{"id":4427,"date":"2009-04-10T15:43:23","date_gmt":"2009-04-10T12:43:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=4427"},"modified":"2017-04-21T09:29:21","modified_gmt":"2017-04-21T06:29:21","slug":"holera-groazei-din-1831-strazi-acoperite-cu-cadavre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/holera-groazei-din-1831-strazi-acoperite-cu-cadavre\/","title":{"rendered":"Holera groazei din 1831: str\u0103zi acoperite cu cadavre"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Ravagiile epidemiei de holer\u0103 izbucnite la Orenburg (august 1829) \u015fi propagat\u0103 apoi prin Astrahan (iunie 1830) \u00een \u00eentreaga Rusie central\u0103 \u015fi sudic\u0103 au alertat \u015fi autorit\u0103\u0163ile din Principatele Rom\u00e2ne, spre care se \u00eendrepta vizibil flagelul. Prima \u0163int\u0103: Moldova. \u00cen ciuda tuturor m\u0103surilor luate, a punctelor de supraveghere \u015fi a transmiterii \u00een Principate a unor bro\u015furi pentru uzul personalului sanitar \u00een lupta cu epidemia \u015fi primele ei simptome, holera – cholera morbus – \u00eencepe s\u0103 fac\u0103 ravagii. Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, dispersat, \u00een c\u00e2teva sate, \u015fi apoi, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu luna mai 1831, chiar \u015fi \u00een capitala Moldovei, Ia\u015fi.<\/p>\n

Uli\u0163e acoperite cu cadavre<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul verii lui 1831, epidemia b\u00e2ntuia cu furie, mortalitatea fiind \u00een continu\u0103 cre\u015ftere. Consulul francez Charles Lagan, reprezentantul Parisului la Ia\u015fi, \u00ee\u015fi inform\u0103 superiorii \u00eentr-un raport datat 12\/24 iunie: „De zece zile, la Ia\u015fi, care num\u0103ra acum 30 000 de locuitori, au murit 800 de indivizi \u015fi ieri, din vreo 280 de bolnavi, au sucombat 155. Cauzele bolii se datoreaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd hranei proaste, murd\u0103riei \u015fi nep\u0103s\u0103rii locuitorilor. De aceea, pre\u015fedintele Divanurilor, generalul Kiseleff, a dat ordin s\u0103 fie evacuate mahalalele cele mai populate \u015fi s\u0103 fie transporta\u0163i to\u0163i evreii \u015fi robii \u0163igani pe dealurile din \u00eemprejurimi, unde s\u0103 li se asigure hran\u0103.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen aceea\u015fi zi de 12\/24 iunie, consulul britanic E.L. Blutte, \u00eencepea \u015fi el s\u0103 trag\u0103 semnale de alarm\u0103: „Aceea\u015fi molim\u0103 a izbucnit \u015fi la Gala\u0163i pe 10 ale lunii [29 mai\/10 iunie], chiar \u00een ziua plec\u0103rii mele de acolo \u015fi dou\u0103 zile mai t\u00e2rziu s-a \u00eentins la Br\u0103ila, cu acelea\u015fi efecte distructive asupra popula\u0163iei din aceste ora\u015fe”.<\/em> Moldova aproape c\u0103 cedase. \u015ei teama p\u0103trundea tot mai ad\u00e2nc \u015fi spre Bucure\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Iar \u015ftirile nu erau deloc \u00eembucur\u0103toare. Un alt raport al lui Blutte, din 15\/27 iunie, este de-a dreptul cutremur\u0103tor: „Ia\u015fiul poate fi socotit acum c\u0103 un ora\u015f aproape complet ruinat: uli\u0163ele sale acoperite sunt cu cadavre pe care nu e nimeni s\u0103 le \u00eengroape; casele p\u0103r\u0103site \u015fi bisericile jefuite de bande de t\u00e2lhari \u015fi un incendiu pe care nu e nimeni s\u0103-l sting\u0103 fac ravagii \u00een amintitul ora\u015f. Reprezentantul meu la Gala\u0163i a fost constr\u00e2ns s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 aceast\u0103 localitate dup\u0103 ce \u015fi-a pierdut fratele \u015fi doi servitori \u00een molima, care aici, ca \u015fi la Br\u0103ila, r\u0103pune 7 din 8 oameni pe care \u00eei atac\u0103.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Via\u0163a de zi cu zi sufer\u0103 transform\u0103ri dramatice. Tribunalele \u00ee\u015fi \u00eenceteaz\u0103 activitatea, mul\u0163i dintre locuitorii \u00eenst\u0103ri\u0163i \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 localit\u0103\u0163ile. Groz\u0103viile se \u00eenmul\u0163esc cu fiecare or\u0103 ce trece. „Ora\u015ful este un morm\u00e2nt deschis, aproape to\u0163i medicii au sucomba<\/em>t – poveste\u015fte consulul francez -, au murit \u015fi cei mai mari boieri. Sunt case \u00een care n-a sc\u0103pat nici m\u0103car o slug\u0103; pe uli\u0163e nu se v\u0103d dec\u00e2t mor\u0163i \u015fi bolnavi. Nu se mai g\u0103sesc c\u0103ru\u0163e spre a fi ridica\u0163i; fiecare fuge care \u00eencotro.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Locuitorii erau at\u00e2t de \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nta\u0163i \u00eenc\u00e2t n-au pregetat s\u0103 consemneze pe filele unor manuscrise sau ceasloave vechi tragismul evenimentelor. Un anume Ivan da, astfel, mai multe am\u0103nunte \u00eentr-o \u00eensemnare pe un vechi manuscris: „Iar la leat 1831, vara pre vremea seceri[i], s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat o boal\u0103 foarte groaznic\u0103, ce se numea holer morbuz, care aceast\u0103 boal\u0103 nu s-au mai pomenit, \u015fi au fost pe fa\u0163a a tot p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, de care mul\u0163i au c\u0103zut de pre cai pre drumuri \u015fi au murit, de care boal\u0103 li se schimb\u0103 chipurile \u015fi s\u0103 f\u0103cea foarte groaznici”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bizare re\u0163ete \u015fi drastice m\u0103suri<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Pentru ap\u0103rarea \u0162\u0103rii Romane\u015fti \u015fi \u00eempiedicarea r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii r\u0103ului ce se ivise \u00een Br\u0103ila, generalul Kiseleff a informat la 10\/22 iunie pe cancelarul Nesselrode, c\u0103 a stabilit „un cordon \u015fi carantine la hotarele acestui principat \u015fi a doua linie va fi organizat\u0103 pe [r\u00e2ul] Buz\u0103u. \u00cen alarm\u0103 este [ora\u015ful] Bucure\u015fti, cu team\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu administra\u0163ia p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, care nu va rezista probabil groazei pe care aceast\u0103 boal\u0103 o insufla \u00eentregii popula\u0163ii”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 administrativ s-a \u00eencercat orice, arsenalul terapeutic folosit contra maladiei era extrem de redus, rezum\u00e2ndu-se, \u00een afara ceaiurilor \u015fi fric\u0163iunilor ca remediu general, la ceea ce Comitetul Carantinelor trimisese fiec\u0103rui jude\u0163 pentru tratarea bolnavilor, anume c\u00e2te un pache\u0163el de mu\u015fe\u0163el, dou\u0103 h\u00e2rtii cu prafuri \u015fi dou\u0103 sticlu\u0163e, una cu vin de China \u015fi alta cu pic\u0103turi de opium. Doctorul Tarca (sau Tirca), de la Ploie\u015fti, a primit pentru a \u00eenfrunta molima, de la acela\u015fi comitet, pe 20 iunie\/2 iulie: 6 dramuri unt de ism\u0103, 6 dramuri pic\u0103turi de opium, doi fun\u0163i izma pentru ceai, un funt flori de mu\u015fe\u0163el, 50 [doze] de prafuri de magisterium bismuti \u015fi 50 dramuri de revent. Bizare medicamente pentru a combate o at\u00e2t de necru\u0163\u0103toare molim\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dar cu toate precau\u0163iile luate, holera a izbucnit la Bucure\u015fti, \u00een ziua de 22 iunie\/4 iulie 1831 st\u00e2rnind o adev\u0103rat\u0103 panic\u0103. \u00cen drumul ei atac\u0103 toate a\u015fez\u0103rile \u00eent\u00e2lnite. V\u0103lenii de Munte e devastat de teroare, dar \u015fi de lipsa tuturor for\u0163elor de ordine ce fugiser\u0103 din ora\u015f. Consulul englez Blutte poveste\u015fte chiar c\u0103 „pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 pericolul epidemiei de holer\u0103, s-a mai ivit \u015fi acela al invad\u0103rii localit\u0103\u0163ii, lipsite de for\u0163e poli\u0163iene\u015fti, \u015fi de c\u0103tre vreo dou\u0103 sute [!] de r\u0103uf\u0103c\u0103tori, evada\u0163i \u00een condi\u0163ii ne\u015ftiute, de la minele de sare [Sl\u0103nic Prahova] din apropiere”. <\/em>Nu cunoa\u015ftem urm\u0103rea acestui aventuros incident, pe care se pare c\u0103 onorabilul consul l-a cam exagerat, deoarece nu avem informa\u0163ii s\u0103 se fi \u00eent\u00e2mplat ceva nepl\u0103cut la V\u0103lenii de Munte, \u00een afara cazurilor de holer\u0103. \u00cen momente de maxim\u0103 tensiune, zvonurile \u00ee\u015fi g\u0103sesc terenul cel mai propice.<\/p>\n

O\u0163et de patru ho\u0163i \u015fi moarte<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00censemn\u0103rile memorialistice sunt pline de informa\u0163ii cu privire la mersul epidemiei. Analistul Grigore Andronescu furnizeaz\u0103 chiar, cu mult\u0103 minu\u0163iozitate, \u015fi numele unor deceda\u0163i din Capitala ce au c\u0103zut victime molimei. „Ur\u00e2t\u0103 boala aceasta holer\u0103, rea urgie dumnezeiasc\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t mai mult dec\u00e2t \u00een vremile de cium\u0103 omenirea s-au speriiat. Milostivul Dumnezeu s\u0103 ne erte \u015fi s\u0103-i ridice urgiia dup\u0103 noi.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Mult mai colorat, \u00een Istoria fond\u0103rii ora\u015fului Bucure\u015fti, colonelul Dimitrie Pappasoglu, t\u00e2n\u0103r osta\u015f pe atunci, \u015fi-a povestit din amintiri activitatea din timpul epidemiei. „Deodat\u0103 ne pomenir\u0103m cu ordine ca s\u0103 ne afum\u0103m to\u0163i hainele cu pucioas\u0103; totodat\u0103 pe linia corturilor noastre se ardeau gr\u0103mezi de pucioas\u0103, ofi\u0163erilor \u015fi solda\u0163ilor li s-au adus din Bucure\u015fti co\u015furi pline cu sticlu\u0163e bine astupate con\u0163in\u00e2nd un fel de o\u0163et care se numea o\u0163et de patru ho\u0163i; se zicea c\u0103 aceasta doctorie a fost inventat\u0103 la Paris de c\u0103tre patru t\u00e2lhari \u00eentemni\u0163a\u0163i \u015fi nu se compunea din altceva dec\u00e2t din o\u0163et aromatic amestecat cu lichid de camfor.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Capitala \u00eencerca s\u0103 se apere cu toate for\u0163ele, chiar \u015fi militare. S-au adus companii de solda\u0163i ce au fost cantonate la Her\u0103str\u0103u, la M\u0103rcu\u0163a, la V\u0103c\u0103re\u015fti, la bariera Ghencea, pe Dealu Spirii \u015fi la Cotroceni. Cei care intrau \u00een Bucure\u015fti trebuia „s\u0103 stea s\u0103 se cure\u0163e, s\u0103 se dezinfecteze” \u00een carantinele a\u015fezate \u00een Colentina \u015fi la Cotroceni.<\/p>\n

Un alt martor din r\u00e2ndul armatei, ba chiar un confrate al lui Pappasoglu, a fost viitorul colonel Grigore Lacusteanu, pe atunci t\u00e2n\u0103r ofi\u0163er. „\u00cemi aduc aminte<\/em> – poveste\u015fte el – c\u0103 \u00eentr-o diminea\u0163\u0103 b\u0103rbierul rotei [roatei] tunz\u00e2ndu-m\u0103, m\u0103 l\u0103sa jum\u0103tate tuns, fiindc\u0103 \u00eel apucase c\u00e2rceii, s\u0103rmanul; peste un ceas au fost mort. \u00centr-o alt\u0103 zi, pe c\u00e2mpul Her\u0103str\u0103ului f\u0103ceam bivuacul de pr\u00e2nz; mie \u00eemi f\u0103cuse culcu\u015ful, ca s\u0103 zic a\u015fa, pe muchea unei v\u0103i; \u00eemi a\u015fterne covorul, \u00eemi pune pern\u0103 de piele, m\u0103 tr\u00e2ntesc, v\u0103z c\u0103p\u0103t\u00e2iul prea \u00eenalt; bag m\u00e2na sub covor, trag o p\u0103l\u0103rie rom\u00e2neasc\u0103; r\u0103dic covorul, era capul unui mort de holer\u0103 \u00eengropat prea pu\u0163in \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Nerodul de soldat c\u00e2nd au a\u015fternut covorul nu au b\u0103gat de seam\u0103, c\u0103ci trupul era \u00een vale \u015fi capul ajungea pe muchea dealului”<\/em><\/p>\n

Imaginile urbei erau \u00eengrozitoare. „\u00cen tot lungul uli\u0163elo<\/em>r – continu\u0103 Lacusteanu -, nu \u00eent\u00e2lneam altceva dec\u00e2t care cu ciocli, care transportau mor\u0163ii la c\u00e2mp ca s\u0103-i \u00eengroape, femei din popor care urm\u0103reau carele cu \u0163ipete \u015fi r\u0103cnete sf\u00e2\u015fietoare, c\u00e2inii \u00een hait\u0103 urlau de te \u00eenfiorau. Ce aspect \u00eengrozitor”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Via\u0163a parc\u0103 se oprise \u00een loc. Nici m\u0103car cer\u015fetorii nu mai erau \u00een num\u0103r mare la locurile cunoscute. „Intr\u00e2nd pe barier\u0103 \u015fi venind pe pod p\u00e2n\u0103 la Sf. Ioan<\/em> – \u00ee\u015fi aminte\u015fte Pappasoglu – jur c\u0103 nu am v\u0103zut suflet de om dec\u00e2t un cer\u015fetor olog, ce st\u0103 pe o tarab\u0103 \u00een podu Mogo\u015foaiei [Calea Victoriei], \u00een fa\u0163a podului de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Sf. Vasile. Iar la toate cur\u0163ile boiere\u015fti erau por\u0163ile \u00eenchise, ferestrele caselor deschise \u015fi \u00een mijlocul cur\u0163ilor se ridic\u0103 fum gros \u015fi \u00eentunecos de la gunoaiele grajdurilor c\u0103rora li se d\u0103duser\u0103 foc dup\u0103 ordin.”<\/em><\/p>\n

F\u0103c\u00e2nd acum un bilan\u0163 general al impactului avut asupra popula\u0163iei ambelor Principate de acea grozav\u0103 epidemie de holer\u0103 din 1831, cifrele devin aproape \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare. Astfel, la o popula\u0163ie de aproape 2 900 000 de locuitori s-au \u00eenregistrat 33 560 de bolnavi din care 20 218 \u015fi-au pierdut via\u0163a. Adic\u0103 un mort la 143 de locuitori. La Ia\u015fi, din 32 000 locuitori au pierit 2 887, iar la Bucure\u015fti, dintr-o popula\u0163ie de 95 000 au murit 1 674 persoane. \u00cen compara\u0163ie cu epidemia ce a lovit, cam \u00een acela\u015fi timp \u015fi Ungaria, \u00een Principatele Rom\u00e2ne, rata mortalit\u0103\u0163ii a fost mult mai ridicat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Biciul holerei a lovit s\u0103lbatic \u015fi a l\u0103sat \u00een urma doar groaz\u0103 \u015fi nelini\u015fte.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ravagiile epidemiei de holer\u0103 izbucnite la Orenburg (august 1829) \u015fi propagat\u0103 apoi prin Astrahan (iunie 1830) \u00een \u00eentreaga Rusie central\u0103 \u015fi sudic\u0103 au alertat \u015fi autorit\u0103\u0163ile din Principatele Rom\u00e2ne, spre care se \u00eendrepta vizibil flagelul. Prima \u0163int\u0103: Moldova. \u00cen ciuda … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":49613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[145,1337,9794,377,228],"class_list":["post-4427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medicina","tag-boli","tag-holera","tag-medicina","tag-moldova","tag-tara-romaneasca","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nHolera groazei din 1831: str\u0103zi acoperite cu cadavre - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/holera-groazei-din-1831-strazi-acoperite-cu-cadavre\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Holera groazei din 1831: str\u0103zi acoperite cu cadavre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ravagiile epidemiei de holer\u0103 izbucnite la Orenburg (august 1829) \u015fi propagat\u0103 apoi prin Astrahan (iunie 1830) \u00een \u00eentreaga Rusie central\u0103 \u015fi sudic\u0103 au alertat \u015fi autorit\u0103\u0163ile din Principatele Rom\u00e2ne, spre care se \u00eendrepta vizibil flagelul. 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