctul \u00een care ea a fost utilizat\u0103 de poli\u0163ie, fiind admis\u0103 ca \u015fi prob\u0103, de exemplu, \u00een condamnarea unui criminal pe nume Fritz Heinrich Angerstein, \u00een 1924. Angerstein a fost acuzat de uciderea 8 persoane, iar medicul legist a sus\u021binut c\u0103 a g\u0103sit \u00een retinele a dou\u0103 dintre victime imaginile criminalului care \u0163inea un topor.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, \u00een final, popularitatea optografiei ca \u015fi instrument \u00een medicina legal\u0103 s-a stins \u00een urm\u0103toarele decenii. \u015ei asta pentru c\u0103 nu s-au ob\u0163inut imagini de calitate de pe ochii celor mor\u0163i. Ochii trebuiau s\u0103 fie \u00eendep\u0103rta\u0163i la scurt timp dup\u0103 moarte \u0219i trecu\u0163i printr-un proces foarte strict, pentru a avea o \u0219ans\u0103 de a captura ceva util. Dar, chiar \u0219i \u00een condi\u021bii ideale, de multe ori imaginile au fost prea \u0219terse sau neclare pentru a fi utilizate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ce v\u0103d cei mor\u021bi? Care a fost ultima imagine la care ei au fost martori \u00een via\u021b\u0103, \u00eenainte de a p\u0103r\u0103si aceast\u0103 lume? Care sunt ultimele clipe pe care ei le-au tr\u0103it printre noi? A fost vorba de fe\u021bele celor … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":47678,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,2833],"tags":[9923,2647,5011,2137,2146,892,3880,2694,6014,1988,5607,15,1553,725,3615,4431,952,9794,5628,108,166,11338,1514,3856,1189,2478,3614,5431,2250],"class_list":["post-47673","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina","category-noutati","tag-abator","tag-accident","tag-acid-sulfuric","tag-bou","tag-broasca","tag-calugar","tag-criminal","tag-cutit","tag-fereastra","tag-flacara","tag-fotograf","tag-fotografie","tag-ghilotina","tag-iepure","tag-imagine","tag-intuneric","tag-lumina","tag-medicina","tag-microscop","tag-moarte","tag-ochi","tag-optografie","tag-piatra","tag-pistol","tag-politie","tag-profesor","tag-retina","tag-topor","tag-universitate","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nCe v\u0103d cei muribunzi, \u00eenainte de a p\u0103r\u0103si aceast\u0103 lume? \u015etiin\u0163a bizar\u0103 a optografiei - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/ce-vad-cei-muribunzi-inainte-de-a-parasi-aceasta-lume-stiinta-bizara-a-optografiei\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ce v\u0103d cei muribunzi, \u00eenainte de a p\u0103r\u0103si aceast\u0103 lume? \u015etiin\u0163a bizar\u0103 a optografiei\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ce v\u0103d cei mor\u021bi? 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