{"id":4551,"date":"2009-04-18T05:32:03","date_gmt":"2009-04-18T03:32:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=4551"},"modified":"2009-04-18T12:39:27","modified_gmt":"2009-04-18T10:39:27","slug":"de-la-ce-a-pornit-razboiul-civil-englez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/de-la-ce-a-pornit-razboiul-civil-englez\/","title":{"rendered":"De la ce-a pornit r\u0103zboiul civil englez?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"razboiul-civil-englez\"Dup\u0103 Tudori, pe tronul Angliei veni regii Stuar\u0163i<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Ultima din dinastia Tudorilor, regina Elizabeta, a murit f\u0103r\u0103 mo\u015ftenitori \u00een 1603. Tronul i-a revenit celei mai apropiate rude, James al VI-lea de Sco\u0163ia, care a primit numele de James I al Angliei, fiind \u015fi primul monarh din dinastia Stuart. De vreme ce Sco\u0163ia \u015fi Anglia erau acum conduse de acela\u015fi rege, vechiul antagonism dintre acestea p\u0103rea s\u0103 dispar\u0103 \u00eencetul cu \u00eencetul. \u00cens\u0103, cele dou\u0103 \u0163\u0103ri au continuat s\u0103 fie separate (fiecare avea propriul parlament \u015fi propriile legi), iar speran\u0163a lui James privind o unificare complet\u0103 a fost spulberat\u0103. James a fost cel care a folosit pentru prima dat\u0103 termenul „Marea Britanie” pentru a desemna regatele sale engleze, galeze \u015fi sco\u0163iene.<\/p>\n

La \u00cenceputul domniei lui James (1605), un grup de conspiratori catolici au \u00eencercat s\u0103 arunce \u00een aer Parlamentul \u015fi pe rege. Acesta a fost celebrul Complot al Prafului de pu\u015fc\u0103, care a culminat cu arestarea lui Guy Fawkes \u015fi a altora. Totu\u015fi, \u00een ciuda acestui \u00eenceput nefericit, catolicii nu aveau s\u0103 reprezinte un pericol major pentru James, de\u015fi au r\u0103mas o minoritate cu greu acceptat\u0103 \u015fi adeseori persecutat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Originea conflictului dintre rege \u015fi Parlament: stabilirea taxelor<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Mai amenin\u0163\u0103toare \u00eens\u0103 erau conflictele din ce \u00een ce mai ample dintre rege \u015fi parlamentarii englezi. Membrii parlamentului puteau s\u0103 se opun\u0103 voin\u0163ei regelui, deoarece Coroana s\u0103r\u0103cise \u015fi nu se mai putea baza doar pe sursele de venit tradi\u0163ionale. Aceasta er\u0103 adesea nevoit\u0103 s\u0103 cear\u0103 fonduri Parlamentului (impozite), ceea ce \u00eensemna ca membrii parlamentului puteau dezbate politica regal\u0103 \u015fi cere „solu\u0163ionarea revendic\u0103rilor” lor (reforme sau concesii) \u00een schimbul acord\u0103rii de fonduri.<\/p>\n

\"James
James I, regele Sco\u0163iei \u015fi al Angliei<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dispute \u015fi mai severe s-au iscat \u00een jurul stabilirii prerogativelor regale – puterile ce \u00eei reveneau numai regelui – \u015fi care puteau fi analizate sau criticate de Parlament. Asemenea dispute au \u00eenceput \u00een ultimii ani de domnie a reginei Elizabeta, c\u00e2nd r\u0103zboiul de lung\u0103 durat\u0103 \u00eempotriva Spaniei a secat resursele Coroanei. Prestigiul reginei Elizabeta a ajutat-o s\u0103 men\u0163in\u0103 situa\u0163ia sub control, \u00eens\u0103 James a fost mai ghinionist \u015fi lipsit de tactic\u0103. El a pretins c\u0103 „dreptul divin al regilor” le conferea monarhilor o autoritate divin\u0103, dar era imposibil s\u0103 impun\u0103 aceasta autoritate deoarece Coroana era sl\u0103bit\u0103, iar aceast\u0103 convingere nu f\u0103cea altceva dec\u00e2t s\u0103-i irite pe parlamentari. Mai mult, at\u00e2t James c\u00e2t \u015fi fiul s\u0103u Carol I (1625-1649) \u00ee\u015fi \u00eent\u0103r\u00e2tau supu\u015fii, \u00een special prin faptul c\u0103 se bazau pe favori\u0163i \u00eenst\u0103ri\u0163i, dar antipatici, ca de exemplu ducele de Buckingham (care a fost asasinat \u00een 1628). Prin urmare, Carol \u015fi liderii Parlamentului erau suspicio\u015fi unii fa\u0163\u0103 de ceilal\u0163i.<\/p>\n

Acest lucru a fost evident \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul domniei, c\u00e2nd Parlamentul i-a acordat regelui dreptul de a colecta taxe vamale timp de un singur an, \u00een loc de toat\u0103 via\u0163a cum era obiceiul. Conflictele s-au intensificat \u015fi s-au afirmat noi lideri din ce \u00een ce mai intransigen\u0163i, c\u0103 Sir John Eliot. Diferen\u0163ele religioase \u015fi-au spus cuv\u00e2ntul, exist\u00e2nd numeroase grup\u0103ri ostile \u00een cadrul Bisericii engleze. Carol I favoriza anumite doctrine \u015fi o form\u0103 relativ complex\u0103 de adora\u0163ie (denumit\u0103 uneori laudism dup\u0103 numele consilierului sau William Laud, arhiepiscop de Canterbury), pe care criticii s\u0103i o considerau o \u00eendreptare sinistr\u0103 spre catolicismul roman; suspiciunile au fost \u00eent\u0103rite \u015fi de faptul c\u0103 so\u0163ia de na\u0163ionalitate francez\u0103 a lui Carol, pe nume Henrietta Maria, era catolic\u0103. Numero\u015fi protestan\u0163i doreau s\u0103 adopte \u00eentocmai calea opus\u0103, pentru a „purifica” Biserica (de aici denumirea de puritani). „Purificarea” \u00eensemna de obicei simplificarea formelor de cult \u015fi adoptarea doctrinelor strict calviniste.<\/p>\n

Conflictele dintre rege \u015fi Parlament au atins prima dat\u0103 apogeul \u00een 1629, c\u00e2nd membrii Camerei Comunelor au imobilizat pe speaker (pentru a nu se suspenda \u015fedin\u0163a) \u00een timp ce Sir John Eliot a \u0163inut un discurs anti-regal. Carol a dizolvat imediat Parlamentul, l-a \u00eentemni\u0163at pe Eliot \u015fi a decis s\u0103 guvemeze \u00een viitor f\u0103r\u0103 Parlament. Acest lucru era perfect legal, cu condi\u0163ia ca regele s\u0103 poat\u0103 supravie\u0163ui f\u0103r\u0103 subven\u0163iile pe care doar Parlamentul i le putea acorda.<\/p>\n

Tirania de 11 ani<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"Carol
Carol I, regele Angliei<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Carol a reu\u015fit s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru, \u00een perioada pe care du\u015fmanii s\u0103i au numit-o Tirania de 11 ani (1629-1640), sf\u0103tuit de Contele de Strafford \u015fi arhiepiscopul Laud. \u00cen ciuda faptului c\u0103 f\u0103cea economii, Coroana a reu\u015fit s\u0103 supravie\u0163uiasc\u0103 doar prin punerea \u00een aplicare a vechilor drepturi regale \u015fi prin \u00eenc\u0103lcarea legii \u00een diverse moduri. Cea mai celebr\u0103 a fost colectarea taxelor navale, destinate sprijinului marinei. Suportat\u0103 la \u00eenceput doar de locuitorii \u0163inuturilor \u00eenvecinate cu marea, aceast\u0103 tax\u0103 a fost ulterior colectat\u0103 de la \u00eentreaga popula\u0163ie din regat. Unul dintre liderii parlamentului, John Hampden, s-a f\u0103cut cunoscut datorit\u0103 procesului care i s-a intentat pentru c\u0103 a refuzat s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 aceast\u0103 taxa, mul\u0163i al\u0163ii urm\u00e2ndu-i exemplul.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi, se p\u0103rea c\u0103 \u00een lipsa rezisten\u0163ei opus\u0103 de Parlament, Carol putea s\u0103-\u015fi cl\u0103deasc\u0103 cu timpul o autoritate absolut\u0103. Ulterior, acesta a gre\u015fit implic\u00e2ndu-se \u00eentr-un r\u0103zboi care a generat cheltuieli enorme pe care Coroana nu \u015fi le putea permite. \u00cencurajat de Laud, Carol a \u00eencercat s\u0103 impun\u0103 episcopatul (conducerea Bisericii s\u0103 fie exercitat\u0103 de episcopi) asupra Sco\u0163iei, unde sistemul prezbiterian avea r\u0103d\u0103cini ad\u00e2nci (membrii mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 ai congrega\u0163iei conduceau Biserica, \u015fi nu preo\u0163ii sau episcopii.) Sco\u0163ienii s-au unit \u00eenfoca\u0163i de sentimentul na\u0163ional, semn\u00e2nd un document denumit Liga \u015fi Pactul Solemn \u015fi au opus rezisten\u0163a armat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Parlamentul restaurat pentru su\u0163inerea R\u0103zboiului Episcopilor<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul R\u0103zboiului Episcopilor din 1639-40, Carol nu a reu\u015fit s\u0103-\u015fi ating\u0103 \u0163elurile \u015fi \u015fi-a epuizat resursele. Falit flind, el a fost nevoit s\u0103 cear\u0103 ajutorul Parlamentului. Profit\u00e2nd de situa\u0163ia \u00een care se afl\u0103 regele, Parlamentul cel lung din 1640 i-a eliminat pe Strafford \u015fi pe Laud (ambii au fost executa\u0163i) \u015fi a \u00eentocmit o serie de legi pentru anularea taxelor arbitrare \u015fi limitarea puterii regelui. Carol a acceptat cu greu aceste m\u0103suri, care eliminau posibilitatea absolutismului regal; aceste legi s-au p\u0103strat \u00een timpul tulbur\u0103rilor secolului XVII, fiind cele mai de seam\u0103 realiz\u0103ri ale Parlamentului cel lung.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1640, Carol, f\u0103r\u0103 alt sprijin dec\u00e2t cel acordat de propriii s\u0103i curteni, era aproape neajutorat. \u00cens\u0103 radicalismul unor lideri parlamentari a \u00eenceput s\u0103 provoace o schimbare \u00een opinia modern\u0103. Aceasta a devenit \u015fi mai pronun\u0163at\u0103 c\u00e2nd partidul „Celor de r\u00e2nd” condus de John Pym a decis impunerea unui sistem prezbiterian asupra Bisericii Engleze. Un num\u0103r mare de sus\u0163in\u0103tori ai episcopatului s-au aliat cu Carol, form\u00e2ndu-se un partid regalist de mari propor\u0163ii.<\/p>\n

\"John
John Pym<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Conflictul s-a \u00eente\u0163it c\u00e2nd o revolt\u0103 catolic\u0103 a izbucnit \u00een Irlanda. De\u015fi doreau finan\u0163area unei armate care s\u0103 \u00een\u0103bu\u015fe revolta, Pym \u015fi adep\u0163ii s\u0103i s-au temut c\u0103 regele va folosi o asemenea for\u0163\u0103 militar\u0103 \u00eempotriva lor – o team\u0103 perfect justificabil\u0103, c\u0103ci regele, lipsit de scrupule, avea astfel ocazia s\u0103-\u015fi apere propriile drepturi. Insisten\u0163ele lui Pym ca Parlamentul s\u0103 de\u0163in\u0103 controlul asupra armatei violau dreptul tradi\u0163ional al regelui de a da ordine; ca reac\u0163ie, Carol a \u00eencercat f\u0103r\u0103 succes s\u0103 aresteze cinci dintre cei mai \u00eenver\u015funa\u0163i oponen\u0163i ai s\u0103i din Camera Comunelor. Aceasta era o chemare deschis\u0103 la for\u0163\u0103, iar r\u0103zboiul civil a izbucnit cur\u00e2nd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dup\u0103 Tudori, pe tronul Angliei veni regii Stuar\u0163i Ultima din dinastia Tudorilor, regina Elizabeta, a murit f\u0103r\u0103 mo\u015ftenitori \u00een 1603. Tronul i-a revenit celei mai apropiate rude, James al VI-lea de Sco\u0163ia, care a primit numele de James I al … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4552,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[120,1057,9795,1365,453],"class_list":["post-4551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-anglia","tag-charles-i-al-angliei","tag-istorie","tag-razboiul-civil-englez","tag-rege","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nDe la ce-a pornit r\u0103zboiul civil englez? - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/de-la-ce-a-pornit-razboiul-civil-englez\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De la ce-a pornit r\u0103zboiul civil englez?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dup\u0103 Tudori, pe tronul Angliei veni regii Stuar\u0163i Ultima din dinastia Tudorilor, regina Elizabeta, a murit f\u0103r\u0103 mo\u015ftenitori \u00een 1603. 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Tronul i-a revenit celei mai apropiate rude, James al VI-lea de Sco\u0163ia, care a primit numele de James I al ... 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