{"id":4282,"date":"2009-03-31T20:25:29","date_gmt":"2009-03-31T18:25:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lovendal.net\/wp52\/?p=4282"},"modified":"2021-02-17T13:39:47","modified_gmt":"2021-02-17T11:39:47","slug":"mata-hari-cea-mai-celebra-spioana-din-lume","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/mata-hari-cea-mai-celebra-spioana-din-lume\/","title":{"rendered":"Mata Hari, cea mai celebr\u0103 spioan\u0103 din lume"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Pe numele adev\u0103rat Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, Mata Hari s-a n\u0103scut la 7 august 1876, la Leenwarden, Friesland (Olanda). Este una dintre cele patru odrasle ale cuplului Adam Zelle \u2013 p\u0103l\u0103rierul ora\u015fului \u2013 \u015fi Antje Van der Meulen. Mitoman\u0103, viitoarea dansatoare va furniza ziari\u015ftilor \u015fi impresarilor vremii numeroase versiuni privitoare la locul \u015fi data na\u015fterii ei \u015fi identitatea p\u0103rin\u0163ilor.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 falimentul tat\u0103lui, \u00eembog\u0103\u0163it prea rapid din afaceri cu petrol, so\u0163ii Zelle se despart. R\u0103mas\u0103 orfan\u0103 de mam\u0103, fata este preluat\u0103 de na\u015ful s\u0103u, care se hot\u0103r\u0103\u015fte s-o preg\u0103teasc\u0103 pentru o meserie cinstit\u0103. O trimite la \u015ecoala Normal\u0103 de Educatoare din Leyda, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eel seduce pe director \u015fi trebuie s\u0103 fie retras\u0103.<\/p>\n

Se m\u0103rit\u0103 la 17 ani cu un ofi\u0163er chel \u015fi mai b\u0103tr\u00e2n cu 20 de ani dec\u00e2t ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

La v\u00e2rsta de 17 ani, este dat\u0103 \u00een grija unui unchi din Haga, unde cite\u015fte urm\u0103torul anun\u0163, la rubrica \u201eMatrimoniale\u201c: \u201eOfi\u0163er \u00een permisie, cu serviciul \u00een Indiile Olandeze, dore\u015fte cuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103 t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 \u00een vederea c\u0103s\u0103toriei\u201c<\/em>. Nu este o propunere serioas\u0103. Este doar o glum\u0103, pus\u0103 la cale de prietenul unui ofi\u0163er, pe nume MacLeod, care se apropie de v\u00e2rsta de 40 de ani. Totu\u015fi dornic\u0103 s\u0103 se m\u0103rite, se arunc\u0103 \u00een bra\u0163ele acestui sco\u0163ian de vi\u0163\u0103 veche, chel, dur, zg\u00e2rcit, dar brav, \u015fi nu se las\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 nu-l convinge s-o ia de nevast\u0103. La acea vreme, virtuoas\u0103, Margaretha se simte neglijat\u0103. R\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103 \u015fi na\u015fte un b\u0103iat, \u00een ianuarie 1897, c\u0103ruia \u00eei pune numele Norman John. Cei trei MacLeod pornesc spre Indiile Olandeze, unde mai vine pe lume Jeanne Louise.<\/p>\n

Desp\u0103r\u0163irea de familie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ne\u00een\u0163elegerile din cuplu se agraveaz\u0103, dup\u0103 ce copii sunt otr\u0103vi\u0163i. Feti\u0163a este salvat\u0103 ca prin minune, \u00eens\u0103 decesul fratelui nu poate fi evitat. Autorul crimei nu va fi niciodat\u0103 depistat. Ofi\u0163erul \u00eei repro\u015feaz\u0103 nevestei toate cele \u00eent\u00e2mplate, de\u015fi ea nu are nicio vin\u0103. Pus\u0103 la zid pe nedrept \u015fi cu nervii la p\u0103m\u00e2nt, dup\u0103 nenorocirea prin care a trecut, se \u00eemboln\u0103ve\u015fte de febr\u0103 tifoid\u0103. Ofi\u0163erul demisioneaz\u0103 \u015fi se retrag \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00eentr-un s\u0103tuc. Certurile conjugale nu contenesc nici dup\u0103 ce se \u00eens\u0103n\u0103to\u015fe\u015fte. So\u0163ii MacLeod se \u00eentorc \u00een Olanda \u015fi se despart.<\/p>\n

Pozeaz\u0103 pentru pictori \u00een Paris<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1903, Margaretha porne\u015fte spre Paris. Merge din atelier \u00een atelier pentru a convinge pictorii s\u0103 le pozeze pe bani. De\u015fi este apetisant\u0103 \u2013 nu o frumuse\u0163e excep\u0163ional\u0103 \u2013 o g\u0103sesc necorespunz\u0103toare. Are p\u0103rul negru, ochii negri \u015fi \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163i, tenul m\u0103sliniu, corp zvelt, dar umeri \u015fi \u015folduri largi, bra\u0163e \u015fi picioare plinu\u0163e. \u00cei place s\u0103 fie diferit\u0103, s\u0103 fie \u00een centrul aten\u0163iei, s\u0103 treac\u0103 drept extravagant\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 fac\u0103 scandal. O salveaz\u0103 talentul de a pune \u00een valoare o anatomie mediocr\u0103 prin dans. Toat\u0103 via\u0163a \u00eenva\u0163\u0103 s\u0103-\u015fi ascund\u0103 defectele. Pe scen\u0103 va ap\u0103rea mereu cu dou\u0103 cochilii de metal, pe post de sutien, din cauza s\u00e2nilor flasci. Reu\u015fe\u015fte p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 s\u0103 pozeze pentru c\u00e2\u0163iva pictori, din Paris, dar ob\u0163ine sume modeste. Revine \u00een Olanda, \u00eens\u0103 nici aici nu-\u015fi g\u0103se\u015fte de lucru.<\/p>\n

\u015eocheaz\u0103 asisten\u0163a prin dansurile executate \u00een cluburi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1904, se \u00eentoarce \u00een capitala Fran\u0163ei. Se angajeaz\u0103 la un proprietar de \u015fcoal\u0103 de echita\u0163ie, care intuie\u015fte c\u0103 are chemare pentru dans. O \u00eempinge s\u0103-\u015fi fac\u0103 debutul \u00een salonul doamnei Kireevski. \u00ce\u015fi dezvele\u015fte trupul \u015fi \u015focheaz\u0103 asisten\u0163a, \u00een timp ce danseaz\u0103 \u015fi flutur\u0103 \u201evoalurile acoperinde \u015fi c\u0103z\u00e2nde\u201c.<\/p>\n

Guimet o lanseaz\u0103 ca dansatoare, la 13 martie 1905, cu ocazia unui spectacol pe care \u00eel sus\u0163ine la Muzeul de Art\u0103 Oriental\u0103. Reprezenta\u0163ia este precedat\u0103 de o conferin\u0163\u0103 despre dansurile vedice. Margaretha sus\u0163ine c\u0103 a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at secrete brahmanice de la cele mai faimoase \u201epreotese\u201c ale Indiei. Pretinde c\u0103 interpreteaz\u0103 dansuri hinduse \u015fi javaneze, dar \u00een realitate nu cunoa\u015fte riturile vedice. Spectacolul este o impostur\u0103. Din fericire, nu se afl\u0103 orientali\u015fti \u00een sal\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00ce\u015fi pune numele de „Mata Hari”, adic\u0103 „Ochiul zilei”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Parisul \u00eei cade la picioare. De\u015fi n-o va idolatriza niciodat\u0103 ca pe Sarah Bernhardt sau Isadora Duncan, publicul este fascinat de constuma\u0163iile novatoare – cu un simplu voal \u00een jurul taliei. Dansatoarea \u00ee\u015fi dozeaz\u0103 bijuteriile \u015fi voalurile \u00een func\u0163ie de spectatori. Pentru a c\u0103p\u0103ta statul de \u201eexpert orientalist\u201c, \u00eei trebuia \u015fi un nume asiatic. \u00ce\u015fi spune Mata Hari, \u00eens\u0103, nu \u015ftie c\u0103 este un apelativ malaiezian, nu hindus. \u201eMata\u201c \u00eenseamn\u0103 ochi, iar \u201eHari\u201c, zi, \u00een traducere liber\u0103, \u201eOchiul zilei\u201c.<\/p>\n

Devin\u0103 celebr\u0103, fiind \u00eentre\u0163inut\u0103 de aman\u0163i boga\u0163i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eObiect\u201c de curiozitate, Mata Hari devine un produs ce se vinde bine \u015fi i se deschide calea unei cariere interna\u0163ionale. Danseaz\u0103 la Madrid, unde cucere\u015fete at\u00e2t publicul, c\u00e2t \u015fi un prieten de n\u0103dejde, \u00een persoana ambasadorului Fran\u0163ei, Jules Cambon. I se propune s\u0103 evolueze la Monte Carlo, \u00een \u201eregele Lahorului\u201c de Massenet \u2013 compozitor care o va admira foarte mult \u2013 de\u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci nu f\u0103cuse dec\u00e2t amatorism \u00een domeniul dansului.<\/p>\n

Ulterior, se \u00eendr\u0103goste\u015fte de locotenentul Alfred Kiepert \u2013 \u00eensurat cu o unguroaic\u0103 \u2013 \u015fi se instaleaz\u0103 la Berlin. \u00cens\u0103, numai dup\u0103 c\u00eeteva luni, este atras\u0103 din nou la luminile rampei. I se ofer\u0103 un rol \u00eentr-o pantonim\u0103 la Londra. \u00cen anul 1906, declan\u015feaz\u0103 un \u201er\u0103zboi al goliciunii\u201c, la Viena, pe care \u00eel c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103. Totu\u015fi, \u00een ziare, apar articole critice, care o determin\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la Paris. Impresarul, Gabriel Astruc \u2013 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu care colaboreaz\u0103 timp de zece ani \u2013 nu-\u015fi face griji s\u0103-i g\u0103seasc\u0103 contracte. Tr\u0103ie\u015fte pe picior mare, \u00eentre\u0163inut\u0103 de aman\u0163i. Dup\u0103 un e\u015fec \u00eentr-un spectacol \u00een care trebuia s-o \u00eentruchipeze pe Cleopatra, se retrage aproape doi ani \u015fi se izoleaz\u0103 de lume. Ultimul spectacol din via\u0163a ei va avea loc pe data de 14 decembrie 1914, la Teatrul Regaldin Amsterdam. Anul urm\u0103tor face o escapad\u0103 la Paris, unde \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103-\u015fi recupereze lucrurile pierdute din cauza r\u0103zboiului.<\/p>\n

Debutul \u00een lumea spionajului<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se \u00eentoarce \u00een \u0163ara natal\u0103 la \u00eenceputul anului 1916. Devine crud\u0103 \u2013 chiar dac\u0103 \u2013 \u00een rela\u0163iile amoroase. Ob\u0163ine permisiunea de a reintra \u00een Fran\u0163a, unde \u00ee\u015fi g\u0103se\u015fte, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u015fit, marea dragoste: ofi\u0163erul rus Vadim de Maslov. Pentru a-l \u00eenso\u0163i \u00een sta\u0163iunea Vittel, trebuie s\u0103 ia leg\u0103tura cu c\u0103pitanul Ladoux, \u015feful contraspionajului francez care-i propune s\u0103 lucreze pentru serviciul de informa\u0163ii. Accept\u0103 propunerea, pentru bani. Odat\u0103 intrat\u0103 \u00een jocul propus de Ladoux, comite numeroase erori. \u015eeful contraspionajului nu va recunoa\u015fte nici m\u0103car c\u0103 a recrutat-o vreodat\u0103, \u00een adev\u0103ratul \u00een\u0163eles al cuv\u00e2ntului. Va sus\u0163ine c\u0103 doar l-a interesat pentru c\u0103 era suspect\u0103. Confundat\u0103 cu spioana german\u0103 Clara Benedix, Mata Hari este \u00eenchis\u0103 la Londra, dup\u0103 care este expulzat\u0103 \u00een Spania.<\/p>\n

De\u015fi Ladoux \u00eei \u00eentoarce spatele, se \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103\u0163\u00e2neaz\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 spionaj cu orice pre\u0163. \u00cel asalteaz\u0103 pe ambasadorul Germaniei la Madrid, c\u0103ruia i se ofer\u0103 pentru a ob\u0163ine informa\u0163ii. Se \u00eentoarce la Paris, pentru a-\u015fi primi r\u0103splata \u015fi pentru a se m\u0103rita cu b\u0103rbatul iubit. \u015eeful contraspionajului pretinde c\u0103 nu a primit mesajele. O trateaz\u0103 cu r\u0103ceal\u0103 \u015fi dezinteres. Sf\u0103tuit de consiliul ambasadei sale, Maslov o anun\u0163\u0103 c\u0103 se \u00eensoar\u0103 cu alt\u0103 femeie. Margaretha este lovit\u0103 din toate p\u0103r\u0163ile.<\/p>\n

Arestarea sa<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen diminea\u0163a zilei de 13 februarie 1917, poli\u0163ia o ridic\u0103 de la hotelul Eliys\u00e9e-Palace. Sub acuza\u0163ia de spionaj, compliciate \u015fi \u00een\u0163elegere cu du\u015fmanul, este aruncat\u0103 \u00een \u00eenchisoare. Unii spun c\u0103 ar fi numai o spioan\u0103 ocazional\u0103 \u2013 spioan\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2n \u2013 f\u0103r\u0103 preg\u0103tire profesional\u0103. \u201eCum a fost posibil ca aceast\u0103 persoan\u0103 lasciv\u0103, fanfaroan\u0103 \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 minte s\u0103 treac\u0103 drept spioana secolului \u015fi s\u0103 dea numele s\u0103u tipului feminin de agent secret\u201c<\/em>, se \u00eentreab\u0103 Sam Waagenar, care a investigat enigma Mata Hari timp de aproape 30 de ani. Potrivit altor autori, dansatoarea ar fi urmat cele mai bune \u015fcoli germane de spionaj \u015fi a ob\u0163inut informa\u0163ii pre\u0163ioase pentru nem\u0163i.<\/p>\n

Timp de dou\u0103 luni este supus\u0103 la interogatorii. Este inculpat\u0103, sub titulatura agentului H21 a inamicului, folosindu-se ca probe telegrame semnate este ambasadorul de la Madrid. Imprudent\u0103, Mata Hari m\u0103rturise\u015fte c\u0103, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, consulul Germaniei de la Amsterdam i-a propus o colaborare. Sus\u0163ine c\u0103 a acceptat-o formal, pentru a-\u015fi recupera bunurile re\u0163inute de nem\u0163i, la \u00eenceputul r\u0103zboiului. Se jur\u0103 c\u0103 nu a furnizat niciodat\u0103 dec\u00e2t informa\u0163ii vechi, \u00een schimbul unora noi. Dar \u201eMata Hari compare \u00een fa\u0163a cur\u0163ii mar\u0163iale pentru a fi os\u00e2ndit\u0103, nu pentru a fi judecat\u0103\u201c,<\/em> conchide R.W. Rowan \u00een \u201eIstoria Serviciilor Secrete\u201c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Condamnarea la moarte<\/strong><\/p>\n

La proces, care se desf\u0103\u015foar\u0103 cu u\u015file \u00eenchise \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00eentocmeasc\u0103 Proces Verbal, admite c\u0103 au fascinat-o \u00eentotdeauna uniformele \u015fi c\u0103 a tr\u0103it pe seama aman\u0163ilor, \u00eens\u0103 respinge acuza\u0163ia c\u0103 ar fi servit vreodat\u0103 Germania. Mata Hari este condamnat\u0103 la moarte \u015fi executat\u0103 \u00een zorii zilei de 15 octombrie 1917.<\/p>\n

\u00cembr\u0103cat\u0103 ca \u00een zilele ei bune, se comport\u0103 cu demnitate \u015fi refuz\u0103 s\u0103 fie legat\u0103 la ochi. \u00cen a\u015fteptarea sentin\u0163ei, \u00een \u00eenchisoarea Saint Lazare, se boteaz\u0103 \u015fi descoper\u0103 credin\u0163a. Unii spun c\u0103 trupul s\u0103u ne\u00eensufle\u0163it nu ar fi fost cerut de nimeni \u2013 de team\u0103 \u2013 pentru a fi \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat cre\u015ftine\u015fte \u015fi ar fi fost destinat disec\u0163iei, \u00eentr-un spital parizian. Al\u0163ii sus\u0163in c\u0103 ar fi fost \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat\u0103 \u00een noul cimitir din Vincennes.<\/p>\n

Fiica ei avea s\u0103 moar\u0103 la v\u00e2rsta de numai 18 ani, \u00een urma unei hemoragii cerebrale. Mata Hari r\u0103m\u00e2ne unul dintre miturile cele mai exploatate de pres\u0103, cinema \u015fi literatur\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pe numele adev\u0103rat Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, Mata Hari s-a n\u0103scut la 7 august 1876, la Leenwarden, Friesland (Olanda). Este una dintre cele patru odrasle ale cuplului Adam Zelle \u2013 p\u0103l\u0103rierul ora\u015fului \u2013 \u015fi Antje Van der Meulen. Mitoman\u0103, viitoarea dansatoare … <\/p>\n

Cititi mai multe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":73622,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[1532,1309,397],"class_list":["post-4282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istorie","tag-istorie-si-civilizatii","tag-mata-hari","tag-spioni","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nMata Hari, cea mai celebr\u0103 spioan\u0103 din lume - Secretele lui Lovendal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lovendal.ro\/wp52\/mata-hari-cea-mai-celebra-spioana-din-lume\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mata Hari, cea mai celebr\u0103 spioan\u0103 din lume\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pe numele adev\u0103rat Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, Mata Hari s-a n\u0103scut la 7 august 1876, la Leenwarden, Friesland (Olanda). 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